Title: Inspections and Testing Name: Diaz, Dean Gerard V.

Date: 05-22-25 Page 1 of 9

Instructor: Engr. Jerald Bueno
Aircraft
Yr.&Sec: BS AeE 2A Rating:
Title: Inspections and Testing

I. Regulatory Publications

-These are documents released by government agencies or regulatory bodies that

provide information, guidance, and instructions related to rules, regulations, and
compliance in specific sectors like aviation, telecommunications, or
pharmaceuticals. These publications aim to ensure adherence to established
standards and promote a safe and efficient environment within the regulated industry

a. Type Certificate
-It is a document issued by a regulatory body, like the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) or the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA), to confirm that
an aircraft type design meets the required airworthiness standards. It essentially
validates that the aircraft's design and components are safe and meet specific
requirements

b. Supplemental Type Certificate

-It is a formal approval from a regulatory authority, like the FAA, that allows an
aircraft to be modified by a major change in its type design, such as installing new
equipment, modifying the engine, or updating the interior

c. Type Certificate Data Sheet

-It is a document that formally describes an aircraft, engine, or propeller that has
been certified by a governing aviation authority like the FAA (Federal Aviation
Administration) or EASA (European Union Aviation Safety Agency)

d. Technical Standard Order

-It is a minimum performance standard, defined by the Federal Aviation
Administration, used to evaluate an article. An article can be a material, part,
component, process, or appliance.

e. Airworthiness Directives
-These are legally enforceable regulations issued by aviation authorities, like the
FAA in the United States, to correct unsafe conditions in aircraft, engines,
propellers, or appliances.
Title: Inspections and Testing Name: Diaz, Dean Gerard V.

Date: 05-22-25 Page 2 of 9

Instructor: Engr. Jerald Bueno
Aircraft
Yr.&Sec: BS AeE 2A Rating:
f. Advisory Circular
-It is a non-regulatory publication issued by the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) to provide guidance and information to the aviation community. They offer
a means of complying with regulations but do not establish minimum standards or
change regulatory requirements.

g. Aircraft Specifications
-These are detailed documents containing essential information about an aircraft's
design, dimensions, performance, and limitations, crucial for safe operation and
regulatory compliance.

h. Aircraft Listing
-It is a comprehensive document that provides information about a specific
aircraft, including its unique identification (registration), type, manufacturer,
owner, and other relevant details

II. Manufacturer’s Publications

-These encompass all the technical documentation a manufacturer provides about its
products, including manuals, service bulletins, catalogs, and other informational
materials.

a. Manufacturer Maintenance Manual

-It is also known as an Aircraft Maintenance Manual or AMM. A detailed document
provided by the manufacturer of an aircraft, engine, or other aviation-related
component.

b. Overhaul Manual
-It is a detailed document outlining the procedures for restoring a system or
component to its original condition. It specifies the work required during an
overhaul, including inspection and repair standards, as well as limits and tolerances
for various components.

c. Illustrated Parts Catalog

-It is a crucial document in aviation and other industries, providing a detailed visual
guide and list of parts for a specific product or system.

d. Wiring Manual
-It is a document that provides instructions and guidance on how to install, repair,
and maintain electrical wiring systems.
Title: Inspections and Testing Name: Diaz, Dean Gerard V.

Date: 05-22-25 Page 3 of 9

Instructor: Engr. Jerald Bueno
Aircraft
Yr.&Sec: BS AeE 2A Rating:
e. Structural Repair Manual
-It is a document provided by an aircraft manufacturer that details how to identify,
assess, and repair structural damage to aircraft.

f. Service Bulletin
-It is a document issued by an aircraft manufacturer to inform operators about
modifications, inspection procedures, and maintenance tasks related to specific
aircraft components or systems.

g. Aircraft Flight Manual

-It provides instructions for repairing aircraft structural components, outlining
acceptable damage limits and repair procedures

i. Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL)

-It is a document approved by the aviation authority (like the FAA in the
US) that specifies which instruments, equipment, or functions can be
inoperative on a particular type of aircraft while maintaining a safe level of
operation.

ii. Minimum Equipment List (MEL)

-It is a document, approved by aviation authorities, that specifies the
equipment on an aircraft that can be inoperative while still allowing safe
flight operations.

iii. Configuration Deviation List

-It is a document, typically provided by the aircraft manufacturer, that
identifies specific external parts of an aircraft that can be missing without
compromising airworthiness.

III. Major and Minor Repair

-A Major Repair is a substantial repair or alteration that significantly impacts the

functionality, safety, or structural integrity of an object or system.

-A Minor Repair, on the other hand, is a small repair that doesn't significantly affect
the overall performance or safety of the object.
Title: Inspections and Testing Name: Diaz, Dean Gerard V.

