FINGER IN THE PIE- take an active part in

GENERAL EDUCATION something

A SNOWBALL CHANCE IN HELL- no chance at all
ENGLISH THE FACE THAT LAUNCHED A THOUSAND OF
SHIPS- Helen of troy
VOCABULARY WORDS
ABASE- demoted LITERATURE
DESPOTIC- cruel CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE- Father of English
DEXTERITY- manual skill Tragedy
FRIVOLOUS- worthless WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE- Greatest
VEXATIOUS- annoying English/Sonnet writer/Bard of Avon
AMORPHOUS- shapeless GEOFFREY CHAUCER- Father of English
PENCHANT- fondness Literature/Morning star of English Literature
TRANSMUTED- change EDGAR ALLAN POE- Father of Horror/Detective
RANCOR- bitterness Stories
MUNDANE- ordinary GUY DE MAUPASSANT- French short story
PROFANITY- obscenity HOMER- mythical geographer
APOCALYPTIC- prophetic PSALMS OF KING DAVID- greatest lyric poem
IMPERTINENT- irrelevant RABINDARATH TAGORE- Indian lyric poem/1st
VORACIOUS- very eager awardee of Nobel Prize
CONFLAGRATION- large fire KALIDASA- India’s Shakespeare
APLOMB- composure/relax Counterpart/Greatest Sanskrit
QUEUE- line
EUPHORIA- state of well-being LITTLE WOMAN- Louisa Alcott
EURIDITE- learned/smart GETTYSBURG ADDRESS- Lincolm
ACAPELLA- without accompaniment DR. ZHIVAGO- Boris Paternak
SCARLET LETTER- Nathaniel Hawthorne
FRENCH HARRY POTTER- J.K Rowling
SOIREE- evening party PARADISE LOST- John Milton
CONNOISSEUR- expert in matter of taste THE LITTLE PRINCE- Antoine Exupery
CHAUFFEUR- driver ANNABEL LEE- Edgar Allan Poe
MESDAMES- plural of madame THE NECKLACE- Guy De Maupassant
RENNAISANCE- rebirth PURGATORY- Dante Alighieri
MACBETH- ambition of power- Shakespeare
LATIN HAMLET- to be or not to be- Shakespeare
CAVEAT EMPTOR- let the buyer beware ROMEO & JULIET- love and war- Shakespeare
AD NAUSEAM- sickening RUBAIYAT- Omar Khayyam
COUP DE GRACE- death blow GITANJALI- Tagore
THE GREAT GATSBY- F.Scott Fitzgerald
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS MRS DALOWAY- Virginia Woolf
RED LETTER DAY- special day ULYSSES- James Joyce
AT SIXES AND SEVENS- states of confusion THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY- Oscar Wilde
GREEN THUMB- good at gardening HUCKLEBERRY FINN- Mark Twain
WHITE LIES- excusable VANITY FAIR- William Makepeace Thackeray
FIRST RATE- excellent GULLIVER’S TRAVEL- Jonathan Swift
MAKING BOTH ENDS MEET- limited ROBINSON CRUSOE- Daniel Defoe
MAN’S HUMANITY TO MAN- cruel behavior DANIEL DERONDA- George Eliot
ALICE’S WONDERLAND- Lewis Carroll
MOBY-DICK- Herman Melville Rio Grande de Cagayan- longest river
JANE EYRE- Charlotte Bronte San Juan- smallest city
PILGRIM’S PROGRESS- John Bunyan Mindanao- land of province
THE ROAD NOT TAKEN- Robert Frost Coron Palawan- best scuba diving site
ANNA KARENINA- Leo Tolstoy Palawan- largest province
SILAS MARNER- George Eliot Batanes- smallest province
Cebu- oldest city
FAMOUS WRITINGS Quezon city- most populous city
Didactic- literary pieces with moral writings Davao- largest City
Elizabethan- era of Shakespeare Pagadian- Little Hongkong
Gilgamesh- first epic Mindanao/Davao- durian originated
Mahabharatta- longest epic of India Diwata 1- 1st satellite
Nibelungenlied- medieval german epic Aeta- indigenous people in tarlac, pampanga
Patchatantra- collection of indian fables Mt. Pinatubo- active stratovolcano in Zambales
Tarsier- smallest primate
SYSTEM OF WRITINGS
Cuneiform- Mesopotamia WORLD
Hieroglyphics- Egypt Asia- largest continent
Calligraphy- Chinese China- largest country in Asia
Alphabet- Greek Russia- largest country in the world
Sanskrit- India China- largest population
India- 2nd to the largest population
PEN NAMES Hongkong- not ASEAN
Mark Twain- Samuel Clemens Singapore- Financial Hub
George Eliot- Mary Ann Evans Tokyo- largest city in the world
Roberth Galbraith- Joanne Rowling Shanghai, China- most populous city
Greenland- largest island in the world
LET ANSWERS Caspian Sea- largest lake
Cleanliness Mt. Everest- highest elevation on earth
Stephen’s writing Death Valleys- hottest place on earth
Stephen’s family boyhood Mc Murdo Dry Valleys- driest place on earth
Extended Family- grandmother Africa- oldest continent
Spouse- housewife Hinduism- oldest religion in Asia
Manolo- stage fright Dead Sea- lowest point in the world
Hopeful Albatrosse- largest sea bird
Mood- indecision Angkorwat- largest temple
Isolation and loneliness Cheetah- fastest animal
Destiny Rafflesia- biggest flower
Bay of Bengal- largest bay
SOCIAL SCIENCE Indonesia- largest archipelago

PHILIPPINES FORMER NAMES OF PRESENT DAY COUNTRY

7641- total islands KAMPUCHEA – Cambodia
Philippines- only Christian nation MESOPOTAMIA – Iraq
Pithecopaga Jefferyi- largest eagle BURMA – Myanmar
Mt. Apo- highest peak PERSIA – Iran
Philippine Trench- deepest point CEYLON – Sri Lanka
SIAM – Thailand
FORMOSA - Taiwan Del Pilar- 2nd editor
Ponce- managing editor
SOCIAL STRUCTURE Triumvirate- Rizal, Jaena, Del Pilar
1. Maharlika – the ruling class Rizal- dakilang manunulat
2. Timawa – free men Jaena- dakilang orador
3. Aliping namamahay Del Pilar- dakilang political analyst
4. Aliping sagigilid Andres Bonifacio- father of Philippine
Revolution
WAVE MIGRATION THEORY Gregoria De Jesus- Lakambini
1. NEGRITOS – arrived through land bridges Emilio Jacinto- Utak ng Katipunan
2. INDONESIANS – arrived by boats Apolinario Mabini- Utak ng Rebolusyon
3. MALAYS – permanent settlers Dagohoy- longest revolt
Macario Sakay- President of Tagalog Republic
SPANISH OCCUPATION Pedro Pelaez- secular
Chronicler- Antonio Pigafetta Gregorio Aglipay- first bishop
Circumnavigate- Sebastian Elcano Isabelo Delos Reyes- labor union
Raja Sikatuna- blood compact with Legaspi Union Cabrera Democratica- first labor union
Raja Humabon- First baptism Philippine Independent Church- only remnant
Raja Lakandula- First to revolt
Raja Soliman- last Raja of Manila AIMS OF PROPAGANDA
-For Philippines to be a province of Spain
IMPORTANT TERMS -Representation in the Philippines in the Cortes
Pueblo- bayan/town Generates, the Spanish parliament
Cabeceras- town center -Secularization of the clergy
Reduccion- paglipat/resettlement -Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality
Governador General- national
Goberbadorcillo- local AIMS OF KATIPUNAN
Sanctorum- tribute -to win Philippine Independence by means of an
Cedula Personal- tax armed conflict (or revolution)
Polo y servicio- force labor -to establish a republic after Independence
Falla- excemption fee -to develop a strong alliance with each and
Frailocracia- abuse every Filipino
Galleon Trade- source of income -to unite Filipinos into one solid nations
Mexico- extended contact
Imam- religious leader PEN NAMES
Umalohokan- announcer in barangay/town crier ANDRES BONIFACIO- May Pag-asa, Agapito,
Trial-Ordeal- justice system Bagumbayan
ANTONIO LUNA- Taga-ilog
SPANISH GOVERNOR GENERAL EMILIO AGUINALDO- Magdalo
Miguel Lopez De Legazpi- 1st Governor General EMILIO JACINTO- Di Masilaw, Tingkian
Diego De Los Rias- last Governor General GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA- Diego Laura
Jose Basco- Monopoly of Tobacco JOSE MA. PANAGANIBAN- Jomapa
Narciso Claveria- Spanish Surnames JOSE RIZAL- Dimas-alang, Laong Laan
Carlos Maria Dela Torre- best Governor General JUAN LUNA- Buan
Rafael De Izquierdo- Execution of Gomburza MARCELO DEL PILAR- Pudpoh, Plaridel, Dolores
Manapat, Piping Dilat
LA SOLARIDARIDAD PROPAGANDA MARIANO PONCE- Tikbalang, Naning (Satanas),
Jaena- founder and creator (1st editor) Kalipulako
JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS- Huseng Batute -Continued the reconstruction of the Philippines
JOSE DELA CRUZ- Huseng Sisiw with the passage of Bell-Trade Act (Parity
VALERIANO PENA- Kintin Kulirat Rights)
JOSE VILLA- doveglion -Died of heart attack

FILIPINO POETS 6. ELPIDIO QUIRINO (1948-1953)

BIENVENIDO SANTOS- American Culture - First president from Ilocos
Writings -Establishment of Central Bank of the Phil.
DANIEL DEFOE- “Robinson Crusoen” (novel) -Beset by corruption intrigues (golden orinola)
EDILBERTO TIEMPO- made “Cry Slaughter” that and Huk rebellion
has been translated many times
ERNEST HEMINGWAY- Ring Lardner Jr. 7. RAMON MAGSAYSAY (1953-1957
JOSE GARCIA VILLA- “Comma Poet”, Dove G. -Man and guy of the masses
Lion -Opened Malcanang for the common people
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES/ESCALANDE- -Founding of SEATO
Masterpiece is “Don Quixote” that is most -Died of a plane crash in Mt. Manunggal
influential
NICK JOAQUIN- Quijano de Manila – Spanish 8. CARLOS P. GARCIA (1957-1961)
Culture Writing -Third and last president from Visayas (Bohol)
PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ- made “Dead Stars” -“Filipino First Policy”
that is the first modern English short story
9. DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL (1961-1965)
PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS -Poor boy from Lubao
(AgQueLa OsRoQui MagGarMaMar AquiRaEs -Incorruptible
ArAqui DU30BBm) -Abolished Land Tenancy
1. EMILIO NAGUINALDO (1898-1901) -Changed Philippine Independence
-First and youngest President -Certificate in Filipino
- 1st republic colonization of Spain -MAPHILINDO
-led the declaration of Philippine Independence
-started the Malolos Republic 10. FERDINAND MARCOS, SR. (1965-1969,
1969-1972, 1972-1986)
2. MANUEL L. QUEZON (1935-1944) -Longest reigning
-Commonwealth -Large-scale graft and corruption
-National Language -Cronyism of relatives and allies
-Imprisonment, torture, and murder of activists
3. JOSE P. LAUREL (1943-1945) and opposition personalities
-President of the Japanese-sponsored republic -Clamped down on freedom of speech and of
-Puppet Republic/Mickey Mouse Money the press

4. SERGIO OSMENA (1944-1946) 11. CORAZON COJUANGCO AQUINO (1986-

-First Visayan President (Cebu) 1992)
-First speaker of Philippine Assembly -First Woman President
-Served as President during the Liberation and -Restoration of democracy
began the reconstruction from the war -Drafting of the 1987 Constitution
-Most number of coup de etat
5. MANUEL ROXAS (1946-1948)
-President of third republic 12. FIDEL RAMOS (1992-1998)
-Second president from Visayas (Capiz) -Philippines 2000
-First Protestant President Precinct- smallest electoral unit
-Introduction of the “Value Added Tax” Aquilino Pimentel- Father of local govt. code
Bicameralism- division of legislative
13. JOSEPH ESTRADA (1998-2001) 3years- maximum number of consecutive terms
-Father of the masses for house of rep.
-Ran on the slogan “Erap para sa Mahirap”
-Ousted following EDSA People Power II in 2001 STATE
due to allegations of corruption Elements
1. People- inhabitants
14. GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO (2001-2004, 2. Territory- fixed portion
2004-2010) 3. Government- working agency
-Second woman President 4. Sovereignty- freedom
-“Strong Republic”
-RoRo highways (roll on-roll off) POWER
-Holiday economics Police- regulate laws
-EVAT (12%) Eminent- just compensation
-Started 4P’s Taxation- charge of burden

15. BENIGNO “NOYNOY” AQUINO III (2010- BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT

2016) LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
-ran on the slogan of “Kung walang corrupt, -Bicameral Legislature
walang mahirap” and “Tuwid na Daan” -House of Representatives
-RA 10533 K-12 (Lower House) – led by Speaker
-Reproductive Health Law -Senate
(Upper House) – led by Senate President
16. RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE (2016-2022) -Has the following functions
-First President from Mindanao 1. Legislation/law making
-“Change is coming” and “Tapang at malasakit” 2. Appointments confirmation
-War on Drugs 3. Budget/ “Power of the purse”
-TRAIN Law 4. Oversight
-Build, Build, Build Infrastructure Program -Qualifications are set in Article VI of the 1987
-Ambisyon natin 2040 Constitution

17. FERDINAND MARCOS, JR. (2022) EXECUTIVE BRANCH

-Ran on a promise of strengthening unity -“Power of the sword”
among Filipinos -Implements the law
-Vowed to promote recovery from pandemic -Commander of Chief of Armed Forces
(Bangon bayan muli) -Qualifications are set in Article VII of the 1987
Constitution
POLITICAL SCIENCE CONCEPTS LOCAL EXECUTIVE POSITIONS
Civil Rights- enjoy life -Governor (for a province)
Political Rights- participation in governance -Mayor (for a city or municipality)
Suffrage- right to vote -Barangay Chair
Franchised- given the right to vote
Disenfranchised- removal of the right to vote JUDICIARY BRANCH
Exiled- thrown to another city -Interprets the laws as well as other
Executed- sentence to death government actions (executives orders,
Barangay- smallest political unit proclamations, etc)
-Qualifications are set in Article VIII of the 1987 Bell Trade- trade between Philippines and USA
Constitution Payne-Aldrich Act- partial free trade
Underwood-Simmon Act- full free trade
PHILIPPINE COURT SYSTEM
-Supreme Court (Highest Court/Court of Last PROTECTED RIGHTS
Resort) 1. The right to life, liberty, and property
-Court of Appeals 2. The right against unreasonable searches and
-Regional Trial Court seizures
-Municipal Trial Court 3. Right to privacy of communication
4. Freedom of expression and assembly
JUSTICE SYSTEM 5. The right to information on matters of public
Royal Audencia - acted as the Supreme Court concern
Residencia - investigation done to an outgoing 6. Right to be presumed innocent until proven
official guilty
Visita - unannounced investigations done 7. Liberty of abode
anytime during an official’s tenure 8. Right to remain silent, and right against self-
incrimination
IMPEACHABLE PERSON (PVOCS) 9. Right to have a legal counsel
President, Vice President, Ombudsman, 10. Freedom of political thought
Commissioner, Supreme Court 11. No person shall be imprisoned for debt

IMPEACHABLE OFFENSE (CBBGOT) CONTINENTS

Culpable violation ASIA
Bribery -largest continent within its limits an area of
Betrayal of public trust 44,444,100 KM2
Graft and corruption -most populous continent
Other high crimes -has the longest coastline of any continent
Treason -Climate: Monsoon Asia, Dry Asia, Cold Asia
-Southwest Asia, South Asia, East Asia,
TYPES OF GOVERNMENT Southeast Asia and Central/North Asia
Democracy
Republican AFRICA
Monarchy- one man -Second largest continent
Oligarchy- selected few -“Dark Continent”
Aristocracy- elite of the society -Most rural and least urbanized of the
Anarchy- no government at all continents
Communism- no private property -Climate is predominantly tropical
Meritocracy- talented/educated -Nile River – longest river
Federalism- national/local -54 countries
Parliamentary- executive and legislative
Presidential- executive NORTH AMERICA
-Third in size
AMERICAN REGIME -Majority are Christian
Benevolent Assimilation Policy- intention to stay -Caribbean islands maybe combined with
Preamble of the Jones Law- stable government Mexico and Central America – Middle America
Tydings Mc Duffie Law- ten-year transition -23 countries
Treaty on General Relations- Independence of
the Philippines SOUTH AMERICA
-Fourth largest continent PAMPANGA – Culinary Center of the Phil.
-Andes – longest mountain chain in the world TARLAC – Melting Cup of Central Luzon
-Amazon Basin – world’s largest area of tropical BULACAN – Land of Heroes
rain forest CAVITE – A Place with a Glorious Past
-Part of Latin America QUEZON – Land of Thousand Colors
-Spanish is the official language of the 9 RIZAL – Cradle of Philippine Art
countries PALAWAN – The Philippine’s Last Frontier
-12 countries ROMBLON – Marble Country of the Phil.
ALBAY – Land of the World’s Most Perfect Cone
ANTARTICA SORSOGON – Bicol’s Whale shark Paradise
-Fifth largest and southernmost continent AKLAN – Philippine’s Oldest Province
-Position at the South Pole CAPIZ – Seafood Capital of the Phil.
-Birds of Antarctica: penguins, albatrosses and NEGROS OCCIDENTAL – Sugar Bowl of the Phil.
petrels LEYTE – Land of History
-Summer population – several thousand BUKIDNON – Pineapple Capital of the Phil.
-During winter – semitransparent bases DAGUPAN – Milkfish Capital of the Phil.
BACOLOD – City of Smile
OCEANIA ZAMBOANGA CITY – City of Flowers
-named used to refer to the widely scattered GUIMARAS – Mango Capital of the Phil.
islands of the central and southern Pacific QUEZON CITY – The City of Stars
Ocean CAMIGUIN – Lanzones Capital of the Phil.
-Melanesia – black islands DIPOLOG CITY – Orchid City of the Phil.
-Micronesia – little islands MARINDUQUE – Heart of the Phil.
-Polynesia – many islands MAKATI – Manhattan of the Phil.
TAWI-TAWI – Venice of the South
EUROPE DAVAO DEL NORTE – Durian and Banana Capital
-Second to the smallest continent SIQUIJOR – Island of Fire
-Dominant zone: Mediterranean, Continental CAGAYAN DE ORO – City of the Golden
and Maritime Friendship
-Vatican City – world’s smallest sovereign state
-European Union – an economic and political MAIN BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
union of 27 countries member state METAPHYSICS – Fundamental questions of
-51 countries reality
EPISTEMOLOGY – concept of knowledge, how
AUSTRALLIA we learn and what we can know
-world’s smallest continent LOGIC – rules of valid reasoning and
-world’s oldest land masses argumentation
-flattest continent ETHICS – human values and how individuals
-Climate varies in latitude – northern part is should act
tropical, southern part is more temperature AESTHETICS - notion of beauty and the
climate philosophy of art
-largest producer of diamond
PRE-HISTORIC
TAGLINES OF THE PROVINCES/CITY PALEOLITHIC
BENGUET – Salad Bowl of the Philippines -Old Stone Age
BAGUIO CITY – Summer Capital of the Phil. -discovery of fire
ILOCOS SUR – Heritage Village of the Phil. -Hunting
ISABELA – Rice Granary of the North
NEOLITHIC Han Civil Service started,
-New Stone Age Silk Road
-Domesticating animals Sui Grand Canal
Tang Buddhism Spreads,
MESOPOTAMIA CIVILIZATION Golden Age of China
SUMERIAN Sung Magnetic Compass,
-Cuneiforms – writing system Gun powder
-Clay Tablets Yuan Unification of China
-Ziggurat
-Irrigations EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
-Wheel and Cart OLD KINGDOM
-First Pyramids
ALKADIAN EMPIRE -Build Ships
-First empire
-Sargon I MIDDLE KINGDOM
-Semitic Language -Fortification
-Abacus -Hyksos

