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​ ○​ Integrand (f(x)): The function being

integrated.
COURSE OUTCOME 6 OUTLINE ○​ Variable of Integration (dx): Indicates
I.​ INTEGRATION OF ABSOLUTE-VALUE the variable with respect to which
FUNCTIONS integration is performed.
○​ Lower Limit of Integration (a): The
II.​ INTEGRATION OF PIECEWISE-DEFINED starting point of the interval on the
FUNCTIONS x-axis.
○​ Upper Limit of Integration (b): The
III.​ INTEGRATION OF ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS
ending point of the interval on the
IV.​ AVERAGE VALUE OF FUNCTIONS x-axis.
●​ Difference between Indefinite and Definite
V.​ AREA OF A PLANE REGION Integrals:​

○​ Indefinite Integral ( ∫ f(x)dx): Results in

LESSON 1: DEFINITE INTEGRALS & PROPERTIES a family of functions (the antiderivative
plus the constant of integration,
Key Concepts and Terms:
F(x)+C). It represents the general form
of the antiderivative.
●​ Definite Integral:​ 𝑏
○​ Definite Integral (∫ ​f(x)dx): Results in a
𝑎
○​ What it is (Geometric Concept): Unlike
single number representing the net
the indefinite integral which gives a
signed area under the curve between
family of functions that can lead to
the limits of integration. There is no
countless values, the definite integral
constant of integration (+C) in the final
represents a single numerical value.
answer of a definite integral
Geometrically, it is most often
calculation.
interpreted as the net signed area
●​ Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2
between the curve of a function f(x)
(Evaluation Theorem):​
and the x-axis over a specific interval
[a,b].
○​ What it is: This is a cornerstone
○​ "Net Signed Area": Area above the
theorem that connects differentiation
x-axis is considered positive, and area
and integration and provides a
below the x-axis is considered negative.
powerful method for evaluating definite
The definite integral sums these areas
integrals.
with their respective signs.
○​ The connection: It states that if F(x) is
●​ Notation for Definite Integrals:​
any antiderivative of f(x) (i.e., F′(x)=f(x)),
then the definite integral of f(x) from a
○​ The definite integral of f(x) from a to b is
𝑏
to b can be calculated by evaluating
written as ∫ ​f(x)dx. the antiderivative at the upper limit and
𝑎
subtracting its value at the lower limit.
○​ Integral Symbol (∫): This still indicates
the process of integration.

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○​ Formula (Conceptual): ●​ Sub-functions:​

𝑏
∫ ​f(x)dx=F(b)−F(a), where F′(x)=f(x).
𝑎 ○​ What they are: The individual functions
that make up the piecewise-defined
Basic Steps to Evaluate a Definite Integral using the
function, each valid over a specific
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
interval.
●​ Intervals:​
1.​ Find the Indefinite Integral: Find any
antiderivative, F(x), of the integrand f(x). You
○​ What they are: The specific ranges of
may omit the constant of integration “+C” at
the input variable (x) for which each
this stage if you are going to compute a definite
sub-function is valid. These intervals
integral later, since the constants cancel out in
divide the domain of the piecewise
(F(b) + C) - (F(a) + C) = F(b) - F(a).
function.
2.​ Evaluate the Antiderivative at the Limits:
●​ Boundary Points (or Splitting Points):​
Calculate F(b) (the antiderivative evaluated at
the upper limit) and F(a) (the antiderivative
○​ What they are: The points where the
evaluated at the lower limit).
definition of the function changes from
3.​ Subtract: Subtract the value at the lower limit
one sub-function to another. These are
from the value at the upper limit: F(b)−F(a). The
the endpoints of the intervals.
result is the value of the definite integral.
○​ Significance in Integration: These
points are crucial because they
INTEGRATION OF PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTIONS determine where you need to split the
definite integral.
Key Concepts and Terms:
●​ Definite Integral over an Interval:​

●​ Piecewise-Defined Function:​ 𝑏
○​ Recall: The definite integral ∫ ​f(x)dx
𝑎
○​ What it is: A function that is defined by calculates the net signed area under
multiple sub-functions, with each the curve of f(x) from x=a to x=b.
sub-function applying to a specific ●​ Additivity Property of Definite Integrals:​
interval of the domain. Essentially, the
rule for the function changes ○​ Recall: This property states that if you
depending on the value of the input have an interval [a,b] and a point c
variable. within that interval (a<c<b), you can
○​ Appearance: It's typically written with a split the integral over [a,b] into the sum
brace “{“ followed by the different of integrals over [a,c] and [c,b]:
function definitions and the intervals 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏

where they apply. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
○​ Example (Conceptual): A function f(x) ○​ Significance for Piecewise Functions:
might be defined as x2 for x<0 and as This property is fundamental to
x+1 for x≥0. integrating piecewise-defined
functions because it allows us to

