Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Nour El-Bachir University Center - El-Bayadh

Institute of Technology

Chapter 2:
I. Sector of Electronics
II. Sector of Telecommunications
III. Sector of Electrotechnics
IV. Sector of Electromechanical

1. Sector of Electronics
1.1 Introduction
Electronic engineers design innovative projects, integrating electronics: system Car lights from
an electronic system, high definition display for air traffic control radars, creation of flight
simulator, scanners for the hospital environment, computer equipment...Electronics are
everywhere, and engineers are striving to create increasingly miniaturized products! Indeed, it
is thanks to the work carried out by these professionals that your mobile phone is getting smaller
and more powerful. Electronic engineers develop products that you use in your daily life
(mobile phones, DVD players, GPS, wireless Internet...).
Over the past decade, electronics has shifted to high-tech sectors, leaving mass products such
as televisions and telephones in low-cost labour countries.

On the other hand, companies have invested in areas with high benefit such as aeronautics,
Defence, medical, smart cards, and optical fibre... not visible to the public.

Present everywhere, the electronic sector weighs heavily in the world economy. Especially as
the digital revolution creates new needs in transport, vehicles, connected products, energy
efficiency, elderly care, etc. The electronic sector should create more and more skilled jobs, to
the detriment of operators who will represent fewer recruitments.

1. 2 Definition

Electronics is a technical discipline or engineering science, one of the most important branches
of applied physics, auxiliary in most industries. The word electronic, which first refers to facts

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and theories relating to the electron, takes on a technical meaning in the middle of the twentieth
century.

Electronics comes down to controlling the flow of electrons (the electric current) that circulates
through conductors along a complete path (a circuit), so that the electrical energy delivered to
a receiver (light bulb, motor or loudspeaker) takes on the right ‘shape’. By modifying the flow
of electrons, electronic components allow you to obtain incredible results with electricity. You
can change the sound produced by loudspeakers, change the direction of rotation or speed of a
motor, vary the brightness of a lamp or programme it to light up, and much more besides. In
other words, electronics is not what produces electricity but what enables it to be used more
effectively.

I. 3 Tasks and Responsibilities

There are different types of engineer, with very different roles:

 Research engineers work in a laboratory and develop technological innovations

(sensors, for example). Their research will be used to design new products.
 The design engineer is the architect of the future product. They study how to create this
new product. They look for the technical solutions best suited to the specifications:
creation of circuits combining transistors, microprocessors, etc. They will carry out
simulations before creating a prototype. A prototype is the creation of a single industrial
product on which tests will be carried out.
 The test engineer works on the prototype and carries out measurements to determine
whether the product is reliable. If the tests are successful, several million units of the
product can be manufactured in the factory. A production engineer will check the quality
of manufacture. He or she is responsible for a production line: supplies, compliance
with quantities, deadlines, quality and costs.
 The integration engineer coordinates the assembly of all the components and checks the
quality of the product before it is marketed.
 Sales engineers sell customised products with electronic components. They know how
products are manufactured, so they are able to develop a sales pitch to convince
customers. They listen to their customers' requests, draw up quotations and conduct
negotiations.

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I. 4 Careers in electronics

Analogue engineer: Analog engineers are highly specialised electronics engineers, and
therefore in great demand. Their job is to design integrated circuits, boards or equipment
(antennas, power supplies, sensors, etc.) for processing analogue signals. Based on
specifications detailing the functions of each element to be designed, and the cost, quality
and deadline requirements, quality and deadlines. They draw up preliminary diagrams and
take part in the testing phase using measurement tools (oscilloscope, synthesiser, etc.) or
simulation software. You will work in a design office, as part of a team, or in a company
specialising in electronic design: manufacturing transmission systems, electronic chips, etc.
They also work in the automotive, aeronautics, arms and medical industries.
Electronics engineer for aviation safety systems this engineer works in a civil aviation
research department (innovation, research and development division), in an air navigation
‘on the way to the centre, in a maintenance centre or at an airport. They are responsible for
installing, maintaining maintenance and development of the radio- electric and electronic
equipment (radar, automatic landing systems, computer systems) that ensures the safety of
air transport, so that aircraft can take off, fly and land safely, whatever the weather.
Passionate about new technologies, he is also responsible for improving existing equipment.
They have a heavy responsibility, as the safety of passengers and crew depends on their
work. They must therefore manage their stress and have great powers of concentration. It is
also essential to have a good command of English, which is the working language in air
traffic control towers in air traffic control towers.
Embedded systems engineer: Electronic engineers specialising in embedded systems
design computers for aircraft, cars and transportable equipment, to monitor, control and
communicate. Embedded systems engineers handle the entire process involved in designing
an electronic board, as well as all the programming.
They assemble the electronic components (microprocessors), draw up the diagrams and
wiring, and carry out the tests and production monitoring. The aim is to ensure that the right
orders are sent to an object so that it performs a precise task.
They work in design offices, in electronics design companies: manufacturing transmission
systems, electronic chips, etc. but also in the automotive industry (on-board computers),
aeronautics, the arms industry, energy, transport and home automation (motion detection,
alarms), the medical sector, public research bodies, etc.