BABYLONIANS NEW KINGDOM

-Amorites -Prosperous time
-Code of Hammurabi -Hapshetsup
-Column
-Hanging Garden EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
-Lower and Upper Egypt (menes)
ASSYRIANS -divine kinship
-Ashurbanipal -Hieroglyphics
-First Library -Papyrus
-Warrior Society
-Chariots INDUS CIVILIZATION
-Harappan Civilization
HITTITES -Harappan and Mojenjodaro
-First to use Iron -Urban Planning
-Terra Cotta
PHOENICIANS
-Phonetic Alphabets MAJOR EVENTS
WORLD WAR I
PERSIANS -A number of alliance involving European
-Cyrus the Great powers
-Satraphy -Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (Auto-
Hungarian Empire)
CHINA CIVILIZATIONS -Serbia (Russia) Austria-Hungary (Germany)
DYNASTY CONTRIBUTIONS -America enters World War I
Shang Oracle Bones -Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the
Zhou Longest dynasty, Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers)
Feudalism, Confucius -Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania.
was born Canada, Japan, and the US (the Allied Powers)
Chin (Qin) Great Wall of China
-Compensation by Germany for all damage -Bible – holy book
done to the civilian population of the allies and Three main groups
their property by the Aggression of Germany by 1. Roman Catholicism – Pope
land and sea and from the air 2. Protestantism – no recognize law
3. Eastern Orthodoxy – Patriarch
WORLD WAR II -Symbol – cross
-Hitler’s invasion of Poland in September 1939
drove Great Britain and France to declare war 5 PILLARS OF ISLAM
on Germany, marking the beginning of WWII. -Shahadah – Allah
-Final Solution -Salah – 5 times prayers
-Superiority of the “pure” German race -Zakat – almsgiving
-Lebensraum -Hajj – mecca
-The axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) -Fasting – Ramadan
-Attack on Pearl Harbour
-D-Day – the allies began a massive invasion of JAPANESE CIVILIZATION
Europe, landing 156,000 British, Canadian and Ainu- the first settlers of Japan
American soldiers on the beaches of Normandy, Nara- the first capital of Japan
France Daimyo- military governors
-Victory in Europe (V-E Day) Samurai- military officials to serve lords
-Hiroshima (August 06, little boy) and Nagasaki Bushido- code of ethics by Samurais
(August 09, fat man) bombing
-Victory over Japan (V-J Day) KOREAN CIVILIZATION
Korea- “Hermit Kingdom”
COLD WAR Gojosen Kingdom- first kingdom
-the open yet restricted rivalry that developed Goryeo Kingdom- the Golden Age of Korea
after World War II between the US and
Germany the Soviet Union and their respective ECONOMICS
allies. PIONEERS IN ECONOMICS
JOHN STUART MILL – supply and demand as
5 MAJOR RELIGIONS relationship
HINDUISM JEREMY BENTHAM – Utilitarianism
-Brahma – creator of the universe JEAN-BAPTISE SAY – Treatise on Political
-Vishnu – preserves the universe Economy
-Shiva – destroys the universe DAVID RICARDO – Law of Comparative
-Karma Advantage
-Reincarnation ADAM SMITH – an inquiry into Nature and
Causes of the Wealth of Nation
BUDDHISM THOMAS MALTHUS – Theory of Population
-Four Fold Truths ALFRED MARSHALL – Principle of Economics
-Nirvana – total happiness JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES – The General Theory
of Employment, Interest and Money
JUDAISM
-Abraham – father of Judaism TYPES OF ECONOMICS
-Koshier – food that adhere to their dietary law -Traditional Economics
-Symbol – stars of david -Command Economics System
-Market Economics System
CHRISTIANITY -Mixed Economics System
-Christ means the “anointed one”
MARKET STRUCTURE PRICE CEILING – maximum
PERFECT COMPETITION PRICE MINIMUM – minimum
-large number of sellers and buyers
-products are Homogenous OTHER CONCEPTS
-All firms are price takers DEFLATION
-general decline in prices; caused by reduction
MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION in supply of money
-large number of sellers
-similar but not identical DISINFLATION
-little power for price -a slowing of rate at which prices increase
-heavy marketing
HYPER INFLATION
MONOPOLY -the extreme rapid inflation
-only ONE seller
-price makers STAGFLATION
-condition of slowly growing economic growth
NON-PRICE DETERMINANT OF DEMAND but fast growing prices
-Income
-Taste GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP) – Gawa ng
-Expectation of price/income Pinoy
-Price of related good GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) – Gawa Dito
-Population Pinas

PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TAXATION

-responsive of quantity demanded for good to a -involuntary
change in price -change in burden
INCOME TAX – individuals and business
ELASTIC DEMANDS – the good is non-essential REALTY TAX – propert
INELASTIC DEMANDS – the good is essential CAPITAL GAINS TAX – sellers of property
COMMUNITY TAX – residents of the community
INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TARIFF – imports from foreign country
-responsiveness of quantity demanded for a AD VALOREM TAX – luxury imported goods
good to a change in income SIN TAX – imported alcoholic liquors and
cigarette
INFERIOR GOODS – budget meal
NORMAL GOODS – expensive PERIOD IN ECONOMICS
Stability
NON-PRICE DETERMINANT OF SUPPLY Boom
-no. of sellers Recession
-improved technology Depression
-cost of production
GEMEINSCHAFT – personal
THE ECONOMIC RESOURCES (CELL) GESSELSCHAFT - business
Capital
Entrepreneur MALTHUSIAN PRINCIPLE
Labor Capitalism- oppressive according to Karl Marx
Land Who are the oppressed? Working class
Do not allow capitalism- communism
 AMADO HERNANDEZ- Labor Leader “Isang
ARTS APPRECIATION AND HUMANITIES dipang langit” “Luha ng Buwaya”
DEOGRACIAS ROSARIO- “Aloha”, Ama ng
Carlos V. Francisco- visual arts Maikling Kwentong Tagalog
Lucio San Pedro- music JOSE MARIA PANGANIBAN- Memoria
Lea Salongga- Filipino who gained international Fotografica, Lupang Tinubuan
attention INIGO ED REGALADO- “Ang sampaguitang
Cecil Licad- renowned pianist walang bango”
Liza Macuja- Prima ballerina ZOLIO GALANG- A child of sorrow
Napoleon Abueva- Father of modern sculpture MODESTO DE CASTRO- author of Urbana at
Eduardo Castillo- sculpture landmarks Feliza, Father of Tagalog Classics
Juan Luna- painter of spolarium GENOVEVA MATUTE- Ang kwento ni Mabuti,
Fabian Dela Rosa- Amorsolo’s mentor first Palangka Award for Short Story
Gilopez Kabayao- classical violin to the masses DIONISIO SALAZAR- first Palangka Award for
Play
THEATER PROPONENT WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE- “Ang pag-ibig ay hindi
Arena Montano pag-ibig kapag nagbabago kung nakakakita ng
Sala Rogers pagbabago”
PANDAY PIRA- a Muslim-Pampango blacksmith
Experimental Tinio
who is acknowledged as “The First Filipino
Cannon-maker”
MEOW= Mysticism Eastern
JOSEFA ESCODA- Girl scout of the Philippines
Optimism Western
DR. JOSE RIZAL
-Sa Aking Mga Kabata (8 years old)
OTHER INFORMATIONS
-22 languages
AGUEDA KAHABAGAN- Tagalog Joan of Arc
-A La Juventud Filipina (UST)
TERESA MAGBANUA- Visayan Joan of Arc
-Mi Ultimo Adios (last poem)
JUANARIO GALOT- Battle of Tirad Pass traitor
-Teodora Alonso (mother)
TEODORO PATINO- traitor of Katipunan
-Calamba, Laguna (birth place)
DANIEL TIRONA- provoke Bonifacio in Tejeros
-June 19, 1861 (birthday)
Convention
-December 30, 1896 (died in Bagumbayan)
DONYA PIA- died because of difficulty of giving
-firing squad (cause of death)
birth; mother of Maria Clara; her husband is
-Consummatum Est! (last word)
Kapitan Tiago
FR. JOSE RODRIGUEZ- the Spanish priest who
BERLIN- lugar na pinagbentahan ng Noli Me
denounced Dr. Rizal’s novels as enemies of the
Tangere
catholic religion
LIWAYWAY- first and longest running komiks in
DR. FERDINAND BLUEMENTRITT- a supporter
the Philippines
of Propaganda Movement and Rizal’s bestfriend
MANILA BULLETIN- oldest newspaper since
LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS- the book
1990
written by Rizal in defense of alleged laziness of
KALAYAAN- Newspaper of the Katipunan
the Filipinos
DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA- first book of the
LAONG LAAN- pen name used by Rizal in his
Philippines
writings in La Solidaridad
FRAY JUAN DE PLASENCIA- author of Doctrina
GEN. CAMILIO G. DE POLAVIEJA- Spanish
Christiana
Governor who signed the death sentence for
LIWAYWAY ARCEO- “Tigang ang Uhaw na Lupa”
Dr. Rizal
TOMAS PINPIN- First Filipino Publisher
PAHIMAKAS- a translation of Rizal’s farewell
poem written by Andres Bonifacio in tagalog
FEB 15, 1889- date of founding of the BALDOMERO AGUINALDO- leader of Magdalo
fortnightly newspaper “La Solidaridad” MARIANO ALVAREZ- leader of Magdiwang
NOV 15, 1895- date of last issue of La PEDRO BUKANEG- the father of Ilocano
Solidaridad Literature
FRAY JOSE RODRIGUEZ- the first Spanish friar to JUAN CRISOSTOMO SOTO- the father of
attack “Noli” and “Fili” Pampango Literature who wrote “There is no
HONGKONG- place where Dr. Rizal conceived God”
the idea of establishing La Liga Filipina, a civic ALEJANDRO ABADILLA- the father of modern
association composed of Filipinos Tagalog poetry
JOSE MARIA BASA- helped Dr. Rizal in preparing BUKANEGAN- Ilocano Balagtasan
the constitution of La Liga Filipina PANDEREGLA- first Filipino bread
JULY 14, 1892- date when Dr. Rizal exiled in GREGORIO DEL PILAR- hero of the Tirad Pass
Dapitan Battle
THE LIBERAL MINDED STUDENTS AT THE UST- MELCHORA AQUINO- Mother of Balintawak
Dr. Rizal dedicated his famous poem “A La FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO- greatest lyric poet
Juventud Filipina” of the Revolution
LOPE K. SANTOS- Ama ng Balarilang Filipino PADRE PATERNO- peace of the revolution
SEVERINO REYES- Ama ng Sarswelang Tagalog HIGHWAY 54- the old name of EDSA during
“Lola Basyang” World War II
FELIPE AGONCILLO- First Filipino Diplomat KUMINTANG- Filipino would sing this song in
TEODORO AGONCILLO- Ang madamdaming preparation for war battle
mananalaysay ni Napkil. EN VENTRE SA MERE- the right of the unborn
FRANCISCO SOC RODRIGO- Sa Pula, Sa Puti child is the same as the right of individual
MANUEL BLANCO- Flora de Filipinas SERGIO OSMENA- the first appointed head of
YASUNARI KAWABATA- a Japanese poet who the Department of Education during
won the Nobel Prize in 1968. commonwealth period
MIDDLE AGES- the era of knights, chivalry, and PNU- established by the Americans for aspiring
castles in English Literature educators in 1901
KEMPETAI- memories or brutality during ANIMAL CELLS- do not produce cell walls
Japanese regime BOUSTEROPHEDON- ancient Greeks form of
JAPANESE ERA- Gintong Panahon ng Panitikang writing
Pilipinas SARACENIC EDUCATION- this education is
LAKANDOLA- chief of Tondo training for scientific thinking
LEONOR RIVERA- fiancé of Jose Rizal SOCIAL JUSTICE- very foundation of genuine
MARCELA AGONCILLO- maker of the first- peace and reconciliation
filipino flag NATIONAL TREASURY- provides the fund to
DIEGO SILANG- leader of the Ilocano Revolt support the Air Quality Management in the
LAPU LAPU- first Filipino Hero Philippines
EPIFANIO DELOS SANTOS- the man of many PASCUAL POBLETE- tinaguriang “Ama ng
talents Pahayagang Tagalog”
FRANCISCO BALTAZAR- prince of Tagalog poets KINKEE- the gas lamp used to lighten the streets
TRINIDAD TECSON- mother of Biak-na-Bato in Intramuros way back in history
AGUEDA- wife of Artemio Tecson MIRANDA RULE- right of a person under arrest
GEN. FRANCISCO MAKABULOS- leader of the AGNOTICISM- coined by Thomas Huxley which
Tarlac Revolt means “not knowledge but being able to know”
JULIAN FELIPE- composer of the Philippine METAPHYSICS- it seeks to find out what is
National Anthem ultimately real
INSULARES- Spaniards born in the Philippines
HORTICULTURE- the art of growing flowers, Plasma- very hot gas of nuclei and electrons
fruits and vegetables Metalloids- properties of both metals and non-
JUS SANGUINIS- a child follows the nationality metals
or citizenship of the parents regardless of the Ambivalent- positive and negative
place of his birth Esters- perfume
1956- Lupang Hinirang sung for the first time Bright green- borrow in a flame test
HENRY OTLEY BEYER- proposed the idea that
first Filipino came through waves of migration EARTH SCIENCE IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
from south to north Seasons- tilting of the earth on its axis
TRUMAN DOCTRINE- was an American foreign Mesosphere- meteors burn
policy created to counter soviet geopolitical Typhoon- storm in the pacific
expansion during the cold war Pacific ring of fire- volcanoes are active
MANILA- was named “Distinguished and ever
loyal city” by legaspi SCIENCE
MARIANO TRIAS- first vice president of the -systematic pursuit of knowledge
Republic of the Philippines
PLEBISCITE- the direct vote of all the members SCIENTIFIC METHOD
of an electorate on an important public -Francis Bacon (modern)
questions such as change in the Constitutions -Galileo Galilei (classic)
MONOTHEIST RELIGION- Christianity, Islam,
Judaism STEPS:
FIRST SULTANATE- sultanate of Sulu 1. Phenomena
URAL MOUNTAIN- separated Europe and Asia 2. Identify the problem
5 SHIPS OF MAGELLAN- Trinidad, Conception, 3. Formulating hypothesis
Victoria, San Antonio, Santiago 4. Conduct experimentation
MONGOLOIDS- known as the yellow race 5. Analyze the data
6. Generalization/Conclusion
MATHEMATICS 7. Publish

GEOMETRY IMPORTANT CONCEPTS HYPOTHESIS

Sphere- shape of the earth 1. Null
Square- all sides are equal 2. Alternative
Rectangle- opposite sides are equal
Parallelogram- opposite angles are equal Philosophy- mother of all sciences
Icosagon- 20 sides Senses- empirical approach
Reliability- consistency
LET ANSWERS
9 BIOLOGY
24- cube -branch of natural sciences
12- triangle -study of life/living things

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Transcendence- with God

BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
CHEMISTRY IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
1. ANATOMY
Elements Ca and Te
-internal structures of living things
Ionic- transfer of electrons
Covalent- sharing of electrons
2. PHYSIOLOGY -father of genetics (heredity, variations, genes,
-functions of structures DNA)

3. BOTANY 6. THEOPHRATUS
-study of plants -father of plant science (botany)

4. CYTOLOGY 7. CHARLES DARWIN

-study of cells -natural selection theory “on the origin”

5. ECOLOGY 8. EDWARD JENNER

-relationship between living and non-living -small pox vaccine

6. GENETICS 9. ALEXANDER FLEMMING

-heredity -discovered penicillin (penicillin notatum)
-father of antibiotics
7. PHYLOGENY
-evolutionary history of organisms 10. CLAUDE EPHRAIM ZOBELL
-father of marine microbiology
8. PATHOLOGY
-diseases 11. WILLIAM WHEWELL
-coined the term “scientist”
9. ENDOCRINOLOGY
-hormones SERENDIPITY
-accidental discovery
10. ZOOLOGY
-study of animals CYTOLOGY
-study of cells
206- total bones 1. All living organisms are composed of cells
629/600- total muscles 2. Every organisms is made up of cells (cell is
the basic unit of life)
1. THALLES OF MILETUS 3. All cells came from existing cell
-father of natural philosophy
ROBERT HOOKE
2. ARISTOTLE -father of cytology
-father of biology -cork tree
-discovered cell
3. CAROLUS LINNAEUS
-Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN – botanist
physician. THEODORE SCHWAIN – zoologist
-binomial nomenclature RUDOLF VIRCHOW – pre-existing cell
-father of modern taxonomy
-Aristotle (classical taxonomy) CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
HOMEOSTASIS
4. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK -internal balance
-father of microbiology (study of microscope) -equilibrium

5. GREGOR MENDEL ORGANIZATION

-made up of one or more cells with complex
structures and chemical processes RESPONSE TO STIMULUS “IRRITABILITY”
-ability to response to stimulus
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Stimulus- causes to react
1. Atom- basic unit of matter Response- reaction
2. Compound or Molecules
3. Organelle/s or little organ Taxis
4. Cell -directional movement of animals as a response
a. Prokaryotic- cells do not have nucleus, no to a stimulus
membrane bound organelles -example; chemotaxis, phototaxis, geotaxis
b. Eukaryotic- have nucleus and membrane
bound organelles Tropism
5. Tissue- erythrocytes (red) leukocytes (white) -directional response of plants toward (positive)
thrombocytes (platelets) plasma (liquid) or away (negative) from an environmental
6. Organ stimulus
7. Organ System -example; phototropism, thigmotropism,
8. Organism- species geotropism, hydrotropism, cryotropism

METABOLISM PARTS OF A CELL

-sum total of the chemical reactions in the body Major Parts of Cell
-example; Anabolism (building up), Catabolism 1. Cell membrane
(breaking down) 2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
-increase in size and complexity respectively CELL WALL
Size- growth (quantitative) Bacteria- peptidoglycan
Complexity- development (qualitative) Plants- cellulose, lignin
Fungi- chitin/crustaceans
ADAPTATION Cytosol- gel like fluid
-fit and survive Vesicles- storage
-change Leucoplast- colorless, starch storage

REPRODUCTION 1. Glycolysis
Sexual Reproduction -cytoplasm
-involve sex cells (fertilization) -2 ATP/glucose
-in human, fertilization occurs in the
oviduct/fallopian tube 2. Kreb’s cycle/ citric acid cycle/ tricarboxylic
-gametes (sex cells) acid
-motochondria
Asexual Reproduction -2 ATP
1. Budding- outgrowth (hydra and yeast)
2. Binary Fission- split into two (bacteria) 3. Electron T.C
3. Fragmentation- break parent cell into many -inside mitochondria
parts (planaria) -34 ATP (eukaryotic)
4. Regeneration- capable of re-growing certain -32 (prokaryotic)
parts (lizard and starfish)
5. Parthenogenesis- bees Abiogenesis- spontaneous
-haploid (male) diploid (female) Pathogen- germ/microbes
Robert Koch- Germ Theory of Disease -synthesizes, packages, and modifies chemical
products of the cell
Monosaccharaides
1. Glucose Centrioles
2. Fructose -spindle fibers (cell division)
3. Galactose
Plastids
Amino Acids -found in most plants (chloroplast, chromoplast,
-building blocks of protein leucoplast)
-20 total of amino acids (9 essentials, 11 non-
essentials) Mitochondria
-powerhouse of the cell
Interphase -cellular respiration
-G1 -glucose and oxygen
-S (DNA Replication)
-G2 NUCLEUS
-mitosis -control center of the cell
-present in eukaryotic cells
Levels (PMAT)
1. Prophase- big cell, visible chromosome KEY CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER
2. Metaphase- chromosomes are align Microbiology
3. Anaphase- separation phase -study of microorganisms
4. Telophase- two cells Spontaneous Generation Theory
-living organisms develop from nonliving
Cytokinesis- totally divide Biogenesis
-living from living
CELL MEMBRANE Germ Theory of Disease
-selectively permeable -certain disease is caused by specific pathogen
-phospholipid bilayer Bioremediation
-using microorganisms like bacteria to consume
CYTOPLASM and breakdown the pollutants in the
-all that is inside the cell, but outside nucleus environment
-two parts: cytosol and organelles
SOME PATHOLOGY
Organelles Malaria
-protein synthesis -caused by plasmodium
Dengue
Lysosomes -aedes aegypti
-suicide bag Amoebic Dysentery
-breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, proteins -bloody diarrhea: entamoeba histolytica
into simpler form to be used by the cell Mad Cow Disease
-caused by prion
Endoplasmic Reticulum
-internal transport system BIOCHEMISTRY
-SER (lipid, cholesterol, sterod)
-RER (protein synthesis) CARBOHYDRATES
-provides immediate energy source for the body
Golgi Bodies -CHO
-monosaccharaides Vitamin B5 – pantothenic acid
Vitamin B6 – Pyridoxine
LIPIDS Vitamin B9 – folic acid
-stores energy Vitamin B12 – Cobalamin (pernicious anemia)
-fatty acids and glycerol Vitamin C – ascorbic acid (scurvy)

PROTEINS MINERALS
-for building structures of the body 1. Iodine
-for immunity 2. Calcium
-for transport of substances 3. Potassium
-amino acids 4. Magnesium
5. Zinc
NUCLEIC ACIDS
-genetic make-up WATER
-nucleotides -universal solvent
-most abundant inorganic compound in cell’s
Types: protoplasm
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA- Ribonucleic acid ACIDS
-sour in taste
CHARGAFF’S RULE -hydrogen donor
-equality in quantity between bases in DNA -pH 0-6

KEY CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER BASES

A is to T as C is to G -slippery and soapy
-adenine paired with thymine and cytosine -hydrogen acceptor
paired with guanine -pH 8-14

COMPUNDS OF LIVING ORGANISM GASES

INORGANIC COMPOUND -nitrogen 78%
-vitamins -oxygen 21%
-minerals -CO2 and other gases 1%
-water
-acid ORGANIC COMPOUND
-base Carbohydrates
-gases Proteins
Lipids
VITAMINS Nucleic Acids
1. Fat soluble
-ADEK GENETICS
Vitamin A – Retinol (vision) MENDELIAN LAWS OF GENETICS
Vitamin D – Calciferal (calcium) 1. Law of Segregation
Vitamin E – Tocopherol (antioxidant) -poor of allele will separate resulting to only
Vitamin K – menadione (for blood clotting, anti- one present allele per gamete
hemorrhagic activity)
Vitamin B1 – Thiamine (beriberi) 2. Law of Independent Assortment
Vitamin B2 – Riboflavin -separated alleles are independent of each
Vitamin B3 – Niacin (pellagra) other
 2. Protista- literally protest
3. Law of Dominance 3. Fungi- decay
-recessive alleles are always masked by 4. Plantae
dominant alleles 5. Animalia

NON-MENDELIAN LAWS OF GENETICS ANIMAL TAXONOMY

1. Incomplete Dominance PHYLUM PORIFERA
-carrying neither of their given traits -most primitive invertebrates
-no organs and definite shape, sessile
2. Codominance -example; sponges
-alleles are both expressed
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
3. Multiple Alleles -with cnidoblast (stinging cells) which contains
-gene is controlled by multiple alleles (ABO nematocyst (stinging organelle)
Bllod) -polyp and medusa
-example; hydra, jellyfish
WORDS TO REMEMBER
Gene PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
-basic unit of inheritance, segment of DNA that -flat worms
codes for a specific protein -flat body
Mutation -example; flukes, tapeworms
-change in DNA sequence that lead to a change
in the expression PHYLUM NEMATODA
Variation -round worms
-may be due to fertilization, meiosis, and -unsegmented, smooth, and long
mutation
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
TAXONOMY -segmented worms
1. Identification -setae for movement
2. Classification -example; earthworm, leeches
3. Naming
PHYLUM ANTHROPODA
Dream Domain -with head, thorax, and abdomen
Ko Kingdom -with jointed legs
Pumasa Phylum -exoskeleton (chitin)
Coz Class -example; insects, spiders, centipede
Our Order
Family Family PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Gets Genus -soft and unsegmented body
Sweldo Species -with mantle glands
-example; chitons, bivalves
DOMAINS
1. Archaea PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
2. Bacteria -with spiny outer covering
3. Eukarya -radial symmetry
-lives on ocean floor
KINGDOM -example; starfish, sea urchins
1. Moneria- only prokaryotic kingdom
PHYLUM CHORDATA -grassland with scattered trees
-a single dorsal nerve chord
-a dorsal rod of cartilage called a notochord DESERT
-pharyngeal (gills) slits -dry biome, low precipitation, organisms have
-a tail specific adaptations to live
-example; mammals, reptiles, amphibians, aves
ENERGY RELATIONSHIP
COMPONENTS OF ECOLOGY Producers (autotrophs)
BIOTIC FACTORS -use photosynthesis to produce food
-living things -plants (rich in fibers) and algae