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integrate each sub-function over its 4.​ Use the Correct Sub-function for Each Interval:
specific interval. For each of the new integrals created in step 3,
use the specific sub-function of the piecewise
How to Integrate a Piecewise-Defined Function function that is defined for that particular
(Conceptual Steps for Definite Integrals): interval of integration.​

When you need to find the definite integral of a 5.​ Evaluate Each Definite Integral: Calculate the
piecewise-defined function over a given interval [a,b]: value of each definite integral using the
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (find the
1.​ Identify the Integrand and the Interval: Note antiderivative of the sub-function and evaluate
the piecewise function f(x) and the limits of
it at the limits of that specific interval, then
integration a and b.​ subtract).​

2.​ Identify the Boundary Points: Determine the 6.​ Sum the Results: Add the values of all the
x-values where the definition of the piecewise definite integrals from step 5 to get the final
function changes within the interval [a,b].​ value of the definite integral of the piecewise
function over the original interval [a,b].
3.​ Split the Integral: Use the additivity property of
𝑏
definite integrals to split the integral ∫ ​f(x)dx EXAMPLE 1
𝑎

into a sum of integrals. The splitting points are

the boundary points of the piecewise function
that fall between a and b.​

○​ If a boundary point, such as c1​, is

between a and b, you split the integral
at c1​:

SOLUTION:

○​ If there are multiple boundary points c1 ​,

c2 ​,…,cn​between a and b (ordered
a<c1​<c2<⋯<cn​<b), you split the integral at
each point:

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Add them together

Add them together INTEGRATION OF ABSOLUTE-VALUE FUNCTIONS

For absolute-value functions, you will need to apply the

principle for piecewise functions to obtain them, as
seen here:

EXAMPLE 2

Note that k in absolute-value functions is usually

determined by the problem itself. Here are some
examples of integrating absolute-value functions.
Examine these examples to see how to solve these
types of functions.

SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 1

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SOLUTION

Apply Piecewise Function

The value for equation 1 is 2

Add them together

Focus on this absolute-value equation 2 function

EXAMPLE 2

SOLUTION

The value for equation 2 is 4.5

Apply piecewise

Focus on this absolute-value equation 1 function

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Focusing on eq. 2 SOLUTION

Apply piecewise

Focusing on eq. 2

Focusing now to eq. 1

Focusing on eq. 1
Add them together

EXAMPLE 3

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○​ What it is: An interval of integration that

is centered around zero, taking the form
[−a,a], where a is a positive value. The
lower limit is the negative of the upper
Focus on eq. 2
limit.

Integration Properties over Symmetric Intervals [−a,a]

(Conceptual):

These are fundamental properties related to the

definite integral of odd and even functions specifically
when the interval of integration is symmetric about the
origin.
Add them together
●​ Integral of an Odd Function over [−a,a]:​

INTEGRATION OF ODD AND EVEN FUNCTION ○​ Property: When an odd function is

integrated over a symmetric interval
Key Concepts and Terms:
[−a,a], the value of the definite integral
●​ Even Function:​ is always zero.
○​ Conceptual Reason: The areas above
○​ Definition: A function f(x) is defined as and below the x-axis on either side of
even if, for every value of x in its the y-axis are equal in magnitude but
domain, the value of the function at −x opposite in sign, causing them to
is equal to the value of the function at x. cancel out when summed.
Mathematically, f(−x)=f(x). ●​ Integral of an Even Function over [−a,a]:​
○​ Symmetry: The graph of an even
function possesses symmetry with ○​ Property: When an even function is
respect to the y-axis. integrated over a symmetric interval
●​ Odd Function:​ [−a,a], the value of the definite integral
is equal to twice the value of the
○​Definition: A function f(x) is defined as integral from 0 to a.
odd if, for every value of x in its domain, ○​ Conceptual Reason: Due to the
the value of the function at −x is the symmetry about the y-axis, the area
negative of the value of the function at under the curve from −a to 0 is identical
x. Mathematically, f(−x)=−f(x). to the area from 0 to a. Therefore,
○​ Symmetry: The graph of an odd integrating over the whole interval
function possesses symmetry with [−a,a] is the same as integrating over
respect to the origin. half the interval [0,a] and doubling the
●​ Symmetric Interval:​ result.

