NCERT TEXTBOOK SOLUTIO_N _

A. IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
• • • ?
1. Why should magnesium ribbon be cleaned before bummg m air.
Ans. Magnesium is a highly reactive metal. When exposed to air for a long time, it g~ts- coated with ~ layer of oXide
which is physically and chemically stable and therefore, J:>artly masks the reactivity of magnesium. The OXidt
coating does not bum when a ~ame is brough! in co_ntact ~1th_ the metal. Therefore, the surface should be cleaned;
with a sandpaper before bummg the magnesium nbbon m arr.
2. Write the balanced equations for the following chemical reactions:
(a) Hydrogen + Chlorine ➔ Hydrogen chloride
(b) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate - -) Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride
(c) Sodium+ Water --➔ Sodium hydroxide+ Hydrogen
Ans. (a) H 2 + Cl 2 ---) 2HC1
(b) 3BaC12 + Ali{S04 h--➔ 3BaS04 + 2AlC13
(c) 2Na + 2H 20--➔ 2Na0H + H 2
3. Write a balanced chemical equations with state symbols for the following reactions:
(a) Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble barium sulphate an
the solution of sodium chloride.
(b) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to produce sodiu
chloride solution and water.
Ans. The balanced chemical equations w ith state symbols for these reactions are as follows:
(a) BaCl2(aq) + Na 2S04(aq) --➔ BaS04Cs) + 2NaCl(aq)
(b) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)--➔ NaCl(aq) + H 20 (l )
4. A solution of the substance 'X' is used for whitewashing.
(a) Name the substance 'X' and write its formula.
(b) Write the reaction of the substance 'X' with water.
Ans. (a) The substance 'X' is calcium oxide (also called lime or quicklime). Its formula is CaO.
(b) Ca0 (s) + H 20(l )--➔ Ca(0Hh(s)
·x· Slaked lime

5. Why is the amount of g~s collected in one of the test tubes in the electrolysis of water ex eriment is doubt
of the amount collected m the other? Name the gas? p
Ans. The electrolytic decomposition of water takes place as follows:

2H
The gas collected is hydrogen (H:z) 2H2(g) + Oi(g)
which is oxygen (02) gas. the volume of the gas collected in the other test
For details, refer to text.
6. Why does the colour of copper
Ans. Iron is more reactive than cop when an iron nail is dipped in it?
per from copper sulphate solution.
Iron nail acquires a coating of 4(aq) + Cu(s)
2
Fe + ions) when all the copper i iSlowly fades and finally becomes light-green (due
7. Give an example of double
sulphate solution.
the one between barium dlloride and sodilllll
Ans. AgN03(aq) + NaCl(aq) ---. A
8. Identify the substances that
(a) 4Na(s) + 0 2 (g) ---. 2Na
2 reduced in the following reacttoni,.
Am. (a) In this reaction, sodium 2(g)-.... Cu(s) + H 0(1 )
(b) In this reaction, copper is red\lCld
. CHAPTER- END EXERCISES
1. Which of the following statements about the reaction below are incorrect?
2PbO(s) + C(s) ~ 2Pb(s) + C0 2(g)
(a) Lead is getting reduced. (b) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised.
(c) Carbon is getting oxidised. (d) Lead oxide is getting reduced.
(i) (a) and (b) (ii) (a) and (c) (iii) (a), (b) and (c) (iv) all
s. The statements (a) and (b) are incorrect because the lead oxide is getting reduced and carbon is getting oxidised.
Therefore, the answer is (i).
2. Fe 2O 3 + 2Al ~ Al 2O 3 + 2Fe
The above reaction is an example of a
(a) Combination reaction
(b) Double displacement reaction
(c) Decompositio n reaction
(d) Displacemen t reaction
s. (d) The given reaction is a displacement reaction in which Fe of Fe2O 3 is being replaced by Al.
3. What happens wale!\ dilute h)-daochloiic acid is added to iron filings? Choose the correct answer.
(a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.
(b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced.
(c) No reaction takes place.
'd) Iron. salt .>T'V "':tter are produced.
Ans. (a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced according to the following reaction:
Fe(s) + 2HC1(aq) ~ FeC12(aq) + H 2(g)'t
Iron Hydrochloric lron(II) Hydrogen
filings acid chloride gas