ABIOTIC FACTORS Consumers (heterotrophs)

-nonliving things -eat other organisms to obtain energy
-with sharp and tearing teeth
LEVELS OF ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quatenary)
SPECIES (INDIVIDUAL)
-organisms similar in characteristics, able to Decomposers (saprophytes)
interbreed -break down dead matter into useful basic form
of nutrients
POPULATION a. Detritivore – feed on decaying matter
-group of species living in the same area b. Scavenger – feed on dead animal/plant
-smallest biological unit that can evolve over
time ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ORGANISMS
COMMUNITY Competition
-group of population living in the same area -fight for limited resources

ECOSYSTEM Predation
-portion of biosphere where living things and -predator eats prey
non-living things interact
Parasitism
WORLD BIOMES (TERRESTRIAL) -One is harmed while other benefits
TUNDRA
-permafrost, permanently frozen and treeless, Commensalism
coldest biome -One is benefited, other unaffected

TAIGA Mutualism
-coniferous trees like pine fir, hemlock; cold -benefit from each other
biome
Ammensalism
TEMPERATE DECIDIUOUS FOREST -one is harmed, other is unaffected
-Four seasons
EVIDENCES OF POPULATION
TROPICAL RAINFOREST 1. Fossils
-located in the equator, most diverse terrestrial 2. Organisms of new organisms
biome; dipterocarp 3. Mutation
4. Structural Development
SAVANNA 5. Embryological Development
 -600 muscles
VESTIGAL STRUCTURE -myofilament (actin and myosin)
1. Wisdom tooth
2. Appendix Muscular Tissue
3. Coccyx 1. Skeletal Muscle
4. Plica luminaries 2. Visceral/Smooth Muscle
5. Arector pili muscles 3. Cardiac Muscle

EVOLUTION IMPORTANT CONCEPTS SKELETAL SYSTEM

Lamarck- use and disuse -206 bones
Spencer- survival of the fittest -axial (80), appendicular (126)
Darwin- natural selection
Homologous organs- human arms, bat wings, Bone Cells
seal flippers -osteoblast (bone-forming)
-osteocyte (mature bone cell)
KEY TERMS TO REMEMBER -osteoclast (bone-resorbing)
Habitat – place where organisms live
Niche – function or role of an organism in its Types of Skeletal System
environment Endoskeleton
Emigration – movement out of the area -internal
Immigration – moving into the area Exoskeleton
-external
BODY SYSTEMS
Types of Joints (bone to bone connection)
Epidermis Cartilaginous joints (slightly movable)
-stratum corneum Fibrous joints (immovable)
-stratum lucidum Synovial joints (freely movable)
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum Bone
-stratum basale -living tissue which have their own blood
vessels and are made of various cells, proteins,
Cells present in Epidermis minerals and vitamins
1. Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes Cartilage
3. Langerhans cells -Is soft gel-like padding between bones that
4. Merkel cells protects joints and facilitates movements.

Dermis Tendon
-presence of blood, nerves, hair follicles, and -is a band of tissue that connects muscle to
glands bone

Glands Ligaments
Sudoriferous gland (sweat gland) -is an elastic band of tissue that connects bone
-merocrine, eccrine, opocrine to bone and provides stability to the joint
Sebacious gland (oil gland)
-holocrine TERMS TO REMEMBER
Helicobacter pylori
MUSCULAR SYSTEM -causes ulcer
Mastication Applied Science (Technology)
-chewing -the practical application of scientific knowledge
Regurgitation
-a mother bird partially digests the food and THREE MAIN BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
places on amount into the young’s beak Life Science
-the study of living organisms
BIOSTATISTICS Earth Science
-branch of applied statistics directed toward -the study of Earth and space
applications in the health sciences and biology
-provides some of the most fundamental tools Physical Science
and techniques of the scientific method -the study of matter and energy
-chemistry & physics
Descriptive
(Categorical) Variable LIFE SCIENCE AREAS OF STUDY
Nominal Variable Biology
-(no order between variables) -The study of life or living matter in all its forms
Ordinal Variable Anatomy
-(order among values) -The study of the structure of animals and
plants
Measurement Variable
Continuous Botany
-height and weight -The study of plants.
Discrete
-values are integers, example is the number of Ecology
siblings, the number of times -The study of relations and interactions
between organisms and their environment.
Types of Statistical Variable
1. Nominal (eye color, gender, religion) Zoology
2. Ordinal (stage of diseases, level of pain) -The science that covers animals and animal life.
3. Interval (no true zero, temperature) Physical Science Areas of Study
4. Ratio (with true zero, length, weight)
Chemistry
PHYSICAL SCIENCE -The science that deals with the composition,
properties, reactions, and the structure of
matter.
NATURE OF SCIENCE
Science
Physics
-A systematic body of knowledge.
-The study of matter and energy and the
-The system of acquiring knowledge through
interactions between them.
systematic experimentation and methodology.
Earth Science Areas of Study
-The search for truth and knowledge.
Geology
-The study of the origin, history, and structure
DEFINING SCIENCE
of the Earth, and the physical, chemical, and
Pure Science
biological changes that it has experienced or is
-research that adds to the body of scientific
experiencing.
knowledge
-has no practical use
Meteorology
-The study of the atmosphere and its -The outcomes must be measurable
phenomena, such as weather and climate (quantifiable).

Paleontology 5. Collect and Analyze Results

-The study of the forms of life that existed in -Modify the procedure if needed.
prehistoric or geologic periods. -Confirm the results by retesting.
-Include tables, graphs, and photographs.
Astronomy
-The study of the universe beyond the earth's 6. Conclusion
atmosphere -Include a statement that accepts or rejects the
hypothesis.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD -Make recommendations for further study and
-The Scientific Method involves a series of steps possible improvements to the procedure.
that are used to investigate a natural
occurrence. 7. Communicate the Results
-Be prepared to present the project to an
Steps of the Scientific Method audience.
1. Problem/Question
-Develop a question or problem that can be MEASUREMENT
solved through experimentation. -A scientific measurement requires:
(1) the definition of the physical quantity
2. Observation/Research (2) the units.
-Make observations and research your topic of -The value of a physical quantity is actually the
interest. product of a number and a unit.

3. Formulate a Hypothesis PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

-Predict a possible answer to the problem or -An attribute or property of a substance that
question. can be expressed in a mathematical equation
-Is made up of a value and a unit.
HYPOTHESIS -A unit of measurement refers to a particular
-An educated guess about the relationship physical quantity
between the independent and dependent
variables. TYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
If IV then DV. 1. Fundamental Quantities
-quantities that do not depend on any other
Independent Variable physical quantity for their measurement
-the factor that is intentionally manipulated or
changed in an experiment. 2. Derived Quantities
-Valid experiments have only one independent -products and/or ratios of fundamental
variable. quantities

Dependent Variable FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES

-the factor that may change as a result of
changes made in the independent variable.
-The dependent variable must be measurable.

4. Experiment
-Develop and follow a procedure.
 -The exponent can be determined by the
number of decimal places you have to move to
get only 1 number in front of the decimal

Large Numbers
-If the number you start with is greater than 1,
the exponent will be positive

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Small Numbers

-Scientist use significant figures to determine -If the number you start with is less than 1, the
how precise a measurement is exponent will be negative
-Significant digits in a measurement include all
of the known digits plus one estimated digit SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
Ammeter
Rules for Significant figures -strength of an electric current
Rule #1
-All non-zero digits are ALWAYS significant Anemometer
-How many significant digits are in the following -measure the speed, direction and pressure of
numbers? the wind

Rule #2 Voltmeter
-All zeros between significant digits are ALWAYS -potential difference between two points
significant
-How many significant digits are in the following Barometer
numbers? -atmospheric pressure and conditions

Rule #3 Callipers
-All FINAL zeros to the right of the decimal ARE -diameters of wire, tube or rod
significant
-How many significant digits are in the following Calorimeter
numbers? -quantities of Heat

Rule #4 Thermometer
-All zeros that act as place holders are NOT -temperature
significant
-Another way to say this is: zeros are only Hydrometer
significant if they are between significant digits -relative density of liquids
OR are the very final thing at the end of a
decimal Hygrometer
-moisture content or the humidity
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
-Scientific notation is used to express very large Microscope
or very small numbers -magnified view of very small objects
-It consists of a number between 1 & 10
followed by x 10 to an exponent Clinometer
-angles of slope, elevation, or depression of an
object with respect to gravity's direction
Rain Gauge LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
-Rainfall -Elements can combine in different ratios to
form different compounds
Seismograph
-intensity and origin of earthquakes shocks Kinetic Molecular Theory
-Tiny, constantly moving particles make up all
Sextant matter.
-angular distance between two objects -The kinetic energy (motion) of these particles
increases as temperature increases.
Speedometer
-speed of the vehicle FOUR STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS
Phonograph -Low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move
-used for reproducing sound around
-definite shape & volume
Sphygmomanometer -Crystalline - repeating geometric pattern
-Blood pressure -Amorphous - no pattern (e.g. glass, wax)

Stethoscope LIQUIDS
-hearing and analyzing the sound of Heart -Higher KE - particles can move around but are
still close together
CHEMISTRY -Indefinite shape
Matter – Vocabulary -Definite volume
Chemistry
-Science that describes matter – its properties, GASES
the changes it undergoes, and the energy -High KE - particles can separate and move
changes that accompany those processes throughout container
-Indefinite shape & volume
Matter
-Anything that has mass and occupies space. PLASMA
-Very high KE - particles collide with enough
Fundamental Laws of Matter energy to break into charged particles (+/-)
There are three fundamental laws of matter -Gas-like, indefinite
-Law of conservation of mass -Shape & volume
-Law of constant/definite composition -Stars, fluorescent
-Law of multiple proportions Light bulbs, TV tubes

Anton Lavoisier
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
-In a chemical reaction, matter is neither
created nor destroyed, it is transformed into
something else.

Joseph Prousz
LAW OF DEFINITE COMPOSITION
-A given compound always contains the same, PROPERTIES OF MATTER
fixed ratio of elements. Physical Properties
-properties that can be measured or observed
without changing the chemical nature of the
substance
-can be perceived by physical senses

Intensive
-It does not depend on the amount of the
substance present.
-Ex. COLOR DENSITY B.P./M.P.
PURE SUBSTANCE
Extensive -Pure type matter which cannot be separated
-It depends on the amount of matter being physically
measured. -homogenous
-Ex. Volume Mass
Elements
Chemical Properties -matter composed of identical atoms
-Properties that is only observable when the -EX: copper
substance reacts with another substance
thereby causing a change in the chemical METALS
composition of the substance. -Metals are lustrous (shiny), malleable, ductile,
and are good conductors of heat and electricity
-They are mostly solids at room temperature.

NON-METALS
-They are dull, brittle, nonconductors
(insulators).
-Some are solid, but many are gases
-Bromine is a liquid
CHANGES OF MATTER
1. Physical METALLOIDS
-Changes in the physical properties of matter -Semimetals: They have characteristics of both
and takes place without changing the chemical metals and nonmetals
composition -They are shiny but brittle
-they are semiconductors
2. Chemical
-Changes in the chemical properties of matter
-Chemical composition is altered producing a
new substance
Ex. Iron Rusting, Wood Burning, Banana Rotting

3. Nuclear
-Changes in the nuclear properties of matter
-Changes in the atomic properties of an
element
COMPOUND
-Ex. Fusion (combine) and Fission (divide)
-matter composed of 2 or more elements in a
fixed ratio
CLASSIFYING MATTER
-properties differ from those of individual
elements HISTORY OF ATOM
-EX: salt (NaCl) Democritus (400 B.C.)
-Proposed that matter was composed of tiny
Acids indivisible particles
-Ionize to form hydronium ions (H3O+) in water -Not based on experimental data
HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4, HF -Greek: atomos

Bases John Dalton (1807)

-Dissociate or ionize to form hydroxide ions British School teacher
(OH-) in water -based his theory on others’ experimental data
-NaOH, KOH Billiard Ball Model
-atom is a uniform, solid sphere
Indicator
-substance that changes color in an acid or base Henri Becquerel (1896)
-Examples: Discovered radioactivity
-litmus - red/blue -spontaneous emission of radiation from the
-phenolphthalein – colorless/pink nucleus
Three types:
Mixtures -Alpha - positive
-Variable combination of 2 or more pure -Beta - negative
substances. -Gamma – neutral

Homogeneous J. J. Thomson (1903)

-Uniform and the different components of the Cathode Ray Tube Experiments
mixture cannot be seen -beam of negative particles
-Exhibits one phase Discovered Electrons
-Particles never settle -negative particles within the atom
-Solutions Plum-pudding Model
-positive sphere (pudding) with
Heterogeneous Negative electrons (plums) dispersed
-Heterogeneous Mixture throughout
-uneven distribution of components
-Colloids and suspensions Ernest Rutherford (1911)
-EX: granite Gold Foil Experiment
Discovered the nucleus
Colloid -dense, positive charge in the center of the
-medium-sized particles atom
-particles never settle Nuclear Model
-Tyndall effect - particles scatter light (looks
cloudy) Niels Bohr (1913)
EX: milk Bright-Line Spectrum
-tried to explain presence of specific colors in
Suspension hydrogen’s spectrum
-large particles Energy Levels
-particles will settle (needs to be shaken) -electrons can only exist in specific energy
-particles scatter light or can be opaque states
-Ex: antibiotics Planetary Model
 -Represented by chemical equations:
Erwin Schrödinger (1926) -Reactants → Products
Quantum mechanics 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
-electrons can only exist in specified energy -Reactants: starting materials
states -Products: new compounds formed
Electron cloud model
-Orbital: region around the nucleus where e- Balancing Chemical Reactions
are likely to be found Law of Conservation of Mass
-The law of conservation of mass states that no
James Chadwick (1932) atoms can be created or destroyed in a
Discovered neutrons chemical reaction,
-neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom -So the number of atoms that are present in the
Joliot-Curie Experiments reactants has to balance the number of atoms
-based his theory on their experimental that are present in the products.
evidence
Traditional method:
Element Nomenclature 1. Write down your given equation
Atomic number = #p+ 2. Write down the number of atoms per
Mass number = #p+ + #n0 element
Charge = #p+ - #e- 3. Save hydrogen and oxygen for last, as they
Neutral atom: #p+ = #e- are often on both sides.
4. Start with single elements.
The Periodic Table 5. Use a coefficient to balance the single atoms.
Dmitri Mendeleev (1869, Russian) 6. Balance the hydrogen atoms next.
-Organized elements by increasing atomic mass. 7. Balance the oxygen atoms.
-Predicted the existence of undiscovered
elements. PHYSICS
-is the study of the interaction of matter and
Henry Mosely (1913, British) energy
-Organized elements by increasing atomic
number. Aristotle (Greek 4th Century BC)
-Fixed problems in Mendeleev’s arrangement. -Logic
-Studied motion
Chemical Bond -Natural and violent motion
-Strong attractive force between atoms or ions -4 elements: earth, water, air, fire
in a molecule or compound.
Galileo Galilei (1564 AD)
Formed by: -Father of the scientific method (along with the
-transferring e- (losing or gaining) Englishman Francis Bacon 1500’s).
-sharing e- -Studied motion.
-Agreed with the Greek Aristarchos and Polish
Octet Rule Copernicus (1473-1543) on heliocentric view
-most atoms form bonds in order to have 8 point. This lead to his house arrest.
valence e-
-full outer energy level Isaac Newton
-like the Noble Gases! -English (1642-1727)
-related force and motion and studied light.
Chemical Reactions -The BIG Guy
 -can change even when the speed is constant
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
-Relativity: there is no absolute frame of Acceleration
reference that is at rest. -the rate of change of velocity
-Photoelectric effect (Light is quantized) (Nobel -change in speed or direction
Prize) Positive acceleration
-Related mass and energy (E = mc2) -“speeding up”
Negative acceleration
SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES -“slowing down
Scalar Quantities
-Quantities signifying magnitude only THREE LAWS OF MOTION
-Examples: Mass, charge, length, temperature, Newton’s First Law
speed -An object at rest will remain at rest and an
object in motion will continue moving at a
Vector Quantities constant velocity unless acted upon by a net
-signifying magnitude and direction force.
-Examples: Weight, displacement, Velocity, - “Law of Inertia”
Acceleration, Momentum
Inertia
DISTANCE VS. DISPLACEMENT -tendency of an object to resist any change in
Distance its motion
-Distance (d) – how far an object travels. -Increases as mass increases
-Does not depend on direction.
Newton’s Second Law
Displacement -The acceleration of an object is directly
-difference between an object’s final position proportional to the net force acting on it and
and its starting position. inversely proportional to its mass.
-Does depend on direction. -F = ma
-Displacement = final position – initial position
-In order to define displacement, we need Newton’s Third Law
direction. -For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction
Motion “Law of Interaction”
-Change in position in relation to a reference -Tells that forces come in pairs: action force and
point. reaction force
-Action and reaction force are equal in
Reference Point magnitude, are directed in opposite directions
-Nonmoving point from which motion is and are acting on different bodies
measured -Explains what happens when we walk, how
rockets, airplanes and the like are propelled,
SPEED AND VELOCITY and a lot more
Speed
-rate of motion Force
-distance traveled per unit time -a push or pull that one body exerts on another
Instantaneous Speed - speed at a given instant
The 4 Fundamental Forces
Velocity -Gravitational (attractive force between masses)
-speed in a given direction
-Electromagnetic (caused by to electric and -sensation produced when an object and its
magnetic fields) surroundings are in free-fall
-Strong Nuclear Force (holds nuclear particles -surroundings are falling at the same rate so
together) they don’t exert a force on the object
-Weak Nuclear Force (involved in radioactive -object is not weightless
decay of nuclei)
Circular Motion
Normal Force Centripetal Acceleration
-a force acting perpendicular to the interface of -acceleration toward the center of a circular
contact between two objects. path
-caused by centripetal force
Balanced Forces
-forces acting on an object that are opposite in Forces in Fluids
direction and equal in size Fluid
-no change in velocity -matter that flows
-liquids and gases
Net Force
-unbalanced forces that are not opposite and Buoyancy
equal -the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force
-velocity changes (object accelerates) on an object immersed in it
Archimedes’ Principle
Friction -the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is
-force that opposes motion between 2 surfaces equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the
-depends on the: object
1. Types of surfaces
2. Force between the surfaces Bouyant Force
-upward force exerted
Gravity -by a fluid on an immersed object
-force of attraction between any two objects in -bouyant force > weight
the universe -bouyant force < weight
-increases as: -bouyant force = weight
1. Mass increases
2. Distance decreases Work
-transfer of energy through motion
Weight -force exerted through a distance
-the force of gravity on an object
Machine
Projectile Motion -device that makes work easier
Projectile -changes the size and/or direction of the
-any object thrown in the air exerted force
-acted upon only by gravity
The Simple Machines
Free-Fall Lever
-when an object is influenced only by the force -a bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point, or
of gravity fulcrum

Weightlessness Pulley
-grooved wheel with a rope or chain
running along the groove -Nuclear Energy is the energy in the nucleus of
-a “flexible first-class lever” an atom.

Wheel and Axle Law of Conservation of Energy

-two wheels of different sizes that rotate -Energy may change forms, but it cannot be
together created or destroyed under ordinary conditions.
-a pair of “rotating levers” EX:
-PE - KE
Inclined Plane -mechanical thermal
-sloping surface used to raise objects -chemical thermal

Screw Thermal Energy

-inclined plane wrapped in a spiral around a Temperature
cylinder -measure of the average KE of the particles in a
sample of matter
Wedge
-a moving inclined plane with 1 or 2 sloping Heat Transfer
sides Heat
-used to push two objects apart -thermal energy that flows from a warmer
material to a cooler material
Compound Machines Like work, heat is...
-combination of 2 or more simple machines -measured in joules (J)
-a transfer of energy
Energy
-generally defined as the capacity of an object Specific Heat (Cp)
to do work -amount of energy required to raise the temp.
-Measured in Joules (J) of 1 kg of material by 1 degree Kelvin
-units: J/(kg•K) or J/(kg•°C)
Kinetic Energy
-Thermal energy – movement of molecules Light and Matter
-Electrical energy – movement of charges Opaque
-Mechanical energy – movement of systems of -absorbs or reflects all light
objects
-Radiant energy – accelerated charged particles Transparent
producing electromagnetic waves. -allows light to pass through completely
-All objects at any temperature emit radiant
energy. Translucent
-allows some light to pass through
Potential Energy
-Gravitational potential energy is the energy White light
stored in an object as the result of its vertical -contains all visible colors - ROY G. BIV
position or height. In white light, an object…
-Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in -reflects the color you see
elastic materials as the result of their stretching -absorbs all other colors
or compressing.
-Chemical Energy is the energy from the Conductor
formation or breaking of bonds -material that allows electrons to move through
it easily
-e- are loosely held -The sum total of all matter and energy that is
-ex: metals like copper and silver everything within and between all galaxies

Insulators Basic Astronomical Objects

-material that doesn’t allow electrons to move -Star(s)
through it easily -Planets
-e- are tightly held -Satellites
-Ex: plastic, wood, rubber, glass -Asteroids
-Dwarf Planets
Circuit -Comets
-closed path through which electrons can flow -Meteor / Meteoroid / Meteorite

Potential Difference Star

Voltage -Large, glowing balls of gas that generate heat
-difference in electrical potential between two and light through nuclear fusion in their cores.
places
-large separation of charge creates high voltage Planet
-the “push” that causes e- to move from - to + -A moderately large object that orbits a star
-measured in volts (V) -Planets may be rocky, icy or gaseous in
composition
Current -They shine primarily by reflecting light from
-flow of electrons through a conductor their star.
-Depends on # of e- passing a point in a given
time Criteria for being a planet
-measured in amperes (A) -Is in orbit around the Sun.
Resistance -Has sufficient mass for it self-gravity to
-opposition the flow of electrons overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a
-electrical energy is converted to thermal hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round shape).
energy & light -Has cleared neighborhood around its orbit.
-measured in ohms
Moon or Satellite
Series Circuits -An object that orbits a planet.
-current travels in a single path
-One break stops the flow of current Asteroid
-current is the same throughout circuit -A relatively small and rocky object that orbits a
-lights are equal brightness star.
-Located in the asteroid belt – between Mars
Parallel Circuits and Jupiter’s orbit.
-current travels in multiple paths
-One break doesn’t stop flow Ceres
-current varies in different branches -Largest Known Asteroid
-By far, the largest and most massive body in
EARTH SCIENCE the asteroid belt.
-study of the physical structure of the earth and
its atmosphere including the universe Dwarf Planets
A celestial body that:
The Universe -Is in orbit around the Sun
-Also called as cosmos
-Has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to
overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a
hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape.
-the neighborhood around its orbit is not
cleared
-is not a satellite
Located at:
Kuiper Belt
-begins near the orbit of Neptune and continues
beyond Pluto. This is also a region where most
comets are found. The Greenhouse Effect
Weather and Climate
Comets
-Comets are cosmic snowballs of frozen gases,
rock and dust roughly the size of a small town.