Date: 05-22-25 Page 4 of 9

Instructor: Engr. Jerald Bueno
Aircraft
Yr.&Sec: BS AeE 2A Rating:
IV. Major and Minor Alteration

-A Major alteration is any change to an aircraft, engine, or propeller that is not

specified in the aircraft's specifications and might significantly affect its weight,
balance, structural strength, performance, powerplant operation, flight
characteristics, or other aspects of airworthiness.

-A Minor alteration, on the other hand, is any change that is not considered a major
alteration.

V. Inspection Fundamentals
-This refers to the foundational principles and practices involved in inspecting
something, whether it's a product, a process, or a system. It encompasses
understanding inspection processes, their scope, responsibilities, and how they
contribute to safety, quality, and compliance

a. Inspect, Check, Troubleshoot, Service, Overhaul

-Inspect refers to a thorough examination of the aircraft, its components, and

systems to ensure they are in safe and operational condition.

-Check refers to routine and detailed inspections or maintenance activities

performed on an aircraft at regular intervals.

-Troubleshooting refers to routine and detailed inspections or maintenance

activities performed on an aircraft at regular intervals

-Service can refer to several things, including the act of keeping an aircraft
operational through maintenance, in-flight services, and the overall services
offered by an airline.

-Overhaul refers to a comprehensive process that involves disassembling,

inspecting, repairing, and reassembling a component or system to restore it to a
serviceable condition, often exceeding its original specifications.

b. Inspection System
-is a comprehensive process designed to ensure an aircraft remains airworthy and
safe for flight. This system involves a series of inspections, maintenance activities,
and reporting procedures to identify and address potential issues before they
escalate into safety hazards.
Title: Inspections and Testing Name: Diaz, Dean Gerard V.

Date: 05-22-25 Page 5 of 9

Instructor: Engr. Jerald Bueno
Aircraft
Yr.&Sec: BS AeE 2A Rating:
i. General Visual Inspection (GVI)
-is a preliminary visual examination of an aircraft component, system, or
area to detect obvious damage, failure, or irregularity.

ii. Detailed Visual Inspection (DVI)

-is a close and thorough examination of a specific area or component to
detect damage, failure, or irregularity.

iii. Non-Destructive Inspection

-is a broad range of techniques used to evaluate the properties of materials,
components, or systems without causing damage.

iv. Destructive Inspection

-is a method of testing materials or products by subjecting them to extreme
conditions that ultimately cause permanent damage or failure, allowing for
the determination of their mechanical properties, strength, and durability.

VI. Non-Destructive Testing/Inspection

-a set of techniques used to assess the quality, integrity, and characteristics of
materials, components, or systems without causing damage.

a. Advantages of Non-Destructive Testing

-This offers several advantages over destructive testing, primarily by allowing for
the assessment of materials, components, or structures without causing damage
or altering their functionality.

b. Different Types of Non-Destructive Testing/Inspection

i. Visual Inspection
-It is a simple yet powerful inspection technique that involves using the
naked eye to assess the condition of an object or system.

ii. Liquid Inspection

-It is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method used to detect surface-
breaking flaws in materials, like cracks or porosity.

iii. Magnetic Particle Inspection

-It is is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method used to detect surface and
near-surface flaws in ferromagnetic materials like steel, iron, and nickel.
Title: Inspections and Testing Name: Diaz, Dean Gerard V.

Date: 05-22-25 Page 6 of 9

Instructor: Engr. Jerald Bueno
Aircraft
Yr.&Sec: BS AeE 2A Rating:
iv. Electronic Inspection/Eddy Current Inspection
-It is a non-destructive testing method used to inspect conductive materials
for defects.

v. Ultrasonic Inspection
-It is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method that uses high-frequency
sound waves to detect flaws, measure material thickness, and characterize
materials.

vi. Radiographic Inspection

-It is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method that uses X-rays or gamma
rays to examine the internal structure of materials, revealing defects and
irregularities without damaging the material.

VII. Hardness Testing

-It measures a material's resistance to permanent deformation by indentation. It
involves applying a controlled force with an indenter to the material's surface and
measuring the resulting indentation.

a. Brinell Hardness System

-It is a method for determining the hardness of a material by measuring the
diameter of an indentation made by a spherical indenter under a known load.

b. Rockwell Hardness System

-It is a method for measuring the hardness of materials, particularly metals, by
determining the depth of indentation left by a diamond or steel indenter under a
specific load.