4. What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should chemical equations be bala-:tced?

Ans. A balanced chemical equation is that which has same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the arrow.
The chemical equations are balanced to satisfy the law of conservation of mass according to which the total mass
of all the elements present in the reactants must be equal to the total mass of all the elements present in the
products. Therefore, the number of atoms of each element in the reactants must be equal to the number of atoms
of these elements in the products.
5. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then balance them.
(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas bums in air to give water and sulphur dioxide.
(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride.
(d) Potassium metal reacts wi th water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Ans. (a) The skeleton equation for the reaction is given as:
H2 + N2 ~ NH3
Step 1. Count the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.
Element Number of atoms of each Number of atoms of each
element of the reactants (LHS) element of the product (RHS)
2 3
H
-~- --------+----- ------
1
-----1
N 2
Step 2. In order to make the number of H atoms put coefficient 3 before H 2 on LHS and
coefficient 2 before NH 3 on the RHS.
3
Step 3. On counting the number of N to be equal. Therefore, N atoms are
balanced on both the sides.
This means that the equati • t l'
The skeleton equation for the
Step 1. Count the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.
Element Number of atoms of each Number of atoms of each
element of the reactants (LHS) element of the product (RHS)
H 2 2
- - - s - - - + - - - - - - - - -1:..,__ _ _ _ _ _ _....,i_ _ _ _ _ _ _-:1_ _ _ _ _ _--I
0 2 3
It shows that the number of atoms of H and S are equal on both sides but the number of atoms of Oare
not equal on both sides.
Step 2. To make number of O atoms equal on both sides, put coefficient 3 before 02 on LHS and 2 before 50i
on the RHS, i.e.,
H 2S + 302----+ H20 + 2S02
Step 3. But O atoms are still not balanced. To achieve this, put coefficient 2 before H20 on RHS.
H 2S + 302 ~ 2H20 + 2S02
Step 4. To balance S atoms, put coefficient 2 before H 2S on the LHS.
2H2S + 302 ~ 2H20 + 2S02
On inspection, we find that the number of atoms of H, Sand Oare equal on both sides. Therefore, the
equation is balanced.
(c) The skeleton equation of the reaction is given as:
BaC12 + Ali(S04 h ----+ A1Cl 3 + BaS04
Step 1. Count the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the above equation.
Element Number of atoms of each
element of the reactants (LHS)
Number of atoms of each
element of the product (RHS) I
Ba 1 1
Al 2 1
Cl 2 3
I
s 3 1
0 12 4
Step 2. Only Ba atoms are equal on both sides.
Step 3. In order to balance Al atoms, put coefficient 2 before AlC13 on RHS, i.e.,
BaC12 + Ali(S04h ----+ 2A1Cl3 + BaS04
Step 4. To balance Cl atoms, put coefficient 3 before BaC12 on LHS, i.e.,
3BaC12 + Ali(S04 h ~ 2AlC13 + BaS04
Step 5. To balance Ba atoms, put coefficient 3 before BaS04 on RHS, i.e.,
3BaC12 + Ali(S04h ----+ 2A1Cl3 + 3BaS04
Step 6. On inspection, we find the number of atoms of each element on both sides is ua1 Hence th ti
is balanced. eq · , e equa on
(d) The skeleton equation of the reaction is given as:
K + H20 --+ KOH + H 2
Step 1. Count the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equa tion .-
.:- given as:
Element Number of atom, of each
-_ 7 r ___:e::,:le::m::e::n::.:t..:o::.f.!tbe~l'Nlll~~~~•~•~(LR~~S!.J---l--....!!!I
K 1
1
H 2
3
0 1
Step 2. The atoms of K and O ue equal but the number of
sides of the equation.
Step 3. To make H atoms equal 01\ bolhaldlll,pot
on RHS. coefficient 2 before Kotl
 Step -1. To make K atoms equal on both sides, put coefficient 2 before Kon LHS.
2K + 2H20 -----, 2K0H + H2
Step 5. On inspection, we find that the number of atoms of each element on both sides is equal. Hence, it is the
balanced equation of the reaction.
6. Balance the following equations:
(a) HN0 3 + Ca(0H)i - ➔ Ca(N0 3)i + H 20
(b) Na0H + H 2S0 4 -----, Na 2S04 + H 20
(c) NaCl + AgN0 3 -----, AgO + NaN0 3
(d) BaC1 2 + H 2 S04 ➔ BaS0 PCl
Ans. (a) 2HN03 + Ca(0H)i-----, Ca(N03)i + 2H20
(b) 2Na0H + H 2504-----, Na2504 + 2H20
(c) NaCl + AgN03 -----, AgCI + NaN03
(d) BaC1 2 + H 2S04 -----, Ba504 + 2HC1
7. Wiite balanced equdtiom, for LUe following reactions:
(a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide ➔ Calcium carbonate + Water
(b) Zinc + Silver nitrate -----, Zinc nitrate + Silver
(c) Aluminium + Copper chloride -> Aluminium chloride + Copper
'd) B · ., c· Jc, ·idP ➔ Po cli"Jiu1, sulpl te-----, Barium sulphate+ Potassium chloride
Ans. (a) Ca(0Hh + CO2-----, CaC03 + H 20
(b) Zn+ 2AgN03-----, Zn(N03h + 2Ag
(c) 2Al + 3CuC12 -----, 2A1Cl3 + 3Cu
(d) BaC12 + K2S04 -----, BaS04 + 2KC1
..J , W 1t n,e balanced chemical equanon for the following and identify the type of reaction in each case.
(a) Potassium bromide(aq) + Barium iodide(aq) ➔ Potassium iodide(aq) + Barium bromide(s)
(b) Zinc carbonate(s) -➔ Zinc oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide(g)
(c) Hydrogen(g) + Chlorine(g) -- ➔ Hydrogen chloride(g)
ld) J 1 c,nc-!um(s) + H,·droch· o :r ;\cid(aq) ➔ Magnesium chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g)