Meteors
-Small objects falling into the Earth's
atmosphere from space.
Weather and Climate
Weather
The Solar System
-refers to the state of the atmosphere at any
SCIENTISTS
given time and place.
1. PTOLEMY (Earth Centered Model -
-Elements of weather include temperature,
geocentric)
pressure, humidity, velocity and direction of
2. GALILEO (Telescope)
wind, cloudiness and precipitation.
3. COPERNICUS (Sun Centered Model –
heliocentric)
Climate
4. JOHANNES KEPLER (Laws of Planetary
-is the average condition of the atmosphere
Motion)
based on weather observations over a long
5. TYCHO BRAHE (Detailed observation of
period of time.
heavenly bodies without aid of telescope)
Factors that affect climate
Mercury - The Fastest Revolving Planet
Latitude
Venus - The Hottest Planet
-As latitude increases, the intensity of solar
Mars - The Angry Red Planet
energy decreases. Temperature decreases as
Jupiter - The Largest Planet
latitude increase
Saturn - Rings of Beauty
Uranus - The Sidewise Planet
Elevation or Altitude
Neptune - The Farthest Planet
-the higher the elevation is, the colder the
Earth - Our Mother Planet
climate
Eclipses
Topography
-When the Sun’s light falls on the Earth and the
-topographic features such as mountains and
Moon, their shadows are formed and they
valleys play an important role in the amount of
cause eclipses.
precipitation that falls in an area
Layers of the Atmosphere
Bodies of water
-large bodies of water affect the temperature of
an area. The temperature of water affects the
temperature of the air above it.

Atmospheric Circulation
-global wind patterns influences climate since
they distribute heat and moisture around the
Earth.
SCIENTISTS: THEIR WORK AND DISCOVERIES
Monsoons
PIERRE AND MARIE CURIE- discovered radium
Sea Breeze
and polonium
-Air over land is warmer than over the sea
MARIE CURIE- 1st woman to win 2 Nobel prizes
Occurs during the day
ANTOINE BECQUEREL- discovered radioactivity
WILLIAM ROENTGEN- X-rays
Land Breeze
JOHN DALTON- Atomic Theory
-Air over the sea is warmer than on land
ALBRECHT VAN HALLER- father of experimental
Occurs during the night
physiology
Northeast Monsoon (Amihan)
JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON- discovered electrons
-November – April
ALBERT EINSTEIN- Theory of Relativity
ISAAC NEWTON- Law of Gravitation / Laws of
Southwest Monsoon (Habagat)
Motion
-May – October
ARISTOTLE- Father of Biology
GREGOR MENDEL- Father of Genetics
Water Cycle
PTOLEMY- Geocentric Model
COPERNICUS- Heliocentric Model
ROBERT HOOKE- Father of Cytology
HIPPOCRATES- Father of Medicine
AMADEO AVOGADRO- Mole, amount of
particles of matter
ANTON LAVOISIER- Law of Conservation of
Mass
JAMES CHADWICK- Discovered the Neutron
Layers of the Earth
CHARLES- evolution
MICHAEL FARADAY- Electromagnetic induction
ALEXANDER FLEMMING- Penicillin
ERNEST RUTHERFORD- Discovered nucleus

FILIPINO
KAHULUGAN NG WIKA
HENRY GLEASON
-Ang wika ay masistemang balangkas na
Earthquakes and Movement of Plates sinasalitang tunog na pinili at isinaayos sa
paraang arbitraryo.

EDWARD SAPIR
-likas at makataong pamamaraan TARARA BOOM DE AY- sayaw at ritwal
COO COO- sanggol
CAROLL MAMA- bulalas ng sanggol
-sistema ng mga sagisag
TUNGKULIN NG WIKA
TODD INTERAKSYUNAL
-ginagamit sa komunikasyon -pagpapanatili ng ugnayan at relasyong sosyal
-pagbati
ARCHIBALD A HILL
-pangunahin at pinakaelaboreyt INSTRUMENTAL
-tumutugon sa pangangailangan
KATANGIAN NG WIKA
1. MASISTEMANG BALANGKAS REGULATORI
-may organisasyon/pagkasunod sunod -kumukontrol o gumagabay sa kilos ng tao

2. SINASALITANG TUNOG PERSONAL

-nagdadala ng mga kahulugan -pagpapahayag ng sariling damdamin o opinion

3. PINILI AT ISINAAYOS IMAJINATIV

-pinagkakaunawaan at pagkakaintindihan -malikhaing pagpapahayag ng saloobin

4. ARBITRARYO HEURISTIKO
-napagkakasunduan -paghahanap ng impormasyon

5. MAGAMIT INFORMATIV
-ang wika ay dapat magamit ng tao upang hindi -nagbibigay ng impormasyon
mamatay
GAMIT NG WIKA
6. KULTURA EMOTIVE
-magkabuhol -damdamin/nararamdaman

7. TAO CONATIVE
-gumagamit ng wika -panghihimok/nanghihikayat

8. DAYNAMIKO PHATIC
-ang wika ay nagbabago -nagsisimula ng ugnayan

9. LIKAS REFERENTIAL
-kusang natututunan -paggamit bilang sanggunian

TEORYA NG PINAGMULAN NG WIKA METALINGGUAL

TORE NI BABEL- bibliya -pagpapahayag ng kuro-kuro
BOW WOW- tunog ng kalikasan
DING DONG- bagay na walang buhay POETIC
YOHEHO- pwersang pisikal -patalinhagang pagpapahayag
POOH POOH- masidhing damdamin
YUM YUM- dila, tunog ng tiyan ANTAS NG WIKA
TATA- kumpas ng kamay PORMAL
1. PAMPANITIKAN/ PANSEMANTIKA/ REGISTER
PANGRETORIKA -tiyak na konteksto
-pormal at matalinghaga
JARGON
2. PANTEKNIKAL -natatanging larangan
-agham at matematika -propesyonal

3. PAMBANSA MAHAHALAGANG TAON

-hindi matalinghaga 1935- hakbang pa lamang ang lahat
-ginagamit sa diksyunaryo 1936- SWP o Surian ng Wikang Pambansa
1937- ibinase sa Tagalog
DI-PORMAL 1940
1. LALAWIGANIN -nabuo ang aklat
-rehiyonal -Abakadang Tagalog
-halimbawa ay kapampangan -itinuro ang Tagalog sa mga paaralan
1959- Pilipino
2. KOLOKYAL 1967
-pang araw-araw -Marcos regime
-pinaiksi -gusali at mga tanggapan
-ginagamit sa mga text messages
1971
3. BALBAL -Official gazette
-salitang pang kalye -English and Filipino
-pagpapahaba at pagpapaiksi -Linggo ng Wika
1972- Saligang Batas isinalin
BARAYTI NG WIKA 1974
DAYALEK -KP 125 English-Filipino
-batay sa lugar o lalawigan -Bilingual Education
-heograpiko 1978
-Seminars
IDYOLEK -Filipino Curriculum
-personal o natatanging paraan ng paggamit ng 1987
wika na nagsisilbing pagkakakilanlan ng isang -Aquino
tao -Linangan ng mga Wika sa Pilipinas
1989
SOSYOLEK -KT 335 DECS gamitin ang Filipino
-nabubuo sa dimensyong sosyal
-bayan o lungsod 1990- KP 21 Panunumpa
1991
ETNOLEK -Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino KWF
-etnolinggwistikong grupo -Arthur Cassanova
1996
PIDGIN -CHED memorandum 59
-wikang putol-putol na walang istruktura -mandatory 6 units in college
1997
CREOLE -Ramos
-wikang nadevelop mula sa pidgin -Buwan ng Wika
2001
-mas mahabang rebisyon
-28 letters alphabet PONEMA
2009- gabay sa organisasyon -pinakamaliit na yunit ng tunog
-21 tunog (20 segmental, 1 glottal)
KASAYSAYAN NG WIKANG PAMBANSA 1. SEGMENTAL
BAYBAYIN -tunog na may katumbas na titik
-17 titik (3 patinig, 14 katinig) 2. SUPRASEGMENTAL
-tunog na walang katumbas
ABECEDARIO
-kastila TONO – taas at pagbaba
-30 letters (5 patinig, 25 katinig) DIIN – lakas at hina
HABA – iksi o haba
ABAKADA ANTALA – saglit na paghinto
-Amerikano
-2o letters (5 patinig, 15 katinig) KLASTER
-kambal katinig
BAGONG ALPABETO -pluma, dyaryo, tsuper
-Filipino (1976)
-31 letters DIPTONGGO
-bahay, baboy, ikaw
ALPABETONG FILIPINO
-1987 MORPOLOHIYA o Palabuuan
-28 letters (5 patinig, 23 katinig) -pagbuo ng mga salita

DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA – 1st book MORPEMA

NUESTRA SENYORA DEL ROSARIO – 2nd book -pinakamaliit nay unit ng salita
VOCABOLARIA DELA LENGUA TAGALA – unang
librong pangwika PANGNILALAMAN
1. PANGNGALAN (NOUN)
ALIBATA -tumutukoy sa ngalan ng tao, bagay, hayop
-17 letters (14 katinig, 3 patinig) Pantangi – particular at tiyak
Pambalana – pangkalahatan
KONSEPTONG PANGWIKA Tahas/Concrete – nahahawakan
MONOLINGGWAL – isang wika Basal/Abstract – isip
BILINGGWAL – dalawang wika
MULTILINGGWAL – ibat ibang wika Payak – binubuo ng salitang ugat
MTB – unang wikang ginamit Maylapi – pangalan na binubuo ng salitang ugat
PURISMO – iniiwasan ang panghihiram ng
salitang banyaga 2. PANGHALIP (PRONOUN)
PAMBANSANG WIKA – wikang ginagamit ng Panao – tao
lahat ng mamamayan sa isang bansa Pamatnig – nagtutukoy/nagtuturo
WIKANG PANTURO – midyum o daluyan sa Panaklaw - +man
pagtuturo Pananong – nagtatanong
AUXULLIARY LANGUAGES – wikang pantulong
3. PANDIWA (VERB)
ISTRUKTURA NG WIKANG FILIPINO -nagpapakita ng kilos at gawa
PONOLOHIYA o Palatunugan Pokus – paksa (subject)
-pag aaral ng mga tubnog Kaganapan – panaguri (predicate)
Tagaganap – sino? Kumikilos sa pandiwa
Layon – ano? Binibigyang diin ang pandiwa LITERAL
Tagatanggap – para kanino? -payak na pagsasalin ng bawat salita
Kagamitan – sa pamamagitan ng ano? Gamit
ang ano? ADAPTASYON
-hiram na salita ay pinapanatili ang baybay
BOKABULARYO
BUWAYA SA KATIHAN- traydor IDYOMATIKO
INALAT- minalas -ginagamitan ng tayutay
BAHAG ANG BUNTOT- duwag
LINANGAN- unibersidad MALAYA
AMOY LUPA- matanda -walang control, maaaring magdagdag at
A STITCH IN TIME SAVES NINE- maagap magbawas ng salita
A STORM IN A TEA CUP- balewala
YOU CAN COUNT ON ME- maaasahan mo ako ELEMENTO NG TULA
WASTE NOT, WANT NOT- magtipid 1. SUKAT – bilang
MAKING BOTH ENDS MEET- di mapagkasya 2. TUGMA – pagkakahawig
BANK ACCOUNT IS IN THE RED- malapit ng 3. KARIKTAN – malikhaing pagpili ng salita
maubos 4. INDAYOG – pagiging madulas ng bigkas
CREATING A MOUNTAIN OUT OF A MOLE- 5. TALINGHAGA – lalim
eksaherada 6. LARAWANG DIWA – imagery
YOU ARE THE APPLE OF MY EYE- ikaw ay
mahalaga sakin TULANG PASALAYSAY
-may kwento at plot
SALAWIKAIN
-explicitly 1. EPIKO
-malalim -kwentong kabayanihan
-Maharlikang bida
KASABIHAN -Di kapani-paniwala
-may particular na taong nagsabi nito -pagkahaba haba
-literal
2. BALADA
SAWIKAIN -karaniwan/ordinary
-idiomatic expressions -real life
-maiksi
KAWIKAAN
-bible verse TULANG LIRIKO
1. AWIT – 12, Florante at Laura
MGA URI NG TAYUTAY 2. KORIDO – 8, Ibong Adarna
1. PAGTUTULAD (SIMILE) 3. SONETO – 14 lines
2. PAGWAWANGIS (METAPHOR) 4. ELEHIYA – pagluluksa
3. PAGBIBIGAY KATAUHAN (PERSONIFICATION) 5. ODA – paghanga
4. PAGMAMALABIS (HYPERBOLE) 6. KUNDIMAN – panligaw
5. PAGPAPALIT TAWAG (METONYMY) 7. OYAYI/HELE – pagpapatulog sa bata
6. PAGPAPALIT SAKLAW (SYNECDOCHE) 8. DALIT O IMNO – papuri sa diyos
7. PAGTAWAG (APOSTROPHE) 9. TALINDAW – pamamangka
8. OKSIMORON 10. KUMINTANG – pakikidigma
9. PARALELISMO 11. DIONA – kasal sa bisaya
12. SOLIRANIN – pangingisda -very strict
13. SAMBOTAN – pagtatagumpay -akademikong sulatin
14. BALITAAN – awit ng pag ibig (bisaya)
15. DUNG-AW – awit sa patay (ilokano) 2. DI PORMAL O DI MAANYO
16. KUTANG KUTANG – awit sa lansangan -mailkhain
17. MALUWAY – awit sa sama samang gawa -personal/opinions
18. TIGPASIN – awit sa paggaod (to move on)
TALUMPATI
MAIKLING KWENTO 1. mangatwiran
1. KWENTO NG KATAUHAN 2. manghikayat
-main character 3. magbigay-kaalaman

2. KWENTO NG MADULANG PANGYAYARI PABULA

-life changing -hayop ang mga tauhan
-nagbibigay ng aral
3. KWENTO NG KATUTUBONG KULAY -pambata
-culture
PARABULA
4. KWENTO NG KABABALAGHAN -mula sa bibliya
-horror -butil ng karunungan

DULA ALAMAT
1. KOMEDYA – happy ending -pinagmulan ng mga bagay-bagay
2. TRAHEDYA – mabigat, death of characters
3. MELODRAMA – mabigat, happy ending MITO
4. TRAGIKOMEDYA – pagkapuksa sa dulo -kwento ng mga kababalaghan tungkol sa Diyos
5. PARSA – exaggeration at Diyosa
6. SAYNETE – situation
ANEKDOTA
DULANG PANRELIHIYON -kakaiba at katatwang pangyayari ng isang
1. PANUNULUYAN – Joseph & Mary kilalang tao
2. FLORES DE MAYO – pag aalay ng bulaklak
3. SENAKULO – pagpapasakit kay Kristo PANITIKAN
4. SALUBONG – muling pagkabuhay PRE-KOLONYAL
5. TIBAG – paghahanap ni Maria -kwentong bitbit (salin dila)
6. MORO MORO – labang ng Christiano at -bulong
Muslim -bugtong
7. SARSWELA – musical -karagatan
-duplo (lamay)
NOBELA
-may kabanata/chapters KASTILA
-tagni tagning pangyayari -Balagtasan
-Bulaklak ng lahing kalinis linisan (unang
1. NOLI ME TANGERE – 63 chapters balagtasan)
2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO – 39 chapters -Batutian – tagalog
-Bukanegan – ilokano
SANAYSAY -Crisotan – kapampangan
1. PORMAL O MAANYO
MGA PANITIKANG PANGKAASALAN URI NG TAGAPAKINIG
-pasyon 1. EAGER BEAVER – ngiti ng ngiti
-Doctrina Christiana 2. TIGER – hinintay na magkamali
-Urbana at Feliza 3. SLEEPER – tahimik sa sulok
4. BEWILDERED – kumukunot ang noo walang
MGA PANITIKANG REBOLUSYONARYO maintindihan
-Andres Bonifacio – Ama ng Lupang Tinubuan 5. FROWNER – naghihintay ng oportunidad na
-Emilio Jacinto – Kartilya magtanong
-Apolinario Mabini 6. RELAXED – walang interes
-Padre Pedro Pelaez – Ninay 7. BUSY BEE – abala sa ibang bagay
8. TWO-EARED LISTENER – ginagamit ang
AMERIKANO tainga at utak
-Dulang Sedisyoso
-Bodabil – American counterpart of sarswela URI NG PAKIKINIG
-Atang Delarama – Reyna ng Bodabil 1. PASIBO – may ibang ginagawa habang
-Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas – Aurello Tolentino nakikinig
2. AKTIBO – nagpapahiwatig ng malamang
HAPON pakikinig
-Ginintuang Panahon 3. ATENTIBO – handa sa maaaring maging
-Tanaga 7777=28 syllables tanong
-Haiku 575=17 syllables 4. MAPANURI – sinisiyasat ang bawat salita
5. ANALITIKAL – maaaring maunawa ang
PANAHONG KONTEMPORARYO pinakikinggan
-romansa 6. KRITIKAL – nagbibigay ng pagpapasaya sa
-kalagayang panlipunan napakinggan
7. APRESYATIV – naiuugnay ang napakinggan sa
GENOVEVA EDROZA MATUTE – hall of famer, sarili
1957 1st prize 8. KOMPATIB – nakikipagtalo sa pinakikinggan
ROGELIO SIKAT – Impeng Negro
ROGELIO MANGAHAS – Duguang Plakard 1974 MGA HADLANG SA EPEKTIBONG PAKIKINIG
EFREN ABUEG – Mabangis na Lungsod 1. Pisikal na dahilan
LIWAYWAYARCEO – Titser 2. Pagkiling sa sariling opinion
LAZARO FRANCISCO – Maganda pa ang daigdig 3. Maling pagpapakahulugan
NARCISO G. REYES – Lupang Tinubuan 4. Magkakaiba ng kultura
EDGARDO M. REYES – Sa kuko ng Liwanag 5. Ingay
RUTH ELYNIA S. MABANGLO – Unang Ulan
NILO PAR PAMONAG – Miliminas taong 0069 KASANGKAPAN SA PAGSASALITA
PAUL DUMOL – Ang paglilitis kay Mang Serapio 1. Tinig o Boses
FANNY GARCIA – Isang Daang Damit 2. Bigkas at Artikulasyon
3. Tindig
PEDAGOHIYA 4. Kumpas
RECEPTIVE PRODUCTIVE
Pakikinig Pagsasalita MGA SALIK SA PGASASALITA
Pagbasa Pagsulat 1. Paksa
Panonood Pagtatanghal 2. Okasyon
3. Tagapakinig
PAKIKINIG
MGA URI NG TINIG
1. NASAL – ilong
2. HUSKY – basag PAMAMAHAYAG
3. SHRILL – high pitch 1. ULO NG BALITA/HEADLINES
4. PLEASANT – maganda 2. BALITA – mahahalagang pangyayari
3. LATHALIAN – karagdagang interpretasyon sa
PANONOOD pagsasaliksik/paraang kawili-wili
1. Linggwistiko 4. EDITORYAL – Pangulong Tudling – opinion sa
2. Sosyolinggwistiko isang issue
3. Pragmatik o Strategic 5. KOLUM – opinion ng manunulat lang
4. Diskorsal 6. PAMPALAKASAN – sports and pageant
7. PANLIBANGAN- komiks, crosswords, sodoku,
MGA URI NG PANONOOD horoscope
1. Diskriminatibo
-paggamit ng opinion o prejudice Lead- first sentence/pamatnubay
1. KOMBENSYUNAL – date ang start
2. Kaswal o Panlibang 2. DI KOMBENSYUNAL – hindi date
-panlibangan lamang
PANANALIKSIK
3. Komprehensibo Katangian
-nakatuon sa mensahe -tapat
-bukas ang isipan
4. Kritikal -sistematiko
-bumubuo ng sariling kahulugan
BAHAGI NG PANANALIKSIK
PAGBASA KABANATA I- Ang Suliranin at Kaligiran nito
TEORYA KABANATA II- Mga Kaugnay na Pag-aaral at
-Ibaba Pataas (bottom up) Literatura
-Itaas Pababa (top down) KABANATA III- Metodolohiya o Pamamaraan
-Interaktibo KABANATA V- Lagom, Kongklusyon at
Rekomendasyon
PROSESO
Persepsyon->Komprehensyon->Reaksyon- KABANATA I
>Asimilasyon -Panimula – Kahalagan ng Pag-aaral
-Suliranin – Saklaw at Delimitasyon
IBAT IBANG URI NG TEKSTO -Layunin – Konseptwal na Balangkas
1. EKSPOSITORI – magsiwalat ng kaalaman -Katuturan ng mga Katawagan
2. DESCRIPTIBO – maglarawan
3. NARATIBO – magkwento KABANATA II
4. ARGUMENTATIBO – dalawang panig -Pag aaral
5. PERSWEYSIB – isang panig ang focus -Literatura
6. PROSIDYURAL – step by step
KABANATA III
MGA URI NG PAGSULAT -Disenyo ng Pananaliksik
1. JOURNALISTIK – balita -lunan
2. MALIKHAIN – tayutay, pampanitikan -kalahok
3. AKADEMIK – intelektwal -Instrumento
4. REPERENSYAL – pinaghanguan -Estradistika
5. TEKNIKAL – tiyak na larangan -proseso
KABANATA IV
-tekstuwal
-grapikal
-tabular

KABANATA V
-lagom
-konklusyon
-rekomendasyon

KOMUNIKASYON

>TSANEL>
TAGAPAGHATID TAGATANGGAP
<FEEDBACK

-PRETTY RIANNE SANTOS

 2. OPERANT/INSTRUMENT CONDITIONING - BF
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION Skinner
-based on the association of consequences to
LEARNING one’s behavior.
Cognitivism
-mind Reinforcer (reward)- something that increases
-internal the like hood of behavior.
-not observable
-acquisition of skills REINFORCEMENT
2 TYPES
Behaviorism 1. Positive- adds something pleasant.
-behavior 1. Verbal
-observable 2. Physical
-conducive environment 3. Non-verbal
-external 4. Activity
5. Token
THEORY OF BEHAVIORISM 6. Consumable
1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING - Ivan Petrovich
Pavlov 2. Negative- takes away something unpleasant.