EXAMPLE 1

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Determine whether the function is even, odd, or 3

∫ (-8x4+5x2-7)dx
neither. −3
5 3 3
8𝑥 5𝑥
4
f(x) = -8x +5x -72 = (− 5
+ 3
− 7𝑥) ∫
−3
5 3 3 3 3
Solution: =−
8𝑥
∫ +
5𝑥
∫ − 7𝑥 ∫
5 3
For a function to be called even, f(x) = f(-x). −3 −3 −3
3
f(-x) = -8(-x)4+5(-x)2-7 5
8((3) −(−3) )
5

f(-x) = -8x4+5x2-7
=− 5
∫ +
−3
f(x) = f(-x) 3 3 3 3
5((3) −(−3) )
Plug in x for all x. Perform the needed operations. ∫ − 7((3) − (− 3)) ∫
3
−3 −3
3888
4 2
The function f(x) = -8x +5x -7 is an even function. =− 5 + 90 − 42
3648
=− 5 =-729.6
Separate the integrals. Perform the needed
calculation, referring to the upper and lower bounds.
EXAMPLE 2
Determine whether the function is even, odd, or
The definite integral for this even function is -729.6.
neither.

f(x) = 3x7-8x+6

Solution: AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION

For a function to be called odd, -f(x) = f(-x).
f(-x) = 3(-x)7-8(-x)+6
f(-x) = -3x7+8x+6 MEAN VALUE THEOREM FOR DEFINITE INTEGRALS
-f(x) ≠ f(-x) This theorem lets f(x) be a continuous function over the
Plug in x for all x. Perform the needed operations. interval [a, b]. Then, there exists a point c ϵ [𝑎, 𝑏] (i.e., c is
Noting that -f(x) = -3x7+9x-6, -f(x) = f(x). an element of the closed interval [a, b]) such that:

The function f(x) = -8x4+5x2-7 is NOT an odd 𝑏

1
function. f(c) =
𝑏−𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

That is, point c such that its integral is equal to favg or

EXAMPLE 3
the average value of the definite integral.
Integrate the even function:

3
∫ (-8x4+5x2-7)dx FIGURE 1
−3

Solution:

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Substitute the necessary variables in the formula for

finding the average value. Perform the succeeding
operations.

The average value for the function f(x) = 6x2-7x over

the interval [-1, 3] is 28/3.

FINDING THE AREA OF A REGION USING DEFINITE

INTEGRAL
In finding the area of a region by means of using the
definite integral, we have 3 common steps:
If we draw a line passing through point c, parallel to the
x-axis; with the interval [a, b], then the rectangle
1st Step:
formed will have the same area as the f(x) with [a, b].
Inspect the graph and determine where the parts lie:
above or below the x-axis.

EXAMPLE 1
2nd Step:
Find the average value of the given function over the Create a sum or difference of definite integrals with
interval [-1, 3]. regard to the x-axis:
𝑏

f(x) = 6x -7x 2 ●​ For areas above the x-axis: + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑎
𝑏

Solution: ●​ For areas below the x-axis: − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑎
𝑏
1
f(c) =
𝑏−𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 3rd Step:
𝑎 Evaluate the integral formed.
3
1 2
f(c) =
(3)−(−1)
∫ (6𝑥 − 7𝑥)𝑑𝑥 EXAMPLE 1
−1
3 3 Find the area of the region between the interval [-1, 1].
2
1 3 7𝑥
f(c) = ( ) (2𝑥 ∫ − ∫)
3 2 f(x) = -x3+x
−1 −1
3 2 2 3
1 3 3 7((3) −(−1) )
f(c) = ( 3 ) (2((3) − (− 1) ) ∫ − ( 2
∫)
−1 −1
1
f(c) = ( ) (56 − 28)
3
1
f(c) = ( 3 ) (28)
28
f(c) = ( 3
)

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Solution:
Step 1:​
[-1, 0] is located below the x-axis.
[0, 1] is located above the x-axis.
Determine the parts whether they lie above or below
the x-axis.

Step 2:
1 0
3 3
∫(− 𝑥 + 𝑥) − ∫ (− 𝑥 + 𝑥)
0 −1
Create a sum or difference of definite integrals.

Step 3:
1 0
3 3
(∫(− 𝑥 + 𝑥)) − ( ∫ (− 𝑥 + 𝑥))
0 −1
1 1 0 0
3 3
(− ∫ 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥) − (− ∫ 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥)
0 0 −1 −1
1 4 1 2 0 4 0 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
(− ∫ 4
+∫ 2
) − (− ∫ 4
+ ∫ 2
)
0 0 −1 −1
4 1 2 1 4 0 2 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
(− 4
∫+ 2
∫) − (− 4
∫+ 2
∫)
0 0 −1 −1
4 4 1 2 2 1 4 4 0 2 2 0
((1) −(0) ) ((1) −(0) ) ((0) −(−1) ) ((0) −(−1) )
(− 4
∫+ 2
∫) − (− 4
∫+ 2
∫)
0 0 −1 −1
1 1 1
4
+ 4
= 2
Perform the succeeding operations.

The area between the interval [-1, 1] of the function

f(x) = -x3+x is ½.

○​

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