Ans. (a) 2KBr(aq) + Bal2(aq)-----, 2KI(aq) + BaBr2(s)

It is a double displacement reaction.
(b) ZnC03(s)-----, Zn0(s) + COi(g)
It is a decomposition reaction.
(c) H 2(g) + Cl 2(g)-----, 2HCl(g) .
It is a combination reaction.
(d) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)-----, MgC!i(aq) + H2(g)
It is a displacement reaction.
9. What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give examples.
Ans. When energy is released in the form of heat during a reaction, it is called an exothermic reaction. The heat evolved
is shown by a plus sign on the right-hand side of the equation.
For example,
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ~ 2NH,(g) + 92 kJ
When energy is absorbed as heat during a r e ~ it is called an endothennic reaction. The heat ab9orbed i& lhown
by a plus sign on the left-hand side of the equation (or with a negative sign on right-hand side). For example,
N2(g) + Oi(g) + 180 kJ ~
or ~ ) + Oz(g) ~
10. Why is resp iration considered an exothermic
Ant. Respiration refers to the overall procea by air and is ba111J>(n1ed to cells for the
oXidation of organic molecu1ea (r• ,_, the poduds of oxidation, att l'ffllfflld
to the environment. During di3rvton, brolcerl down into glucoee. When w~
 breathe in air, the oxygen enters our lungs. It binds itself with the haemoglobin present in red blood cells and 1a
carried to millions of cells present on the body. Here, glucose 'burns', i.e., gets oxidised to produce carbon dioxidt
and water with liberation of heat (energy).
C 6H 12O 6(s) + 6O2(,g) ~ 6CO2(,g) + 6H2O(/) + 2820 kJ
Gluco~

11. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions? Write equations for some of
these reactions.
Ans. A combination reaction is that in which two or more substances combine to form a new single substance under
suitable conditions. For example,
N In)+ 3H fo) Pressure 2NH3fn)
2'-S 2'-S Temperature lcS

H2(,g) + Cl2(,g) ~ 2HC1(,g)