3 STAGES (before, during and after) 2 TYPES OF PUNISHMENT

Stimulus- trigger reaction 1. Positive- may binigay ka na ayaw nya
Reaction- response 2. Negative- may tatanggalin ka

3 TYPES OF STIMULUS PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

1. Neutral- no reaction 1. Shaping- reinforcing successive steps
2. Unconditioned- unconditioned response 2. Chaining- reinforcing series of behavior
3. Conditioned- conditioned response 3. Extinction- no longer reinforced

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

1. Generalization- nilahat 2 Major Divisions
2. Extinction- nawala 1. Continuous Reinforcement (lahat)
3. Spontaneous Recovery- bumalik
4. Discrimination- natuto 2. Partial- some correct responses
5. Higher Order Conditioning- pinalitan a. Fixed- (every 5 minutes)
6. Adhesive- magkadikit b. Variable- (average amount of time)
7. Principle Excitation- nalipat c. Fixed-ratio (correct responses)
d. Variable-ratio (average of responses)
2 TYPES OF LEARNER
1. Expert 3. INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY -
-deeper knowledge Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
-High standards Memory System
Sensory
2. Novice Short term
-limited knowledge -small capacity
-mediocre -short duration

Long term
-semantic
-episodic NEW TYPE OF BEHAVIORISM
-procedural 1. NEO BEHAVIORISM
-link between behaviorism and cognitive
Chunking- increased capacity of STM.
Rehearsal- through repetition of information. PURPOSIVE LEARNING THEORY- Edward
Tolman
*ASEAN COUNTRIES
(MyThai SiLa Bru MaCa InViPhi) SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY - Albert Bandura
-Myanmar -Thailand
-Singapore -Laos 4 STAGES OF MODELING
-Brunei -Malaysia 1. Attention
-Cambodia -Indonesia 2. Retention
-Vietnam -Philippines 3. Motor Reproduction
4. Motivation
FORGETTING
Decay- memory becomes eroded because we ALBERT BANDURA
have not used it. -vicarious learning
Displacement- items are pushed out by others. -Bobo doll
-people learn through observation, simulation,
Recall task findings and modeling.
1. Primary effect (first)
2. Recency effect (latest) 2. GESTALT THEORY “discovery learning”
- Marx Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt
Interference LTM Koffka.
1. Proactive Interference
2. Retroactive Interference 3. WOLFGANG KOHLER’S INSIGHT LEARNING
-discovery learning
JOHN B. WATSON -experimented on apes (Sultan)
-father of behaviorism
-experiment on Albert (bata) 4. DAVID AUSUBEL’S MEANINGFUL LEARNING
-understanding emotions THEORY
-occurs when new experiences are related to
4. CONNECTIONISM - Edward Lee Thorndike what a learner already knows.

MAJOR LAWS OF LEARNING ADVANCE ORGANIZERS

1. Law of Readiness 1. Expository
- The learner should be biologically prepared. 2. Narrative
2. Law of Exercise 3. Skimming
- Practice alone is not enough for improvement. 4. Graphic Organizers (fish bone, Venn diagram)
3. Law of Effect
S-R strengthened=positive 5. ROBERT GAGNE’S CUMMULATIVE THEORY
S-R weakened=negative *9 Events of Instruction
1. Gaining attention
*Law of Belongingness- paired stimuli 2. Informing learner of objectives
*Law of Multiple Response- different reaction 3. Recalling Prior Knowledge
*Law of Frequency- often 4. Presenting Material
*Law of Contiguity- events occur together 5. Providing Guided Learning
6. Eliciting Performance -reflexes
7. Providing Feedback -grasping reflex
8. Assessing Performance -sucking reflex
9. Enhancing Retention and Transform -curling reflex
-rooting reflex
COGNITIVE PROCESS -balance reflex
-constructivism
-Bloom’s taxonomy 2. Pre-Operational
-metacognition -illogical thinking
-transfer of learning Characteristics
1. Animism- kumakausap ng toy
6. JEROME BRUNER’S THEORY OF 2. Ego centrism- selfishness
INSTRUCTION 3. Symbol function- symbols
-instrumental conceptualism 4. Centration- seeing one only aspect
-learning by discovering the solution
-spiral curriculum 3. Concrete-Operational Stage
-decentration
*Representations of Knowledge -elimination of ego-centrism
3. Symbolic= words -conservation
2. Iconic= model/picture
1. Enactive= physical objects 4. Formal Operational Stage
-the use of hypothesis
Judge= evaluation
Take apart, examine, compare= analysis SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY
Describe, retell, explain= comprehension Factors affecting Self-Determination
Combine, formulate, design= synthesis -Choices
Use, work with, utilize= application -Threats and deadlines
Enumerate, list, define= knowledge -Controlling statements
Design, invent, imagine= creating -Extrinsic rewards
Recall, name, list= remembering -Surveillance and evaluation.
Separate, compare, organize= analyzing
Assess, judge, appraise= evaluation THE TEACHING PROFESSION
Explain, discuss, define= understanding
ELEMENTS OF A PROFESSION
MOTIVATION 1. Initial Professional Education
Extrinsic- long lasting 2. Accreditation
Intrinsic- much better 3. Licensing- privilege
4. Professional Development
Bernard Weiner’s Attribution Theory 5. Professional Organization
Self Determination Theory 6. Code of Ethics

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY LAWS ON THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF

-Jean Piaget TEACHING
Assimilation- acquiring knowledge PD 1006
Accommodation- modify -PBET
-1977
STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT -70 passing rate
1. Sensory motor stage
 5. Ownership of Educational Institution
RA 7836 6. Number of Foreign Students
-PRC 7. Academic Freedom
-75 passing rate 8. Budget for Education
-LET 9. Language
-1996
RA 11713
RA 9293 -Teacher Education of Center Excellence Act
-Para teachers
-no license NEAP- National Educators Academy of the
-special permit 2 years Philippines.
-4 year service
K-12 GRADING SYSTEM
RA 10912
-CPD Law Language, Science, Mapeh,
ESP, AP Math TLE
PPST: The new NCBTS Written 30% 40% 20%
“PHILIPPINE PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS FOR Work
TEACHERS” Performanc 50% 40% 60%
1. Content Knowledge and Pedagogy e Task
2. Learning environment Quarterly 20% 20% 20%
3. Diversity of Learners Assessment
4. Curriculum of Learners
5. Assessment and Reporting 1. No numerical grades for Kindergarten
6. Community Linkages and Professional 2. Minimum initial grade of 60 to pass
Engagement 3. Minimum quarterly/ final grade of 75 to pass
7. Personal Growth and Professional 4. Floor grade for quarterly/ final grade is 60.
Development
OUTSTANDING 90-100
PHILIPPINE QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORK VERY OUTSTANDING 85-89
1. NCI SATISFACTORY 80-84
2. NCII FAIRLY SATISFACTORY 75-79
3. NCIII DID NOT MEET EXPECTATION BELOW 75
4. NCIV
5. DIPLOMA STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE
6. BACHELOR’S DEGREE 1. Phonology- sounds
7. MASTER’S DEGREE 2. Morphology- root words
8. DOCTORAL 3. Semantics- meaning of words
4. Syntax- grammars
RA 10931 5. Pragmatics- context
-Free Tertiary Education
PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND
ARTICLE XIV OF 1987 PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION LEARNING
1. Free Public Education
2. Compulsory Education Quality Teacher Indicator
3. Learning System Content Knowledge- mastery
4. Religious Instruction
Pedagogical Knowledge- methods, strategies Valuing- show
and techniques. Organization- priority
Pedagogical Content Knowledge- suitable Characterization- habitual

FIVE KEY BEHAVIORS CONTRIBUTING TO PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN

EFFECTIVE TEACHING Perception- sensory cues/perceived
A. Lesson Clarity Set- prepare
B. Instructional Variety Guided Response- mimicking/imitation
C. Teacher Task Orientation Mechanism- basic skills
D. Engagement in the Learning Process Complex Overt Response-
E. Student’s Success Rate Adaptation- modify
Origination- create
INSTRUCTIONAL PLANNING
Lesson Plan- the instructor’s road map PRINCIPLES IN SELECTION OF LEARNING
(OSLEA) MATERIALS
1. Objectives- learning goals -aids to instruction
2. Subject Matter- topic -they do not replace the teacher
3. Learning Activities- prayer, checking of -best suits your objectives
attendance, review etc. -use variety of tools (audio visual aids)
4. Evaluation- assess -check out before class starts.
5. Assignment- supplement
PRINCIPLES IN DETERMINING LEARNING
TAXONOMY OF OBJECTIVES ACTIVITIES
Cognitive- mental abilities -learners must profit from the experience
Affective- emotional -must provide for the experience
Psychomotor- skills -must be authentic and contextualized
-must challenge the learners to ask questions
COGNITIVE DOMAIN -must provide opportunities for content
Original Revised mastery
(Bloom)
Knowledge Remeberi Recognizing, TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
ng recalling Print- textbooks, pamphlets, handouts, study
Comprehens Understan Interpreting, guides, manuals
ion ding exemplifying, Audio- cassettes, microphones, podcast
comparison Visuals- charts, real object, photographs
Application Applying Executing, Audio visual- slides, tapes, films, filmstrips
implementing Electronic Interactive- computers, calculators,
Analysis Analyzing Differentiating, tablets
organizing
Synthesis Evaluating Checking, critiquing PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING
Evaluation Creating Generating, Approach- viewpoint
planning, Strategy- long term plan, list of
producing concepts/duration
Method- step by step process/procedure
AFFECTIVE DOMAIN Technique- way of teaching, personal touch
Receiving- perceive
Responding- react GENERAL APPROACHES TO TEACHING
TEACHER-CENTERED STUDENT-CENTERED
Subject matter Learner centered A. Panel- 5 to 6 members
centered B. Symposium- 2 to 3, formal, social and
Teacher dominated interactive academic issues
Banking approach constructivist C. Debate- opposing ideas
disciplinal integrated D. Round table- own viewpoints
individualistic collaborative
Direct-passive Indirect-active Art of Questioning- to make the student think

PRINCIPLE IN CHOOSING A METHOD TYPES OF QUESTIONS

1. Utilize the laws of learning *according to the thinking process
2. Start from what is known already to the Low Level- what, where, when
students High Level- HOTS
3. Provide the learners with numerous and
diverse learning *According to the purpose of answering during
4. Provide opportunity for the learner to ask an open discussion.
and answer question. Convergent- specific answer
Divergent- open ended
DIFFERENT METHODS
EXPOSITORY (teacher- EXPLORATORY *according to the purpose of the teacher
centered) (learner-centered) Eliciting- answer immediately
Less student High student Probing- follow up question, take stand
involvement involvement Closure seeking-
Deductive method- Inductive method-
general to specific specific to general 4 MISTAKEN GOALS/HIDDEN GOALS
1. Attention Seeking- special treatment “notice
Less delivery time More delivery time
me”
2. Power Getting- gets bossy “I want to help”
DIFFERENT STRATEGIES
3. Revenge Seeking- violent, hurt others “I am
Problem-based- scientific method used
hurt”
Project-based- end product
4. Isolation/Withdrawal/Assumed Inadequacy-
Constructivism- related prior knowledge
refuses to participate “Guide me, Push me,
Metacognitive- thinking about thinking
Reassure me”
Reflective- apply/teaching and learning
Cooperative- teach in group
MANAGEMENT OF TIME
Mandated time- school year
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE BY HOWARD
Allocated time- schedule of students
GARDNER (INVISBLEM)
Academic Instructional time- teaching time
Intrapersonal- self smart
Academic engage time- students are making
Naturalist- nature smart
activities
Verbal linguistic- word smart
Interpersonal- people smart
ROUTINE
Spatial Visual- picture smart
-attendance, distribution of materials, in and
Bodily Kinesthetic- body smart
out.
Logical mathematical- number smart
-established in first day.
Existential- life smart
Musical- sounds smart
TYPES OF CONTROL
Preventive- establish rules
TYPES OF PROCEDURE
Supported- signal, non-verbal
Corrective- Economic- productivity (applied skills),
creativity (imaginations), progress (new ideas)
TEACHER PITFALLS THAT AFFECT Cultural- differences, similarity, harmony,
MANAGEMENT preserve, change
JACOB KOUNIN- classroom management Political- patriotism (love and loyalty for the
Withitness- eyes at the back, see the four country) Authority, harmony, change
corners of the room.
Stimulus bounded- gets easily distracted Authority- government
Thrust- students are not ready, surprise quiz Batas- to solve societal issues/crisis.
Dangling- topic hang
*Truncation- not able to return Xenocentrism- view others superior than yours
*Flip-flop- 2 topics and able to return (Colonial Mentality)
Overlapping- multi tasking Ethnocentrism- mas mataas ka kesa sa iba.
Ripple effect- escalating, domino effect Culture- way of life/living.
Over dwelling- matagal magturo
Fragmentation- hinati CULTURE TRANSFER
Jerkiness- no momentum and no smoothness Enculturation- sariling kultura
Acculturation- natutunan ang kultura ng iba
MANAGING SURFACE BEHAVIOR Accomodation- both culture ay pinractice
Planned Ignoring- hindi papansinin Assimilation- kinalimutan ang dating kultura
Signal Interference- nonverbal cues Immersion- contextual
Proximity Control- lalapit sa bata
Antiseptic Bouncing- papalabasin Animism- supernatural things
Removal of Seductive Object- tatanggalin Euphemism- pinapaganda ang salita/sitwasyon.
Hurdle help- need assistance Fatalism- masyadong negative
Direct appeal- confront Optimism- masyadong positive
Rationalism- lahat ng bagay may rason.
PPPF (NAGEL AND SMITH)
Prepare yourself NEGATIVE SOCIAL TRAITS
Prepare your students Stereotype- negative thinking
Present the materials Prejudice- negative feeling
Follow up Discrimination- negative action
Talangka Mentality- nanghihila ng nakakaangat
MOTIVATION- driving force Ningas Cogon- magaling sa umpisa
1. Extrinsic Motivation- external source, reward Manana Habit- mamaya na
2. Intrinsic Motivation- one’s own goal Split Personality- iniiba ang personality
Kanya kanya Syndrome- kung ano lang sayo
SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION yun lang ang papakealaman mo.
Superficial Religiosity- puro dasal, walang gawa
Code of Ethics- roles and obligations
AMBIVALENT SOCIAL TRAITS
Functionalism
Extreme Personalism- masyadong
-anong ambag mo sa society?
namemersonal, family centered
-Skills-anong kaya mong gawin?
Utang na loob- kailangan ibalik
-Cohesion- unity
Bahala Na- Si God na ang bahala
Pakikisama- foster harmony, fit majority
FUNCTIONS OF A SCHOOL
Social- placement, socialization, integration
PERSONAL VALUES
Resilience- ability to recover immediately A nation’s culture resides in the hearts and in
Tolerance- accept diversity the soul of its people. (Culture is not just on
Emotional Stability- control emotion material things)
Drive- motivation
Fair- objective and consistent A people without knowledge of their past
Buoyancy- ability to smile despite of difficulty history, origin and culture is like tree without
Cooperativeness- ability to work well with roots. (Cultural identity)
others
Intelligence- knowledge Alone we can do much but together we can do
Self Confidence- trust one’s ability so much. (Cultural cooperativeness)
Innovativeness- making original and new ideas
Reliability- trustworthy Be careful who you hate, it could be someone
you love. (openmindness to other culture)
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC
AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION Culture of the mind must be subservient to the
-International Cooperation heart. (Love for culture)
-Jacques Delors
-International Commission on Education for the Culture: the cry of men in face of their destiny.
21st century. (Cultural identity)
-Learning the treasure within (report)
-4 Pillars of Learning (content) Different roads sometimes lead to the same
castle. (Unity amid cultural diversity)
5 PILLARS OF LEARNING
Learning to know- gaining information Diversity count friends not skin color. (Cultural
Learning to do- applying what you know diversity)
Learning to be- self-development (holistic
development) It’s not a sin or a crime to be different. (Cultural
Learning to live together- society, diversity, diversity)
respect and harmony
Learning to transform- highest, change, Our true nationality is mankind. (The
sustainability cosmopolitan man)

RIGHTS OF A CHILD EFA- Education For All

Life- (abortion issue) -access and inclusivity
Acquire- name, nationality and parents Values Education- good useful and valuable
Not separated- from parents ESD- Education for Sustainable Development
Views- free express of opinions Multiculturalism- diversity and similarities
Privacy- protection
Access- any documents relating to him TYPES OF EDUCATION
Parents- prime responsibility Environmental Education- problem, solution,
Protect- against violence implements
Health and Education- free access Human Rights Education- freedom
Culture- freedom to practice and enjoy Global Education- diversity and similarity
Leisure- enjoy, play
Crime- not life imprisonment and not capital Localization- specify, product services
punishment Globalization- worldwide

21st CENTURY THEMES

Global Awareness- diversity, similarity, dos and Survey- may choices
don’ts, issues. (Social Studies) Observation- quanti, anecdotes
Financial, Economic, Business and
Entrepreneurial Literacy- value resources Pessimist- negative
Civil Literacy- town city/public, rights and Optimist- positive
obligations. Altruist- selfless
Health Literacy- health and environment Utilitarianist- iba at sarili
Rote Memorization- words by words Hedonist- selfish
Paradigm Shift- pagbabago
Principle of Lesser Evil (2 choices)
CONSCIENCE Principle of Double Effect (2 effects)
Right Conscience- right as right, wrong as wrong Principle of Formal Cooperation (direct)
Enormous Conscience- regards right and wrong Principle of Material Cooperation (indirect)
Pharisaical- sinasabi mo pero di mo ginagawa
(hypocrite, self-righteous) VALUES HIERARCHY- MARX SCHELER
Certain- sure decision, absolute 1. Values of the Holy- divine and idols/religion.
Doubtful- unsure 2. Spiritual Values- right and wrong, beauty and
Scrupulous- he thinks he is wrong, but he is not. ugliness, truth and false.
(Guilt ridden) 3. Vital Values- novel and vulgar (needs)
Lax- he thinks he is right, but he is not. 4. Pleasure- pleasant and painful (wants)
Callous- insensitive, criminal minds
Universal- applicable to anyone
MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY- KOHLBERG Unchanging- constant
PRE- CONVENTIAL POST-
CONVENTIO CONVENTIONAL VALUES IN PHILIPPINE EDUCATION
NAL Makadiyos
Punishment Social Social Contract Makatao
Obedience approval Makakalikasan
Instrumenta laws Universal Ethical Makabansa
l Relativism Principle
EDUCATIONAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL
GOOD MORAL CHARACTER FOUNDATION
-being fully human (full potential)
-being a loving person (unselfish and caring) IDEALISM
-being virtuous (consistent) -Plato
-being morally nature (developed) -mind and spirit
-stress on mental development
RESEARCH -perfectionism when you are with God
Action Research- solved instructional/classroom -Value-laden
problems -focus on the development of the mind
Case Study- specific -knowledge is independent of sense
Population- gustong pag aralan -“I want to be”
Sample- yun lang ang pag aaralan, actual
Dependent- minemeasure REALISM
Independent- input and difference set up -Aristotle
-Actualities
RESEARCH STRATEGIES -Realities in life
Questionnaire- walang choices -truth should be tested
-to see is to believe -active
-modern
NATURALISM -improvement
-Jean Jacque Rousseau -development in learners and education system
-nature of the self
-nature of the child EXISTENTIALISM
-innate -John Paul Sartre
-natural stages of development -exist
-Book (Emile) -self-will, choice, freewill
-self unique
PERENNIALISM -freedom
-Robert Hutchins -responsibility
-forever -choices
-ever changing -unique individual
-permanent -presence of elective subject
-tested by time
-rational thinking is developed BEHAVIORISM
-Perpetual Learning -environment (control)
-unchanging -rewards and punishment
-constant -passive
-classics
-humanities HEDONISM
-great books (Bible, Koran, Analects) -pleasure of the body
-tried and proven
-generalist EPICUREANISM
-pleasure of the mind
PRAGMATISM -a state of tranquility
-John Dewey -freedom for fear
-change -absence from bodily pain
-practice
-practical use EMPIRISM
-apply -senses
-Natural Science -sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste

ESSENTIALISM HUMANISM
-William Bagley -welfare of an individual
-basic 3R’s
-mastery of learning RATIONALISM
-specialization -reason
-Teacher-centered -mental power
-uniform
-traditional SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM
-foundation -Counts; Rugg
-drill and memorization -society
-develop student to become competent -reform
-crisis
PROGRESSIVISM -laws
-learning by doing
STOICISM -apprenticeship
-hardships -informal
-better life -oral traditions