VIII. Corrosion
-This is the natural degradation of materials, especially metals, through chemical or
electrochemical reactions with their environment.

a. Classification of Corrosion

i. Direct Chemical Corrosion

-It is also known as chemical corrosion or dry corrosion, is a type of material
degradation where a substance, typically a metal, deteriorates due to a
direct chemical reaction with its environment.
Title: Inspections and Testing Name: Diaz, Dean Gerard V.

Date: 05-22-25 Page 7 of 9

Instructor: Engr. Jerald Bueno
Aircraft
Yr.&Sec: BS AeE 2A Rating:
ii. Electrochemical Corrosion
-It is also known as galvanic corrosion, is a type of corrosion that occurs
due to the transfer of electrons between a metal and an electrolyte

b. Some factors which influence metal corrosion and the rate of corrosion

-Several factors can influence metal corrosion and its rate. Key factors include the
presence of moisture and electrolytes, temperature, the nature of the metal, and
the presence of corrosive substances like acids and pollutants. The rate of
corrosion is also influenced by factors like oxygen concentration, diffusion, and the
electrochemical potential of the meta

c. Types of Corrosion

i. Uniform Surface Corrosion

-It is also known as general corrosion, is a type of corrosion where the
corrosive attack occurs evenly across the entire surface of a material.

ii. Pitting Corrosion

-It is a localized attack that creates small holes or cavities, is a significant
concern for the structural integrity of materials.

iii. Galvanic Corrosion

-It is an electrochemical process where one metal corrodes preferentially
when it is in electrical contact with another metal in the presence of an
electrolyte.

iv. Intergranular Corrosion

-It is a form of corrosion where the attack preferentially occurs along the
grain boundaries of a metal or alloy.

v. Exfoliation Corrosion
-It is a form of intergranular corrosion where corrosion products at grain
boundaries cause layers of metal to peel away from the main body of the
material, resulting in a layered or flaky appearance.

vi. Fretting Corrosion

-It is a type of corrosion that occurs at the contact interface of two metals
that are subjected to small, repeated movements under load.
Title: Inspections and Testing Name: Diaz, Dean Gerard V.

Date: 05-22-25 Page 8 of 9

Instructor: Engr. Jerald Bueno
Aircraft
Yr.&Sec: BS AeE 2A Rating:
vii. Concentration Cell Corrosion / Crevice Corrosion
-It is a localized form of corrosion that occurs in crevices or areas where
the surrounding environment differs, often due to a difference in oxygen
concentration or ion concentration.

viii. Filiform Corrosion

-It is a localized type of corrosion that appears as thread-like or worm-like
filaments under coatings on metal surfaces.

ix. Stress Corrosion

-This refers to the accelerated damage of metal surfaces due to the
combined effects of corrosion and tensile stress.

d. Corrosive Agents
-These are liquid or solid substances that have the capability to cause full-thickness
dermal injury on contact within a specified time period.

i. Acids
-These are chemical compounds that release hydrogen ions (H+) when
dissolved in water.

ii. Alkalies
-These are soluble bases that dissolve in water, forming hydroxide ions
(OH-)

iii. Atmosphere
-It is a layer of gases surrounding a planet, like Earth, that is held in place
by gravity.

iv. Water
-It is a colorless, transparent, and odorless liquid that is crucial for life on
Earth.

v. Salts
-It is a chemical compound, specifically sodium chloride (NaCl), composed
of sodium and chloride ions.

vi. Mercury
-It is a shiny, silver-white, heavy metal that is liquid at room temperature.
Title: Inspections and Testing Name: Diaz, Dean Gerard V.

Date: 05-22-25 Page 9 of 9

Instructor: Engr. Jerald Bueno
Aircraft
Yr.&Sec: BS AeE 2A Rating:
vii. Micro-organisms.
-an organism that is so small it can only be viewed under a microscope (not
with the naked eye).

e. Cleaning and Corrosion Treatment

-It involves a multi-step process to remove corrosion and protect surfaces from
future corrosion. It generally includes cleaning the corroded area, removing
corrosion products, neutralizing residual materials, restoring protective surface
films, and applying temporary or permanent coating

f. Corrosion Proofing Techniques

-This aim to prevent or reduce the degradation of materials due to
corrosion. These techniques include applying protective coatings, modifying the
metal's composition through alloying, using cathodic protection, controlling the
environment, and employing corrosion inhibitors

i. For Aluminum
-Common techniques include applying coatings like paint, powder coating,
or anodizing. Other methods include using chemical conversion coatings,
clear coatings, and even designing for corrosion resistance.

ii. For Ferrous Metals

-Common techniques for these materials involve a range of techniques,
broadly categorized into barrier coatings, sacrificial coatings, and
electrochemical methods.

iii. Tube Interiors

-For these materials, the zinc coating acts as a protective barrier to make
steel more durable and prevent corrosive substances from reaching the
steel.