A decomposition reaction is that in which a single substance decomposes (breaks or splits) into two or more
substances under suitable conditions. For example,
CaCO3(s) Heat) CaO(s) + CO2(,g)
2NH3(,g) Heat N2(,g) + 3H2(,g)
A certain single substance is formed in the combination reaction but it breaks in the decomposition reaction.
Therefore, the two reactions are opposite of each other.
U. Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of heat, light and
elec~_icity
Ans. (a) Decomposition by heat or thermal decomposition
CaCO3 Heat CaO + CO2
(b) Decomposition by light or photolytic decomposition
2AgCl Light 2Ag + Cl2
(c) Decomposition by electricity or electrolysis
2H2O Electricity) 2H2 + 02
13. What is the difference between displacemen t and double displacement reactions? Write equations for these
reactions.
Ans. In displacement reaction, one element is displaced from its salt solution by a more reactive element.
For example, iron displaces copper from copper sulphate.
Fe(s) + CuSO.(aq) ~ Cu(s) + FeSO.l(aq)
Similarly, zinc displaces silver from AgNO3.
Zn(s) + 2AgNOJ(aq) ~ 2Ag(s) + Zn(NO3h(aq)
In double displacement reaction, exchange of partners takes place between two substances to form new products.
For example,
BaCl2 + Na2S04 ~ BaS04 + 2NaCl
Similarly,
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ~ NaCl(aq) + H 20(/)
14. In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involved displacement by copper
metal. Write down the reaction involved.
Ans. A_s copper is mor~ re~cti~e than silver, it displaces Ag from AgNO3 solution. 1he chemical equation for tht
displacement reaction 1s given as:
Cu(s) + 2AgN~41q) ---+ Cu(NO3h(aq) + 2Ag(s)
15. What do you mean b y precipitation reaction? Explain giving examples.
Ans. In a precipitation reaction. a product formed is insoluble in the medium and it separates out as a solid which IS
known as a precipitate. For exampl~ '
(a) When Na 2SO• solution is added to Ba02 solu~ the Ba504 formed, appears as a white precipitate.
N•~c(aq) + ~ e r ) --+ Ba504(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
(Whilitppt.)

A SIMPI.E STUIW
 (b) Similarly, when NaCl solution is added to AgN03 solution, AgCl separates out as white curdy precipitate.
NaCl(aq) + AgNOJ(aq) - ; AgCl(s) + NaNOJ(aq)
(White ppt.)

16. Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each:
(a) Oxidation
(b) Reduction
Ans. (a) Oxidation means increase (gain) in the proportion of oxygen in a substance during a chemical reaction.
For example,
Heat
2Cu(s) + Oi{g) ~ 2CuO(s)
It is oxidation of Cu to CuO.
Similarly,
2H2(g) + 02(g) ~ 2H20(1)
(b) Reduction means decrease (loss) in the proportion of oxygen in a substance during a chemical reaction.
For example,
ZnO(s) + C(s) ~ Zn(s) + CO(g)
2Cu0 + H 2 ~ 2Cu + H 20
17. A shiny brown-coloured element 'X' on heating in air becomes black in colour. Name the element 'X' and the
bfack compound formed.
Ans. The shiny brown-coloured element 'X' is copper. When copper is heated in air, it becomes black due to the
formation of copper(II) oxide.
2Cu(s) + 0 2(g) Heat 2CuO(s)
Brown Black

18. Why do ~ •e apply paint on iron articles?

Ans. The paint is applied to protect iron from rusting. Paint forms a protective layer on the surface of iron and therefore,
air (i.e., Oi) and moisture cannot come in contact with the iron surface. Thus, the iron articles get protected against
rusting (corrosion).
19. Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why?
Ans. Food items containing oil and fat become rancid due to oxidation over a interval of time. Nitrogen being chemically
inert does not react with oil and fat. It is because of this reason that the containers or bags containing such food
items are flushed with nitrogen gas to remove oxygen from them before packing.
20. Explain the terms with one example of each.
(a) Corrosion
(bl Rusting
Ans. (a) Corrosion: The process of slowly eating away of a metal by oxygen, air and other chemicals present in air,
resulting in the formation of undesirable compound(~ their oxides) is called corrosion. For example,
rusting of iron, tarnishing of shining silver surface and ·on of green coating on copper and bronze.
(b) Rancidity: When food items prepared in oils and fats for a long time, they start giving unpleasant
smell and taste. This is called rancidity. For example chips fried in oil, if kept exposed to air for a
long interval of time, start giving unpleasant smell