NATIONALISM SPANISH PERIOD

-love for country -333 years (1565-1898)
-patriotism -Spread Christianity
-doctrines, bibles, prayers, hymns
CONSTRUCTIVISM -friars/priest
-schema -Spanish and vernacular language
-based on prior knowledge -education is for elites (Illustrados)
-Colegios (high school for boys)
UTILITARIANISM -Beaterios (high school for girls)
-use for greater good/society -corporal punishment
-Royal decree of 1863
METAPHYSICS -catechism (pedagogy)
-study of beyond knowledge -Parochial schools
-existence -Escuela Pia (Ateneo)

EPISTEMOLOGY AMERICAN PERIOD

-study of knowledge -education is a right
-treaty of paris (20 million dollar)
LOGIC -december 10, 1898
-systematic and organized -Schurman Commission
-Taft Commission
AXIOLOGY -Education Act of 1901
-study of ethics -Centralization
-good or bad, right or wrong -American Soldiers (first teachers)
-values -Thomasites (first formal teachers)
-1908 free public education
ELECTRIC APPROACH -basic literacy
-combination of 2 ism -English as medium
-PH normal school
LEARNER’S REFERENCE NUMBER -Monroe Survey 1925
-starts in kindergarten
-12 digits COMMONWEALTH
-6 school ID, 2 school year, 4 students’ number -Manuel L. Quezon (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa)
-Filipino as separate subject
HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE EDUCATION -Only the Filipino authors
-timeline -Nationalism focus (Patriotism)
-chronological/series of events -Double single session

PRE-COLONIAL JAPANESE PERIOD

-basic skills -technical and vocational skills
-survival -TESDA
-conformity -love for labor
-tribes -love for arts
-communal -1943 Ministry of Education
-friendly relations
-values, vocational and health DUTERTE ADMINISTRATION
-culture -Kindergarten Education Act
-language, vernacular -Enhanced Basic Education Act (K-12)
-termination of English -CPD Law
-love your neighbor -Free Tertiary Education

3rd REPUBLIC SOUTHEAST ASIAN MINISTER OF EDUCATION,

-Manuel Roxas ORGANIZATION, INNOVATION AND
-right of everyone to be educated TECHNOLOGY
-full realization of democracy -check education
-provisions for Philippine Constitutions -propose solutions
-1947 DepEd -help implement
-1972 DepEd and Culture
-1978 Ministry of Education VIOLENCE
-Education Act of 1982 Ministry of Culture and Direct Violence- body
Sports Structural Violence- poverty
-1987 DepEd culture and sports Cultural Violence- tradition
-2001 DepEd RA 9155 Emotional Violence- unworthy
Psychological Violence- threatened
NEW SOCIETY Spiritual Violence
-Ferdinand Marcos
-Martial Law
-National Development and Ideas
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
-High professionals
KEY TERMS
-Education Act of 1982
Technology- concrete objects, planned and
systematic method
4TH REPUBLIC
Instructional Technology- concerned with
-quality education
institutions
-human rights
Technology in Education- application of
technology
AQUINO ADMINISTRATION
Educational Technology- discoveries/inventions
-Congressional Commission on Education
by experts
(EDCOM) provided the impetus for congress to
Educational Media- channels and avenues
pass
Audio Visual- (3 forms) media, aids, technology
-creation of TESDA (RA 7796)
(3 properties) fixative, manipulative, distributive
-creation of CHED (RA 7722)
5 DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATIONAL
ESTRADA ADMINISTRATION
TECHNOLOGY
-Presidential Commission on Educational
1. Design- planning phase
Reform (EO 46)
2. Development- finalization/production
-to transform school structures with the aim of
3. Utilization- application/action phase
raising quality of education in a country
4. Evaluation- assessment, judgment,
effectiveness
ARROYO ADMINISTRATION
5. Management- “linchpin” key player
-DECS to DEPED
-HSRT and Bridge Program for March 2004
Elementary Graduate
LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION (TIM Meaningfulness
MODEL) Breadth
Entry Accuracy
Adoption Simplicity
Adaptation Authenticity
Infusion Purpose
Transformation Interest
Correctness
MEANINGFUL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT Communication Effectiveness
Active Availability
Collaborative Presentation
Constructive Portability
Authentic Cost Effectiveness
Goal Directed
TEACHING WITH MEDIA TOOLS
SAMR MODEL Overhead transparency
Substitution Chalkboard- traditional board
Augmentation Bulletin board- movable board, values
Modification Cloth board- push pins
Redefinition Hook and loop board
Magnetic board- metal
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF Pegboard- holes
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Models
Mock up- detachable
LEARNERS FACTORS Computers
Individual Differences- free from biased, Replica- distinguishable
multiple intelligences Realia- most direct
Attention Span Simulation- association of technology
Number of Learners Plays- musical play
Physical Disability Pageants- personality and their contribution
Pantomine- can go place to one another, no
TEACHERS FACTORS sounds
-strategies/methods Role playing- unprepared, unrehearsed, let’s
-practice constraints (limitations) pretend
Cartoons- captions, political issues, drawings
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY Fishbone- cause and effect
TOOLS (ROQAOA) Attribute wheel- characteristics
Relevance- carrying out the objects Time chart- time line, bar graphs
Objectivity- free from bias Organizational charts- highest and lowest
Quality- durable Venn diagram- compares and contrast
Appropriateness- fitted/suited (interest) Bar graph
Organize- set/sequence Histogram- no gap, no space
Availability- checking in advance Pie graph- parts of a whole
Pictoral graph- pictures figure
PRINCIPLES IN THE SELECTION AND KWL chart- entrance and exit
UTILIZATION OF ED. TECH Spider Map- specific to general vice versa
Responsiveness Sequence chart
Usefulness Globe- 3D ng mundo
Map- 2D ng mundo
Diorama- 3D and 2D INPUT DEVICES
-accept data
INFORMATION COMMUNICATION -keyboard
TECHNOLOGY -mouse
-whole range technology integration -joystick
-stylus
COMPUTER -scanner
-biggest -sensor
-most expensive -pointing device
-fastest -light pen
-trillions -digitizing table
-trackball, touch pad
MAINFRAME -track pad, touch screen
-millions
A- select all B- bold C- copy
MINI COMPUTER D- fonts E- center F- find
-less memory and storage E- center G- go to H- replace
-not very sensitive I- italicize J- justify K- hyperlink
L- left indent M- indent N- new doc
MICRO COMPUTER O- open file P- print Q- remove
-small in size text format
-personal computer R- right align S- save T- hanging
indent
DESKTOP U- underline V- paste W- close file
-single location X- cut Y- re do Z- undo

LAPTOP OUTPUT DEVICES

-integrated screen and keyboard -processed data back to the user
-to another computer system
PALMTOP -speakers
-hand carry -monitors/displays
-tablet, i-pad -printer
-plotter
NOTEBOOK/NETBOOK
-easy to carry INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES
-dhom
ACCORDING TO TYPE OF DATA HANDLED -disk drive
Analog- engineering (traditional) -hard disk drive
Digital- numbers -optical disc
Hybrid- combination -modem
PEOPLE WARE SOFTWARE
-role play -also known as programs
-human interaction
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
HARDWARE -facilitate
-parts that one can touch (tangible)
Operating System- manage Online- connected to the internet
Language- converts the English-like instruction Offline- disconnected
Utility Program- organizing and maintaining Synchronous- at the same time
data Asynchronous- at different times
Word Processing- accept words typed into a Webinars- seminars conducted in the internet
computer G suites- Google workplace
Spreadsheets- arrange rows and columns
(excel) SHORTCUT KEYS
Electronic Games- interactive hardware or ALT- alter key
software URL- Uniform Resource Locator
Graphic Packages- create highly stylized images USB- Universal Serial Bus
Communication Program- connect with HTML- Hyper Text Mark-up Language
another computer CPU- Central Processing Unit

INSIDE THE MACHINE CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Motherboard
Processor (Central Processing Unit or CPU)
DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS OF CURRICULUM
Memory
What of Teaching- guides of direction
-Random Access Memory (RAM)
Heart of Teaching- guides of direction
-Read Only Memory (ROM)
Articulated- smoothly connected, integration
-Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Transmission- organized
Sum total of experience- learning experiences
NETWORKS
Intended Goals- competencies, learning
-connect computers so that they can
outcomes
communicate exchange information.
Evolving- dynamics
Curriculum- the sum total of all learning
Local Area Networks (LANs)- near each other
content, experiences and resources
Wide Area Network (WANs)- two or more LANs
connected
VIEWS
Internet- information super highway
TRADITIONAL PROGRESSIVIST
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)- unique
address for a file Cognitive Learner-centered
E-mail- electronic mail Knowing and perceive Indirect-approach
Productivity Tools- presentation Intellectual capacity Schema- prior
Database- organized collection of data knowledge
Empty receptacles Facilitator teacher-
NEW NORMAL (students) guide
DEPED’S LEARNING DELIVERY MODALITIES Dispenser of Holistic development
LCP- Learning Continuity Plan knowledge
Face to face (f2f)- 20 students All knowing (teacher)
Distance Learning Passive learners
Online Distance Learning (ODL)- synchronous Teacher-centered
Modular Distance Learning (MDL)-
asynchronous PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
Home Schooling- computer assisted/computer 1. COGNITIVE/COGNITIVISM
manage -mind
-how the brain works
ONLINE LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES -Information Processing Theory (IPT)
 INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL
2. BEHAVIORISM -local educators/supervisors
-reinforcement -modification

3. HUMANISM INSTRUCTIONAL LEVEL

-Emotions and feelings -teachers
-deliver
SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION
EXPERIENTAL LEVEL
MAINSTREAMING -learners (outcome/product of curriculum
-variety/diverse -experience the curriculum
-teaching with difficulty
MAJOR TYPES AND PATTERNS OF
ADHD CURRICULUM
-Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 1. Learner Centered
Activity- specialized activity for specialized
DYSLEXIA subject
-difficulty in reading and writing Child centered- in line with multiple
intelligences
DYSGRAPHIA Experience based- felt the needs and interest of
-difficulty in writing the students
Process Oriented- analization
LEVELS OF CURRICULUM
SOCIETAL LEVEL 2. Subject Centered
-stakeholders/experts (community centered) Subject- compartamentalized (elementary)
Discipline- specific (college)
Parents Correlated- connected or integrated
-support progress of child Fused- lost identity (Social Science)
-PTA/PTC Broadfield- relationship (Mapeh, TLE)
-home visitations Spiral- simple to complex (K-12 Curriculum)
Separate subject- dividing school day
Government
-budget (local and national) 3. Problem Based
-fiscal funding (budget in education) -life situation
-background information and experiences
Church -relevant and authentic (real life experiences)
-spiritual life -contextualized
-localized
NGO
-red cross, UNICEF Core design
-social function
Trifocalization -important skills
-DepEd, CHED, TESDA
-curriculum expert OTHER TYPES OF CURRICULUM

Grade Placement WRITTEN CURRICULUM

-topic based on the level -lesson plan
-curriculum
-documents HILDA TABA
-learners and classroom focus
ASSESSED CURRICULUM -Grassroots Approach
-it is tested and evaluated
-quizzes, test, activities, ptask Content
Environment
SUPPORTED CURRICULUM Experiences
-materials that will aid the teacher Activities
-powerpoint and other technological tools
PROPONENTS
HIDDEN CURRICULUM Franklin Bobbit- adult preparation in life
-unplanned Werret Charters- subject matter
-implicit William Kilpatrick- learner centered (project
-covert method)
Harold Rugg- holistic and whole development
LEARNED CURRICULUM Hollis Caswell- organized/set of experiences
-everything that the students learned John Dewey- learning by doing

TAUGHT CURRICULUM CURRICULUM PROCESS

-everything that the teacher teach Curriculum Planning- objectives
Curriculum Organizing- content, subject matter
RECCOMENDED CURRICULUM Curriculum Implementing- put the plan into
-National agency action
-CHED, TESDA, DEPED (trifocalization) Curriculum Evaluation- judge the effectiveness
Curriculum Alteration- modify and change basic
SEAMEO INNOTECH features but fundamentals are as is.
-test and assess the curriculum Curriculum Change- new, totally changed

TEACHER AS A CURRICULARIST CRITERIA IN SELECTING CONTENT- AVIC AND

Knower- learner/life long SUSI
Initiator- you start or begin/first move Appropriateness- parallel to the learners and
Writer- you take down notes subject matter and objectives.
Innovator- create something out of the box Validity- authenticity of the information
Planner- you conceptualize at the beginning Integration- connected
Implementer- delivers the curriculum Continuity- recur and repeated
Evaluator- judge the worth Utility- usefulness
Scope- range of information
CURRICULUM THEORIES Interest- easy to learn/learnability

RALPH TYLER ELEMENTS OF A CURRICULUM

-school and administrators focus Balance
Articulation
4 BASIC PRINCIPLES Scope
Purpose of the school Integration
Extension of school philosophies Continuity
Organization of content Sequence
Evaluation of experiences
MAJOR CURRICULUM REFORMS
NESC- National Elementary School Curriculum PPST- Philippine Professional Standards for
(3 hours) Teachers
NSEC- New Secondary Education Curriculum
(unitary disciplinary) SULONG EDUKALIDAD
2022 BEC- Basic Education Curriculum -D.O 31, S.2020
UBD- Understanding By Design (backward -Interim Guidelines for Assessment and Grading
design HOTS) in Light of the Basic Education Learning
K-12 Curriculum- Enhanced Basic Education Continuity Plan
Curriculum of 2013- EBEC -Learning activities sheet
RA 10533 EBEC Act of 2013 -School learning action cell
-Benigno Aquino III -Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCS)
-k+6+4+2 Model -Modules
-Senior High School (16-18 yrs old)
-Junior High School (12-15 yrs old) HUMAN GROWTH AND
-Elementary School (6-11 yrs old)
-Kindergarten (5 yrs old)
DEVELOPMENT
PRINCIPLES
PHASES OF K-12
1. Development
2013 RA 10533
-is influenced by heredity and environment
Sy 2012-2013 Kindergarten
Sy 2016-2017 Grade 11
Heredity
Sy 2017-2018 Grade 12 -nature
2018 Graduates -is a process of transferring traits from one
generation to another.
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Stronger early childhood education Environment
2. Building skills through the use of second -nurture
languages and mother tongue -pertains to surrounding conditions that
3. Child and community centered influence growth and development.
4. Learning is in spiral progression -proceeds from head to toe (cephalocaudal
(developmentally appropriate) principle) and from the center of the body
5. Globalization, Indigenization and Localization outward (proximodistal principle)
6. Inclusion of 21st century skills -depends on maturation and learning

BASIC EDUCATION Maturation

ALS- Alternative Learning System (equivalency -refers to developmental changes in the body or
exam) behavior as a result of aging process not from
SPED- Special Education various life experiences.
ECE- Early Childhood Education -development that goes with age
Elementary Education -proceeds from simple to complex
Secondary Education
2. Growth and Development
AQRF- Asean Qualifications Reference -are continuous processes
Framework -proceed from general to specific
PQF- Philippine Qualifications Framework -rates vary
MOOC- Massive Open Online Course
Growth
-pertains to a physical change or an increase in C. Fetal Satge
size (quantitative) -from 8 weeks to birth
-indicators (height, weight, bones size and -Teratogens are substances that can cause harm
detention) to the fetus.
-is rapid during (pre-natal, neo natal, infancy,
adolescence) 2. INFANCY
-shown during (childhood) -from birth to 2 weeks (first year of life)
-is minimal during (adulthood) -the shortest period
-characterized by children who are highly
Development helpless.
-pertains to an increase in the complexity of
functions or skill progression. 3. BABYHOOD
-this refers to the behavioral aspect. -from 2 weeks to 2 years
(Qualitative) -characterized by a decreasing dependency

STAGES OF HUMAN GROWTH AND 4. EARLY CHILDHOOD

DEVELOPMENT (PIBEL PAA O) -from 2 years to 6 years
-the problem and troublesome age
1. PRE-NATAL STAGE
-from conception to birth 5. LATE CHILDHOOD
-from 6 years to 12 years
Substages -growth is at slow but relatively even rate
A. Germinal -characterized by increasing understanding and
-from fertilization to 2 weeks accuracy of concepts.
-also known as period of zygote
-this is where cell division begins 6. PUBERTY STAGE/PRE-ADOLESCENT STAGE
Nidation occur in uterus (implantation) -from 12 years to 14 years
Sperm- smallest cell -is a unique and distinctive stage
Egg- largest cell -is an overlapping stage

2 Types of Sperm Cells Substages

a. Gynosperm A. Pre-pubescent
-the x carrying sperm cells -secondary sex characteristics begin to develop.
-are more numerous
-love acidic environment B. Pubescent
-characterized by menarche (girls) nocturnal
b. Androsperm emissions (boys)
-the y carrying sperm cells
-love alkaline environment C. Post-pubescent
-sexual capacity starts to develop
B. Embryonic
-from 2 weeks to 8 weeks 7. ADOLESENCE
-from zygote to embryo -from 14 years to 18 years
-the most critical period -a period of heightened emotionality
-period where most organ are formed and -is a period of storm and stress
developed
-Organogenesis (form actions of organs) 8. ADULTHOOD
-from 18 years to 65 years
-the need for love and intimacy should be met. -center of pleasure: GENITALS
-the need for generativity is through -the period of penis envy (girls) and gastration
achievement. (boys)
-the period of pseudo masturbation
9. OLDER ADULTS/OLD AGE -fondling
-from 65 to death -the period of oedipus-electra complexes
-is characterize by slow physical, mental and
social activities. d. Latency
-6 years to 12 years
THEORIES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT -the “dormant stage” (inactive)
-sexual drive is suppressed and is channeled to
1. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY “SIGMUND other socially- appropriate activities such as
FREUD” school works sports.
-it defines personality as the sum total of all
human dimensions. e. Genital
a. Id -from 12 and above
-is the “pleasure principle” -there is biologic capacity for reproduction.
-“I love this” “I like this” -where individuals get attracted to others of
opposite sex.
b. Ego -reactivation of oedipus-electra complexes
-the “reality principle”
-the decision maker 3. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT “ERIK
-balances the conflicts between the Id and HOMBURGER ERIKSON”
superego. Stages
a. Infancy
c. Superego -0 to 1 year
-is the “conscience principle” -Trust vs. Mistrust
-mostly contradicts Id -factor: feeding

2. PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY “SIGMUND FREUD” b. Toddlerhood

Stages (OA PLG) -1 to 3 years
a. Oral -Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
-0 to 18 months -factor: Independence through environment
-center of pleasure: MOUTH exploration
-if needs through mouth are not met they may -self regulation
continue to resurface later in life in forms
smoking and over eating (Oral Fixation) c. Pre-school
-3 to 6 years
b. Anal -Initiative vs. Guilt
-18 months to 3 years -factor: Exploration (imaginative play)
-center of pleasure: ANUS
-voluntary defecation is the primary method to d. School Age
satisfy/gratify sexual needs. -6 to 12 years
-the best way to toilet train is when the children -Industry vs. Inferiority
can sit, walk or squat. Factor: Competition

c. Phallic e. Adolescence
-3 years to 6 years -12 to 18 years
-Identity vs. Role Confusion d. Law and Order Orientation
-factor: Peers and Friends -social order and maintain when fixed rules are
established and obeyed.
f. Young Adulthood
-18 to 25 years 3. Post Conventional Level
-Intimacy vs. Isolation -20 years and above
-factor: Family/Love -most ideal stage
-moral principles underlying the conventions or
g. Middle Adulthood norms of society are clearly understood.
-25 to 65 years
-Generativity vs. Stagnation 2 Stages
-self absorption e. Social Contract Orientation
-factor: Job -principles should be consistently applied
-trust is the foundation of a strong relationship
h. Old Age (Late Adulthood)
-65 to death f. Universal Ethical Principle
-Ego Integrity vs. Despair -principle should be a way of life.
-factor: Reflection
5. BIOECOLOGICAL SYSTEM THEORY “URIE
4. MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY “LAWRENCE BRONFENBRENNER”
KOLHBERG” -environment plays a vital role in child
development.
3 Levels Levels
1. Pre-Conventional Level a. Microsystem
-0 t0 9 years -the setting in which the child lives
-children do not understand the conventions or -innermost level
norms of society
b. Mesosystem
2 Stages -connection between microsystem
a. Punishment-Obedience-Orientation
-those in authority have the superior power and c. Exosystem
should be obeyed. -3rd level social system in which the child does
-punishment can be avoided by staying out of not have action role.
trouble.
d. Macrosystem
b. Instrumental Relativist Orientation -outermost level in which most cultures interact
-an act is right if it is instrumental to satisfy -a large system
one’s own needs.
e. Chronosystem
2. Conventional Level -events affecting the lifespan.
-9 to 20 years
-conventions or norms of society are 6. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY “JEAN
understood and being conformed to. PIAGET”
-views children as constructivist
2 Stages -active learners
c. Good boy-Nice girl Orientation
-aka Interpersonal Concordance Stages
-authority is respected a. Sensori-motor Stage
-0 to 2 years one time at one time
-based primarily on behaviors and perceptions Norm-referenced vs Criterion-referenced
-learning through senses -compare to others -compare to
-is characterized by object permanence standard/criteria
-Object Permanence is continue to exist even if Mastery vs Survey
they already gone. -specific objective -broader scope
and scope -general
b. Pre-operational Stage Standardized vs Informal
-2 to 7 years -expert made -teacher made
-they can easily be fooled by appearances -national -intended for
-characterized by (animism) giving life to an classroom
object. Subjective Test vs Objective Test
-personal biases or -one possible
c. Concrete-operational Stage opinion could affect answer
-7 to 11 years the score
-children are ego-centric and pretentious Speed Test vs Power Test
-develop conservation principle -time limit -increased level of
-with the same difficulty
d. Formal Operational Stage level of difficulty -with ample time
-11 and above Selective Test vs Supply Test
-they think logically, abstractly and scientifically -choices -no choices
-they have moral idealism
-best activity formulation of hypothesis
MEASUREMENT
ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING -assigning numbers

-collection, interpretation and use of SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

information to help teachers make better Nominal- labeling
decisions. Ordinal- ranking
Interval- equal difference
BASIC CONCEPTS Ratio- zero has a true value
Test- instrument, tool
Measurement- quantification ASSESSMENT
Assessment- gathering, collecting, documenting Formative- to inform/adjust teaching
Evaluation- judgment Summative- for grading purposes

TEST ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING

-procedure 1. Placement- entry performance of student
-instrument, tool 2. Diagnostic- identifies strength and
weaknesses
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEST 3. Formative- monitors student progress
Achievement Test vs Psychological Test
-measures the -measures the ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING
result of instruction mental abilities in 1. Summative- certifies mastery used for
general assigning numbers
Group Test vs Individual Test
-given to many at -given to one person Traditional- paper and pencil test
Alternative- perform task 2. Changing rules in the midgame- changing
a. Perform based (product based/process criteria
based) 3. Becoming a psychic grader- hula hula
b. Porftfolio 4. Anchoring everyone in a system of impossible
b.1 Show Portfolio- best perfection
b.2 Working Portfolio- growth, 5. Employing the carrot and clubbing system
improvement 6. Default
b.3 Assessment/Evaluation Portfolio
b.4 Process Portfolio- all faces FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
Authentic- real life task
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION
TYPES OF RUBRIC
Philosophy
Holistic- as a whole
-“philo” + “Sophia”
Analytic- separate, individual parts
-love of wisdom
-compass of life
EVALUATION
-making judgments
Speculative- world view
Formative- before and during
Perspective- nominative, reflective
Summative- after
Analytical- logic, reasoning, experimenting
ASSESSMENT TOOLS
ORIENTAL PHILOSOPHIES
1. Attitude Scale- feeling
CHINESE PHILOSOPHY
2. Questionnaire
-emphasizes balance
a. Checklist type
-(+) and (-) side of life
b. Semantic Differential
c. Likert Scale- strongly agree/disagree
CHINESE PHILOSOPHERS
3. Simple Projective Technique
Confucius- Kung Fu Tzu
a. Word Association
-Golden Rule
b. Unfinished Story
c. Unfinished sentence
Confusianism
-cardinal virtues
Sociometric- interpersonal relationship
-five constant or Wu Chang
-In descending order of importance, the virtues
TYPES OF VALIDITY
are;
1. Content- based on objectives
Benevolence or ren
2. Concurrent- present and past
Righteousness or yi
3. Predictive- compare present and future
Property or li
4. Construct- follows the different principles
Wisdom or zhi
5. Face- physical appearance of the test
Fidelity or xin
SCORING BIASES AND ERRORS
Mencius
Leniency Error- being generous in giving grades
-love covers all, think with your heart
Severity Error- strict in giving grades.
-man is good
Central Tendency- neutral
Halo Effect- generalization
Lao Tzu
-Taoism
DISHONEST WAYS OF MARKING
-Tao has not a home
1. Becoming a zealot- survival of the fittest
-WU WEI (let things come naturally) Bakr- Umar
-life and nature
5 PILLARS OF ISLAM
INDIAN PHILOSOPHY Ramadan- fasting
BUDDHISM Haji- need to go to the mecha once in their
-Sidarth Gautama Buddah lifetime (pilgrimage)
-the cause of pain and suffering is because of Shada- declaration of faith
selfish craving Salat- prayer 5 times a day
-suffering could be ended through the eightfold Zakat- almsgiving 25%
path
Koran/Quran- Book
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS Hadith- life of Mohammad book
1. The truth of suffering (DUKKHA) Sharia- law
2. The truth of the origin of suffering Sunna- standards of living to follow
(SAMUDAYA)
3. The truth of the cessation of suffering METAPHYSICS
(NIRODHA) -beyond natural
4. The truth of the path to the cessation of
suffering (MAGGA) THEORIES OF REALITY
Cosmology- universe
EIGHTFOLD PATH Theology- purpose of being
1. Right Faith Onthology- meaning of existence
2. Right Aspiration
3. Right Speech EPISTEMOLOGY
4. Right Actions -study of knowledge
5. Right Living/Life
6. Right Effort 3 POSITIONS
7. Right Thought Agnostics
8. Right Connections -does not believe in the existence of knowledge

HINDUISM Skeptics
-Mohandas Ghandi -doubt in the existence of knowledge
-Reincarnation
-Yoga Affirmative
-believes in the existence of knowledge
ZEN BUDDHISM
-doing one thing at a time with purpose and TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE ACCORDING TO
integrity OBSERVATION
-emphasis on simplicity Priori- before
Posteriori- after
SHINTOISM Experimental- test first, scientific method
-polytheistic and revolves around the kami,
supernatural entities believed to inhabit all HOW WE ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE
things. Empirical- use of senses to acquire knowledge
-God is everywhere Reasoning- rational
Invitation- instinct
MUSLIM/ISLAM PHILOSOPHY Authoritative- taught/acquired knowledge by
Mohammad- Abu experts
Revealed- religious, given by God. India- caste system

LOGIC CASTE SYSTEM

-study of reasoning 1. Brahmins- priest
2. Kshatriyas- elites
Deductive 3. Vaishyas- average
-general to specific 4. Shudras- normal people
-teacher centered 5. Daltis- poor
-direct method
-spoon feeding GREEK EDUCATION
-Individual Development
Onductive
-specific to general Spartans- military training
-student centered Athenians- mind and body, arts or aesthetics
-Inductive
SPARTAN EDUCATION
Dialectic -1600 BC to 300 BC
-anti thesis, comparison of ideas Aim: military and discipline
-contrast Students: male ages 7-30
Methods: training participation, discipline,
HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM motivation
ANCIENT EDUCATION Curriculum: military, moral training, music,
1. PRIMITIVE EDUCATION gymnastic and vocational
Aim: survival, security, preservation of tradition Agents: state/military teachers
Students: children Influence: military education, patriotism,
Method: informal, vocational, practical discipline
Curriculum: hunting, fishing, songs, poems,
dances ROMAN EDUCATION
Agents: parents, tribal leaders, religious leaders -Utilitarianism
Influence on Education: transmission of skills -education for national ideals
-preparation for the different functions
2. SUMERIAN EDUCATION -social transformation
Aim: training of scribes, book keepers, teachers
Students: children EARLY CHRISTIAN EDUCATION
Method: imitation, copying, tablet, preparation -Hebrew 120 BC to 70 AD
Curriculum: 3r’s, astronomy, art, vocational Aim: moral, holiness, religion, preparation for
training, law destiny
Agents: home, school, temple/apprentice Students: male ages 6-15 (compulsory
school elementary education) higher-lay prophets,
Influence on Education: cuneiform writing scribes
Methods: memorization, AV aids, exposition,
3. ORIENTAL EDUCATION workshop
-stability Curriculum: history, religion, foreign language,
-retain/sustain the culture PE agents, home, public schools, temple, scribe
college.
Egypt- religious practices Influence: 10 commandments of the bible,
Persia- military practices monotheism.
China- ancestral practices
MEDIEVAL PERIOD RENAISSANCE PERIOD
Aim: spiritual and moral Aims: cultivate humanist expert in Greek and
Students: age 10 (monastic schools) at 18 Latin classics, prepare to serve dynastic leaders.
(order) Students: male children of aristocracy and
Methods: catechetical method, dictation, upper class, ages 7-20
memorization, meditation, contemplation, Methods: memorization, translation, analysis of
language Greek and Roman classics literature, poetry and
Curriculum: 7 Liberal Arts: Trivium (dialectic, art
grammar, rhetoric) and Quadrivium (geometry, Curriculum: Greek Classical Literature
arithmetic, music, astronomy) Agents: classical humanist educators, school
Agents: monastic schools (lyceum, gymnasium, latin school)
Influence: Opposed corruption, industrial skills, Influence: literary knowledge, style in classical
dignity of manual labor
REFORMATION
SCHOLASTICISM Aims: commitment to a particular religious
Aim: intellectual discipline, reasoned faith denomination, general literacy
Students: age 14 (university) bachelor Students: boys, girls ages 7-12 in vernacular
continued studying (4-7 years) Licentia docendi schools, young elite men in humanist schools.
– master Methods: memorization, indoctrination,
Methods: lecture, repetition, disputation, exam, catechetical instruction in vernacular schools,
scholastic method, Aristotelian logic translation, analysis of classical literature in
Curriculum: Theology, religious philosophy humanist schools.
Agents: parish, monastic, cathedral, palace Curriculum: 3R’s, catechism, religious concepts
school and rituals, Latin/Greek Theology
Influence: university, intellectual learning Agents: vernacular elementary school for
general public, classical schools for upper class
CHIVALRY Influence: commitment to universal education
Aims: morality, horsemanship, gallantry, to provide literacy, origins of school system,
responsibility, social grace, religiosity dual track school system
Students: birth age 7 (mother) 7-14 (castle) 14-
21 (squire) 21 (inducted as a knight) SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION
Methods: observation, imitation, -how man deals with society
apprenticeship Status- position designated to a person, based
Curriculum: boys (horse riding, good manners) on wealth, based on achievements
girls (religion, music, dancing, chores)
Agents: home, castle, court, tournament/battle SOCIAL MOBILITY
field -change from one position to another
Influence: learning of social grace, etiquette -horizontal
-vertical ranking
GUILD SYSYTEM -intergenerational (family)
Aims: vocational preparation (industrial life) -intragenerational (self-success)
Students: apprentice, journeyman, master
craftman SOCIAL NORMS
Methods: observation, imitation, practice Folkways
Curriculum: 3R’s, vocational religion -the learned behavior shared by a social group,
Agents: Burgher School (supported by cities) that provides a traditional mode of conduct.

MODERN PERIOD Mores

-moral attitudes ACCULTURATION
-cultural modification
Laws
-a binding custom or practice of a community ASSIMILATION
-a rule of conduct or action prescribed -process of receiving new facts or of responding
to new situations
Socialization
-adapting to groups CULTURE SHOCK
-conforming to its norms values tradition -a sense of confusion and uncertainty
sometimes with feelings of anxiety
Ethnocentrism
-comparing your own culture to others CULTURE LOG
-that culture takes time to catch up with
Xenocentrism technological innovations
-preferring a culture other than one’s own
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF FILIPINO VALUES
Social Inequality Indolence
-a condition in which members of a society have -inclination to laziness
different amounts of wealth, prestige, and
power. Ningas cogon
-enthusiastically starting things but then quickly
ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATION losing enthusiasm soon after
Language
-verbal Manana habit
-non verbal -mamaya na

Norms Hospitality
-established standards of behavior -the friendly and generous reception and
entertainment of guests, visitors or stranger
Values
-desirable good The fiesta syndrome
-an obsession of fixation of Filipinos in holdings
Sanctions several feasts
-punishment
-review PERSONAL VALUES
Resilience
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE -the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties
-changing/dynamic
-learned Tolerance
-transferable -capacity to endure pain or hardship
-relative
-distinct Emotional Stability
-shared -is the capacity to maintain one’s emotional
balance under stressful circumstances
WAYS TO TRANSFER CULTURE
ENCULTURATION Drive
-individual learns the traditional content -an innate, biologically determined urge to
attain a goal or satisfy a need
 Section 2.2
Fairness -free public education
-the quality or state of being impartial Section 3.3
-express the writing by the parents or guardians
Buoyancy Section 5.2
-the ability to recover quickly from depression -all institutions of higher learning
Section 5.5
Motivation -highest budgetary priority to education
-a motivating force, stimulus, influence, Section 6
incentive -national language (Filipino)

Intelligence B. STATUTORY BASIS

-the ability to learn or understand, the ability to 1. Batas Pambansa
apply knowledge to manipulate one’s -“noblest profession”
environment -cordial relationship (teacher and parents)
-preventive, supportive, corrective (discipline)
Compassion
-a sympathetic consciousness of other’s distress ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING
together with a desire to alleviate it
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCIES
Self Confidence 1. MEAN
-confidence in oneself and in one’s power and -average
abilities -most reliable
-greatly affected by outliers
Innovativeness
-introduce something new or different 2. MEDIAN
-middlemost
Reliability -arranged
-dependable, suitable or fit, to be dependent, -most reliable with outliers
confidence based on experience
3. MODE
Cooperativeness -most frequent
-willingness and ability to work well with others -not unique

ETHICOLEGAL MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

-dispersion
A. CONSTITUTIONAL
1987 Philippine Constitution 1. RANGE
-free public education -simplest/most crude
-language of instruction -least reliable
-religious instruction
-academic freedom – HEI 2. STANDARD DEVIATION
-highest budgetary allocation – education -how spread scores are from the mean
-most reliable
ARTICLE XIV
Section 2.1 3. VARIANCE
-complete, adequate and integrated Low- clustered; near from the mean
High- scattered; hetero; far from the mean -batch mates
-class
MEASURES OF RELATIVE POSITION
1. PERCENTILE TRADITIONAL ASSESMENT
-100 -pen and paper
-P85 higher than 85% of the class -holistic

2. DECILE FOR LEARNING

-10 -enhance learning
-D4 higher than 40% of the class -before and during

3. QUARTILE OF LEARNING
-4 -evaluate learning
-after
4. STANINES
-9 AS LEARNING
-(S1-S3) below average -self assessment
-(S7-S9) above average
DIAGNOSTIC
DIFFICULTY INDEX -before
-easeness -strengths and weaknesses
0-0.20 Very Difficult Reject
0.21-0.40 Difficult Revise FORMATIVE
0.41-0.60 Average Retain -during
0.61-0.80 Easy Revise -progress
0.81-1 Very Easy Reject -quiz

DISCRIMINATION INDEX SUMMATIVE

1. Positive- more from upper group -after
2. Negative- more from lower group -evaluate
3. Zero- cannot discriminate
BLOOM’S TAXONOMY “BENJAMIN BLOOM”
VALIDITY (KC ApAnSE)
-measure what intends to measure
1. KNOWLEDGE- remembering
RELIABILITY 2. COMPREHENSION- understanding
-consistency 3. APPLICATION- using, utilizing
-not all reliable tests are valid tests 4. ANALYSIS- breaking down
5. SYNTHESIS- putting together
CRITERION 6. EVALUATION- judging
-referenced testing
-standards REVISED VERSION “ANDERSON AND
-criteria KRATWOL”
-objectives (RU ApAnEC)

NORM-REFERENCED TESTING 1. Remebering

-others 2. Understanding
3. Applying
4. Analyzing
5. Evaluating RA 7836 - PHILIPPINE TEACHERS’
6. Creating PROFESSIONALIZATION ON ACT OF 1994
-regulation of the teaching profession
CONVERGENT THINKING LET- pre requisite for employment,
-narrow competencies, at par with other professionals
-close ended
QUALIFICATIONS
DIVERGENT THINKING 1. Filipino Citizen (natural born/naturalize)
-wide 2. Good Moral Character
-open ended 3. Bachelor’s in Education or any Bachelor’s
degree (Prof Ed at least 18 units)
RUBRICS
-guide for scoring Ratings- at least 75%
-objective Oath- required
Registration
1. Holistic- general, global, single -license (3 years)
2. Analytic- multiple bases, specific -birthdate
-privilege
IVAN PAVLOV Renewal- CPD (45 units before) IRR 15 units
-Classical/Respondent Conditioning Inactive Teachers- at least 5 years no practice
-automatic Refresher- DepEd 12 units (6 pedagogy and 6
content)
BF SKINNER
-Operant Conditioning PERIODIC MERIT EXAM
-modeling -LPT
-optional
ALBERT BANDURA -5 years
-Social Learning Theory -free
-modeling -2 exams (1 oral, 1 written)
-maximum of 2 takes
EDWARD THORNDIKE -promotion
-Connectionism -scholarship
1. Exercise- repetition -professional development
2. Readiness- preparedness
3. Effect- motivation RA 9293 - AMENDMENTS OF RA 7836
Special/Temporary Permit
LEV VYGOTSKY a. expert
-Zone of Proximal Development b. gained international recognition
-potential
-more knowledgeable others PARA TEACHERS
-scaffolding “bruner” (assistance/guidance) -5 years
-DepEd w/ ARMM
Deductive Reasoning- general to specific -remote areas
Inductive Reasoning- specific to general -70 above

Extrinsic Motivation- tangible; material RA 10533 – ENHANCED BASIC EDUCATION OF

Intrinsic Motivation- aultruistic 2013
-at par with international standards
-main focus of K-12 (Gen Ed) DEVELOPMENTAL READING
-main focus of SHS (TVL)
-Spiral Progressive is widening and deepening
THE READING PROCESS
-purpose (mastery)
1. WORD RECOGNITION
-recognition of words individually
RA 10157 – KINDERGARTEN ACT
-at least 5 years old
2. COMPREHENSION
-Duterte
-fusion of meaning of words
BOARD FOR PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS
3. REACTION
-5 (3 members, 1 chair, 1 vice)
-evaluation of text’s quality or worth
-natural born Filipino citizen
-resident of Philippines
4. INTEGRATION
-at least 35 years old
-assimilation and application of new ideas with
-at least 10 years of teaching experience
previous experiences
-not convicted
THE LEVELS OF COMPREHENSION
RA 4670 – MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL
LITERAL
TEACHERS
-information/facts
-elementary and secondary public
-“reading the lines”
-teaching hours (6 hours) – mandated time
-plus 2 hours equal 25% of salary
INTERPRETATIVE
-hardship allowance to hazardous areas (+25%)
-author’s intent and message
-“reading between the lines
INDEFINITE LEAVE- an illness that requires 1
year of treatment
CRITICAL
STUDY LEAVE- at least 7 years of service, 1 year
-judgment of validity/worth
leave, at least 60% of basic salary
-“reading through the lines”
ARTICLE XIV – PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
APPLIED
State- EFA
-synthesis and reaction
-inclusive
-“reading beyond the lines”

MODELS OF READING STRATEGIES

RELIGION
BOTTOM-UP MODEL
-within school
-reading is a decoding process
-written consent from parents
-Phonic Approach
-focused on the text
Academic Freedom- tertiary only
-from book to reader
Primary Language- Filipino and English
Promote- mother tongue
TOP-DOWN MODEL
Scholarship- higher learning skills
-reading is psycholinguistic guessing game
-Whole Language Approach
BRUNER REPRESENTATION
-focused on the reader
1. Enactive- action
-schema
2. Iconic- image
-from reader to text
3. Symbol- language
 READING SKILLS: EYE MOVEMENTS
INTERACTIVE MODEL FIXATION
-both models are used -a point where your eyes rest when you read
-focused on interaction (fix)
-Balance Approach to Reading
INTERFIXATION
GRACE GOODELL’S READING SKILLS LADDER -movement from one stopping to another
BASIC SIGHTS WORDS (DOLCH LIST)
-220 most frequently found words in books that RETURN SWEEP
children read -eyes from one end to beginning of next line
-cannot be sounded out because they do not
follow decoding rules, so they must be learned REGRESSION
as sight words -backward, from right to left movement

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS SPAN OF RECOGNITION

-breaking down unknown words into prefixes -number of words eyes can recognize in every
and suffixes, then into syllable stop

CONTEXT CLUE DURATION OF FIXATION

-helps readers understand unfamiliar words -time you spent in one stop
-offers insight, either directly or indirectly, into
the words meaning KINDS OF READING
SKIMMING
TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUE -looking for gist, what the reading is about
Synonyms
-Bill felt remorse, or shame, for his harsh words. SCANNING
-looking for specific information
Antonyms
-Marty is gregarious, not like his brother who is INTENSIVE
quiet and shy. -thorough reading (intensive)

Cause and Effects EXTENSIVE

-The intrepid warrior led the assault on the -pleasure reading
well-guarded fortress.
CREATIVE
Explanation -interpretation of text for the purpose of
-Something in the refrigerator has a putrid comprehension
odor; the smell was rotten when we opened the
door. EXPLORATORY
-how the whole selection is presented
Example
-There is a 30 percent chance of precipitation, ANALYTICAL
such as snow or sleet -identifying word relationships

Appositive CRITICAL
-At night you can see constellations, groups of -evaluating information to make conclusions
stars, in the sky.
DEVELOPMENTAL
-comprehensive reading program
SEMANTIC MAPS
EFFECTIVE READING COMPREHENSION -web of words
STRATEGIES -it displays the meaning- based connections
1. VOCABULARY PREVIEW between a word or phrase and a set of related
-introduction of new and unfamiliar words prior words or concepts.
to reading
VENN DIAGRAM
2. GUIDED READING -A Venn diagram is a diagram that shows all
-students apply strategies they know to new possible logical relations between a finite
texts with the teacher’s support collection of different sets.
-A Venn diagram consists of multiple
3. RECIPROCAL QUESTIONING overlapping closed curves, usually circles, each
-students formulate their own questions about representing a set.
the text
STORY MAP
4. SQ3R (Survey, Question, Recite, Read, -A story map is a strategy that uses a graphic
Review) organizer to help students learn the elements of
-Francis Robinson, “Effective Study” a book or story.
-more efficient and active approach learning
information from content-area materials PHASES OF READING DEVELOPMENT
1. READING READINESS PERIOD
5. PQ5R (Preview, Question, Read, Record, -the child is ready to learn how to read
Recite, Review, Reflect) (phonological awareness) (K)
-an effective student regulated approach to
studying the kind of material assigned every day 2. BEGINNING READING
– “textbooks” -recognize words, phrases, and sentences (how
are they connected) (G1-G2)
6. STRUCTURAL/GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
-effective visual learning strategies 3. RAPID GROWTH/EXPANDING POWER
-facilitate students’ learning by helping them -the child will have mastered techniques of
identify areas of focus within a broad topic reading. (skimming, scanning, summarizing)
-make connections and structure thinking
4. REFINEMENT PERIOD
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZERS -great deal of serious and interpretative reading
K-W-L CHARTS (independent, note-taking)
-It helps students organize information before,
during, and after a unit or a lesson. STAGES OF READING DEVELOPMENT
-can be used to engage students in a new topic, 1. EMERGENT LITERACY
activate prior knowledge share unit objectives, -“Emerging Readers”
and monitor students’ learning. -oral language skills
-exposure to print
FISHBONE DIAGRAM -letters of the alphabet
-also called a cause and effect diagram -mimic stories
or Ishikawa diagram
-is a visualization tool for categorizing the 2. EARLY READING
potential causes of a problem in order to -“Novice Readers”
identify its root causes. -read sight words
-relationships between letters and sounds -comprehension questions are below 70
-gradual speed reading (combination of sounds) percent accuracy.

3. GROWING INDEPENDENCE PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS

-“Decoding/Transitional Readers” -refers to the ability to segment and manipulate
-focused on meanings instead of words alone the sounds of oral language
-become more fluent -not the same as phonics, which involves
knowing how written letters relate to spoken
4. READING TO LEARN sounds
-“Comprehending/Fluent Readers” - provides practice with rhyme, beginning
-independent sounds, and syllables
-more purposeful reading
-recognize themes REMEMBER
-gain more complex concepts 1. Phonological awareness is not just phonics.
2. Phonological awareness is auditory and does
5. ABSTRACT READING not involve words in print.
-“Expert/Advanced Readers” 3. Phonological awareness is not a curriculum.
-read from wide variety of sources
-synthesize ideas into essays TYPES OF PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS
-understand figurative language PHONEME SEGMENTATION
-Students break a word into its separate
LEVELS OF READING sounds, saying each sound as they tap or count.
Example:
Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (PHIL- Teacher: How many sounds are in clap?
IRI) Student: /k/ /l/ /a/ /p/. Four sounds.
-determines the level of reading of the learners
-a standardized tool developed in order to help PHONEME IDENTITY
teachers identify the level of reading of the -Students recognize the same sounds in
learners different words.
Example:
1. INDEPENDENT READING LEVEL Teacher: What sound is the same in man, mop,
-essay reading and mill?
-one or less word calling errors in 100 words of Student: The first sound, /m/, is the same.
text
-acquired 100 percent accuracy on PHONEME ADDITION
comprehension questions about the story. -Students make a new word by adding
phoneme to an existing word.
2. INSTRUCTIONAL READING LEVEL Example:
-best level for learning new vocabulary Teacher: What word do you have if you add /s/
-word error while reading orally is from 2 to 5 to the beginning of nail?
word calling errors per 100 words of text (95% Student: Snail.
accuracy or better)
-at least 80 percent comprehension on simple PHONEME BLENDING
recall questions about the story -Students listen to a sequence of separately
spoken phonemes, and then combine the
3. FRUSTRATION READING LEVEL phonemes to form a word.
-word errors are over 5 per 100 words of text. Example:
Teacher: What word is
/p/ /i/ g/? -PAGASA
Student: /p/ /i/ /g/ is pig.
5. ABBREVIATION
PHONEME SUBSTITUTION -shortened words but read as a whole
-Students substitute one phoneme for another -Doctor – Dr.
to take a new word.
Example: 6. AFFIXATION
Teacher: The word is run. Change /n/ to /g/. -adding affixes to form new words
What's the new word? (derivational/ inflectional)
Student: Rug. -un + believe + able = unbelievable

PHONEME ISOLATION 7. REDUPLICATION

-Students recognize individual sounds within a -double the word/sound (total/partial)
word. -zigzag, hocus-pocus
Example:
Teacher: What is the first sound in cap? WORD ASSOCIATION
Student: The first sound in cap is /k/. 1. SIMILARITY
-words with same meaning (synonyms)
THE 3C’S OF VOCABULARY Example: beautiful – charming
COLLOCATION
-words that are placed together in some order 2. CONTRAST
-sweet potato, sweet corn, sweet dreams -words with opposite meaning
Example: volatile – calm
CLINE
-scale of language items (extremes to extremes) 3. CAUSE AND EFFECT
-freezing, cold, cool, mild, warm, hot, boiling -shows reason and result of events
Example: signal words – (“because” and “so”)
CLUSTERS
-group of similar or related things (cover term) 4. PART TO WHOLE
-a part stands for a whole (synecdoche)
WORD FORMATION Example: “Nice wheels!” (car)
1. COMPOUNDING
-two words combined to form a new word 5. CLASSIFICATION
-class + room = classroom -words that belong to same group/genus
Example: mammals – ape, dog, whale
2. BLENDING
-words are combined but meaning is often 6. PREDICATION
combination of the original words (some letters -relationship between a noun and its verb, a
are omitted) doer and its action, and the action and its
-stay + vacation = staycation receiver
Example: teachers – facilitate; wrap – gift
3. CLIPPING
-words are shortened (read as is) 7. SOUND
-examination – exam -homonyms, homophones, homographs

4. ACRONYM 8. MODIFICATION
-initial letters of words are combined -relationship between the word and its modifier
(pronounced as words) Example: An extravagant party (adjective)
Dismissed early (adverb)

9. COMPLETION
-relationship between words in compound
words
Example: rain + bow = rainbow

10. ASSOCIATION
-ideas are brought to mind when a word is
perceived
PRC BR 435 – Code of Ethics for Professional
Teachers
PD 1006 – Decree Professionalizing Teachers
RA 7836 – Philippine Teachers
Professionalization Act of 1994
RA 9293 – Amendments of RA 7836
RA 4670 – Magna Carta for Public School
Teachers
RA 10912 – CPD Law
RA 7722 – CHED
RA 7796 – TESDA Act of 1994
RA 9155 – Governance of Basic Education Act of
2001
RA 10533 – Enhanced Basic Education of 2013
(K-12)
RA 10157 – Kindergarten Act
RA 1079 - An Act providing that Civil Service
Eligibility Shall be Permanent
RA 6655 – Free Public Secondary Education Act
of 1988
RA 10931 - Free Tertiary Education
RA 11713 - Teacher Education of Center
Excellence Act
RA 6728 – Act Providing Government Assistance
to Students and Teachers in Private Education
RA 7277 – Magna Carta for PWD
RA 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law (Amendment
of RA 9231)
RA 7743 – Establishment of public libraries
RA 7877 – Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995
RA 7880 – Fair and Equitable Access to
Education Act
RA 8049 – Anti-Hazing Law
RA 8187 – Paternity Leave Act of 1996
RA 10627 – Anti-Bullying Act of 2013
WILHELM WUNDT- father of psychology HOWARD GARDNER- multiple intelligences
CAROLUS LINNAEUS- father of taxonomy MARX SCHELER- values hierarchy
GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL- father of genetics BENJAMIN BLOOM- bloom’s taxonomy
CHARLES DARWIN- father of evolution FRANKLIN BOBBIT- adult preparation in life
RENE DESCARTES- father of philosophy WERRET CHARTERS- subject matter
FRIEDRICH FROEBEL- father of kindergarten WILLIAM KILPATRICK- learner centered (project
ROBERT HOOKE- father of cytology method)
SIGMUND FREUD- father of psychoanalysis HAROLD RUGG- holistic/whole development
MICHAEL FARADAY- father of electronics HOLLIS CASWELL- organized/set of experience
LOUIS PASTEUR- father of bacteriology JOHN DEWEY- learning by doing
HERODOTUS- father of history LAO TZU- Taoism
GEOFREY CHAUCER- father of English poetry CONFUCIUS- golden rule
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN- father of electricity MENCIUS- think with your heart
AUGUSTE COMTE- father of sociology CARLOS V. FRANCISCO- visual arts
ARISTOPHANES- father of comedy CECIL LICAD- renowned pianist
ADAM SMITH- father of economics LIZA MACUJA- prima ballerina
CHARLES BABBAGE- father of computer EDUARDO CASTRILLO- sculpture landmarks
EDWARD WILSON- father of biodiversity JUAN LUNA- painter of spolarium
JOHN B. WATSON- father of behaviorism FABIAN DELA ROSA- amorsolo’s mentor
NAPOLEON ABUEVA- father of modern GILOPEZ KABAYAO- classical violin
sculpture
PYTHAGORAS- father of numbers
CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE- father of English
tragedy
EDGAR ALLAN POE- father of horror/detective
stories
GUY DE MAUPASSANT- french short story
HOMER- mythical geographer
FRANCIS BACON- father of English essay
LINDLEY MURRAY- father of English grammar
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE- greatest
English/sonnet writer
WOLFGANG KOHLER- insight learning theory
IVAN PAVLOV- classical conditioning
BF SKINNER- operant conditioning
ALBERT BANDURA- social learning
EDWARD THORNDIKE- connectionism
JEAN PIAGET- cognitive development theory
JOHN LOCKE- tabula rasa
LEV VYGOTSKY- zone of proximal development
ERIK ERIKSON- psychosocial
JEROME BRUNER- instrumental conceptualism
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG- moral development
theory
JOHANN PESTALOZZI- learning by head, hand
and heart
JACOB KOUNIN- classroom management
EDGAR DALE- cone of experience
PREVIOUS LET Q&A GITLING- bantas na ginagamit sa pagitan ng
panlaping ika at tambilang
DIFUSSION- the movement of material from a
LIZA MACUJA- Ballet
more crowded are
PAYNE-ALDRICH ACT- Partial free foreign trade
PHOTOSYNTHESIS- light energy to chemical
JAENA- first editor of La Solidaridad
energy
CONSTITUTION- fundamental law of the
HERMAPHRODITES- two sexes
Philippines
REGENERATION- starfish and lizards
ALIBATA- earliest form of writing
TROPHIC LEVELS- the successive levels of
EXTENDED- close family ties
organisms consuming one another
CPU- brain of the computer
7x2x2x2- Prime factors of 56
HYPERTEXT MARK-UP LANGUAGE
40, 41, 42- sum of three consecutive integers
SOFTWARE- computer program
1,2,3
SPREADSHEET- performs computation
Php 6,120.00- total amount after adding 8%
BLOG- journal writing using the internet and
interest of 3 months of Php 6,000.00
useful for teachers who can publish lesson ideas
12- least common multiple of 2, 3 and 4
to digital students
25- prime numbers between 1 to 100
MODEM- enables the computer to
50 km per hour- Toyota kia car
communicate with other computers over the
120- 5 girls can be seated in a row of 5 seats
telephone
½- die is rolled – probability of getting a number
NETWORK- activities connected by a computer
divisible by 2
E-MAIL- messages are easily transported
20%- Percent of 75 is 15
anywhere in the world
PROTEIN- gastric juice
COSMOPOLITAN- sophisticated
GREGOR MENDEL- father of genetics
WAS LEFT- empty board ____ on the table
WALRUS- arctic environment
HELEN OF TROY- “the face that launched a
NITROUS OXIDE- laughing gas
thousand ships”
FERROMAGNETIC- magnetic material
LATEST- I watched the _____ news on television
HYDROGEN- lightest element
MORAL- The hard work has its rewards appears
FATS- bile
to be the _____ of the story
HERBIVORES- eat plants only
YOUR; MINE- If you forgot ___ textbook, you
373 DEGREES- boiling point of water in degrees
can use _____, Michael?
kelvin (absolute)
MARK TWAIN- Pen name of Samuel Clemens
TROPICAL RAINFOREST- biome does the
HAIKU- Japanese poem – 3 lines with 17
Philippine belong
syllables
1987- nagsimula ang pagkakaroon ng
BAR GRAPH- illustrates a particular data series
modernisasyong pambansa
through rectangles
KABANATA 1- panimula, kaligiran ng pag-aaral
RECTANGLE- shape of a brick
at conceptual framework
362,880- Permutation (9P9)
ELIPSIS- tatlong tuldok na sunod sunod
14.35/14.15- absolute mean
KUWIT- naghihiwalay sa mga salita
P3,200- manufactured bed P4,000 less 20%
PAMUKOD- pangatnig na namumukod
20- digit 7 appears between 1 t0 100
IMPROPTU- ang paksa ay binibigay bago
45,46- consecutive numbers whose sum is 91
magsimula ang talumpati
51- not a prime number (41, 11, 31, 51)
RECTANGLE- opposite sides are equal
199- largest prime number less than 200 BODY LANGUAGE- eye wink, waving of hands
and nodding oh head are example
MICROFILAMENTS- cytokinesis, amoeboid SLEEP- natural altered state of awareness
movement and changes in cell shape BEFORE MEAL- the correct way of eating fruits
GROUP O BLOOD INTO GROUP AB PERSONS- ELECTRA COMPLEX- daughter competes to the
only safe blood transfusion attention of the father
GRASSHOPPER- heterotroph PERCEIVING- lowest form of learning
NUCLEOLUS- prokaryotic cell lacks CHINA- country where teachers are most
MAGNOLIDAE- kingdom plantae respected
NIACIN- vitamin
PLASMA- fourth form of matter NICK JOAQUIN- Quijano de Manila
LUNGS- main organ for respiration METAPHOR- black sheep
CHLOROPHYLL- molecule that allows to capture KALIDASA- Indian Shakesperean poet
energy from sunlight FRANK- candor
ANTHROPODA- dengue ROMEO AND JULIET- two ill-starred lovers who
came from warring families
GALIT- salubong ang kilay OPHELIA DIMALANTA- love sonnet
DON RAFAEL- tauhan sa Noli Me Tangere na METAPHOR- phantom of delight
may pinakamalawak na lupain ONOMATOPOEIA- tinkle, tinkle, tinkle
BARBERSHOP- tagalog ng barbershop
TALASTASAN- pagpapahayag ng mga ideya, Php 300, 000- how much was borrowed if the
opinion at salaysay sa pamamagitan ng mga interest at 8% after 3 months is Php 6,000?
sagisag PERIMETER- sum of the sides of a polygon
KURIPOT- malalim ang bulsa ½- fraction halfway between 3/7 and 4/7
WIKA- simbolong kumakatawan sa mga bagay 56- 2 eggs: 1 cup of flour: ____: 28 cups of flour
at pangungusap na nais ipahayag ng tao sa Php 12,400.00- total amount after adding
kanyang kapwa interest of 8% on Php 10,000.00 for three
METATESIS- pagpapalit ng posisyon ng ponema years?
sa salita MODE- measure of central tendency – size of t-
shirts commonly used by teenagers
WRIT OF AMPARO- the right to life, liberty and MEDIAN- not influenced by outliers
security 102.5 DEGREES- 25 more than its supplement –
COMMUNITY TAX- tax required to be paid larger angle
annually by all adults LINE GRAPH- shows the progress in academic
AUGUSTINIANS- religious missionaries first grades over four quarters
arrived in the Philippines
RICE TERRACES- man made wonder of the IN VITRO FERTILIZATION- union of an ovum and
Philippines sperm inside a test tube
THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION PRIVACY- writ of CILIA- small hair-like structure
habeas CHROMOSOMES- duplicated during the process
HINDUISM- oldest religion in Asia of mitosis
CONAGE- element X (1s2 2s2 2p2)
MATURATION- lowest form of learning CARBOHYDRATES- polysaccharides,
commonly used in animals triglycerides, polypeptides and nucleic acids
CERTAIN- USA decided to drop the atomic TRUE OF METALLOIDS- have properties of both
bomb to Nagasaki metals and nonmetals
SINGAPORE- largest paid teacher’s salary in
Southeast Asia
CLEAN AIR ACT- environmental law requires to CHECK AND BALANCE- principle behind the
install anti-pollution devices and bans the use of power given in the legislature to impeach the
incinerators president
14- Silicon mass number of 28 – atomic number JULIAN FELIPE- composer of Lupang Hinirang
of 14 protons
40.0 KG OF GOLD- largest amount of gold (Au= PRODIGY-OFFSPRING- two words lack
197) correlation
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION- Kyoto Protocol FORMERLY-HERETOFORE- two words lack
correlation
MATRIARCHAL- a woman is the ruler of the METAPHOR- “she is a lovely rose”
family RESONATION- amplifying and enriching the
FRAILOCRACIA- term of Marcelo H. Del Pilar to voice
friars SIMILE- “it droppeth as a gentle rain from
SEVERINO MONTANO- Arena theater heaven”
proponent MANUEL ARGUILLA- “how my brother Leon
NATY CRAME ROGERS- Sala theater proponent brought home a wife?”
REDUCCION- pagbabagong anyo ng bayan ELEGY- poem of a grief
UMALOHOKAN- town crier
JONES LAW- bicameralism CARBON DIOXIDE- end product of citric acid
cycles
EPISTOLARY- novels in letters SEGMENTED: WORM- leeches: anticoagulation
TANKA- Japanese poem – 5 lines with 31 OXYGEN- waste product of photosynthesis
syllables TISSUE- group of cells
EULOGY- message for the dead ARCHIPELAGO- Philippines
PANCREAS- insulin AIR, WATER AND LAND- biosphere
VACUUM- light travels fastest VILLI- finger like structure
ECOLOGICAL NICHE- ant colony EPIGLOTIS- flap like structure
ALEXANDER FLEMING- penicillin FLAGELLA- whip like structure
FOOD WEB- feeding connection among
organisms DECEMBER 19, 2017- RA 10963 was signed by
SAHARA- largest desert President Duterte
CARBON DIOXIDE- released by plants at night LIMASAWA- first mass
CAPSID- protein shell of virus MUKDUM- Islamic religion
EVENING- tree releases carbon dioxide during MAY 23, 2017- declaration of martial law in
mindanao
FAVORITISM- negative effect of extended NIGARA FALLS- boundary between Canada and
family America
POLKA- not a folk dance from Mexico MINDANAO- land of promise
BODABIL- not a play from Spanish era AFRICA- least developing continent
SPENCER- survival of the fittest CAPITALISM- economic system based on free
LUPANG HINIRANG- national anthem enterprise
TAX REFORM FOR ACCELERATION AND
INCLUSION- train law meaning CONFIRM- corroborate
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND SENATE- the EASILY DECEIVE- gullible
Philippine legislature has two chambers and is SOLILOQUY- speech made by a person who
described as reveals his thoughts
HYPOCHONDRIAC LIVING IN MORBID FEAR- fall
of the House of Usher
THE ILIAD OF HOMER- epic poem – anger and OPTICAL EFFECT OR ILLUSION- mirage
wrath of Achilles against Agamemnon MICROSPORIDIA- kingdom fungi
FOLKTALES- literature reflects the people’s ENDOCRINE GLAND- controls emotions
belief and handed down from generation to MILK- example of colloid
generation by word of mouth VEINS- blood vessels carry blood back to the
WEAK- feeble heart
POLYGOT- speak many languages EYES- myopia
ONE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHT- Arabian COMMENSALISM- relationship between an
setting organism and a host which neither is benefited
nor harmed
AIR- light travels faster SEISMOGRAPH- detect the magnitude of an
SOLID- sounds travel faster earthquake
GULF- a sea partly enclosed by land STOMATA- opening holes of the plant leaves
ZONE- a surface between tropic of cancer and
arctic circle ACTA DE TEJEROS- the act that rejected
METALLOIDS- display properties of both metals Aguinaldo as the president
and non-metals NATURAL LAW- most basic foundation for
BRIGHT GREEN- flame test – presence of boron moral principles
HURRICANE- storm in Atlantic Ocean HEINOUS- rape
LEECHES- anticoagulation LEGISLATIVE- senate
RECEIVES SUN RAYS CLOSER TO VERTICAL ST. THOMAS AQUINAS- reason
POSITION- the Philippines is much hotter than INCOME TAX- tax imposed on all employed and
Canada practicing professionals
COMMA-SHAPED BACTERIA- vibrio cholera MALABON BAND- band played on June 12,
1896
LOPE DE VEGA- national theater in spain OLIGARCHY- a rule of few
ST. AUGUSTINE- faith
NEGRITOS- aboriginal settlers BIOTECHNOLOGY- use of organisms to produce
MINDORO- land of Gold or Ma-i things that people need
CONGRESS- has the power to declare the WALRUS- arctic island
existence of a state of war COAL- energy source which is not sustainable
ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL- a losing senatorial GAS- renewable resource that have not yet
candidate may file a protest against the winner developed in the Philippines
PAYING THE FALLA- exemption of forced labor OZONE LAYER- earth’s shield against the sun’s
CLARO M. RECTO- the great dissenter harmful radiation
WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS- right to seek public BECAUSE THE EARTH ROTATES ON ITS AXIS-
attorney day and night every 24 hours
ECOLOGY- study of the relationship between
SCORNFUL- contemptuous plants, animals and other living things in a
AWKWARD LOOKING- baduy habitat
EDITORIAL SECTION- opinion of the people GREENHOUSE EFFECT- excessive presence of
FORMAL GATHERING- black tie affair CO2 in the air trapping heat near earth’s surface
COMPARATIVE- he is taller of two brothers GOLD- Au
DESTINY- grand design PARASITISM- one is harmed; the one is
LIMITED- mother’s financial resources benefited
VERBOSE- loquacious
FRANCISCO DAGOHOY- revolted due to
ATOM- smallest particle improper burial of his sibling
PORTUGEUSE- Magellan
ARISTOCRACY- rule of the best
JULIUS CAESAR- might is right
ASIA- biggest continent (30.1% of the earth)
MEXICO- galleon trade
ARTICLE XIII SECTION 14 WOMEN- maternity
leave
INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES TOXIC DISPOSED
TO POORER COUNTRIES- interconnectedness
between social and environmental injustice
MERITOCRACY- leadership by people of talent
OPTIMISM- predominant characteristic of
eastern religion

RA 8749- environmental law requires to install

anti-pollution devices and bans the use of
incinerators
SAVANNA- biome with scattered trees
SKIN- largest organ of the body
PLANTS- flora
ANIMALS- fauna
RITALIN- drug used on someone who has ADHD
BAMBOO- grass family
CELLULAR RESPIRATION- plants release CO2 in
the process
HELIOCENTRIC- the sun is the center of the
solar system
ACIDIC- pH below 7

VENUS- earth’s twin planet

PROBIOTICS- non-pathogenic microorganisms
MIDNIGHT SUN- sun shines all the time both
day and night
OLYMPUS MONS IN MARS- highest mountain in
the solar system
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID- DNA
PHOTOSYNTHESIS- process used by plants to
convert the energy from sunlight into chemical
energy
MOLLUSKS- red tide
SURFACE TENSION- a toothpick can sit on the
surface of water due to.

-PRETTY RIANE SANTOS