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 Digital electronics engineer :
Digital electronics engineers create the ‘chips’ that make up the basic components of the
world of digital electronics: printed circuits, memories or microprocessors, which carry
information represented as binary values (0 and 1). Using these components, he designs
electronic assemblies that will be used to make printed circuits, which will then form the
basis of video games, decoders and other mobile phones. To do this, he works to a set of
specifications. They then define the hardware and functional architecture of the digital part
of the electronic system, then choose the components and determine how they are organised.
They work in design offices, as part of a team, in companies involved in electronic design.
They are also present in the automotive, aeronautical, defence and medical industries.

II. Telecommunication’s sector

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II.1 Introduction
Fibre optics, multimedia, mobile phones and the Internet make up the world of telecoms and
network engineers. They specialise in the transmission of information (voice, data, and
pictures). The telecommunications sector is currently undergoing a revival thanks to the boom
in high-speed broadband and the roll- out of fibre optics and 4G. Recruitment needs are
particularly and there are plenty of job opportunities.
II. 2 Definition
Telecommunications (abbrev. fam. telecoms) are considered as applied technologies and
techniques and not as a science. Telecommunications means any transmission, emission and
reception at a distance, of signs, signals, writings, images, sounds or information of any nature,
by electric wire, radio electricity, optical link, or other electromagnetic systems.
Telecommunications engineering is in fact a multi-disciplinary sector, with its roots in
electronics, computer science and telecommunications. Roots in electronics, computing and
physics.
II. 3 Tasks and duties
The main duties of a telecommunications engineer are as follows:
 Designing and building systems and equipment in the TLC sector
Telecommunications engineers (TLC engineers) can occupy a variety of technical and
organisational roles. When designing equipment and systems for the telecoms sector,
the telecoms engineer is responsible for defining the architecture of a telecoms system
and designing the various hardware/software components or entire infrastructures,
according to the technical specifications defined by the customer. They study the
requirements for transferring a multimedia signal from its source (the transmitter) to its
destination (the receiver), using an appropriate transmission channel (the transmission
medium).
 Designing and managing telematics networks
A telecoms engineer is also responsible for managing telecoms networks. For example,
they configure and control the operation of wired and wireless infrastructures connected
locally or remotely, ensure the compatibility of the various systems, update obsolete
programmes and components, optimise signal transmission speed and monitor the
security of data and information exchanges data and information exchanges.
 Carry out testing and validation activities draw up technical documentation
technical the design activity may involve creating a new component (such as a video

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 terminal) or designing telecommunications networks and infrastructures (such as a fibre
optic network).
The telecoms engineer prepares the project diagrams, prototypes and relevant technical
documentation, and carries out simulations and tests - for example, testing the speed
and signal quality of the network. They resolve any difficulties encountered (problem
solving) and validate the final project.
A telecommunications engineer may deal with multimedia signals of various types
(images, audio/video signals, etc.), transmission techniques and protocols, signal
processing and conversion (e.g. from analogue electronic signals to digital signals), as
well as the security of transmitted data.
 Ensure the continued effectiveness of telecommunications networks and
infrastructures
In the execution phase of the work: creation of the telecommunications network,
production of the hardware/software, testing, implementation of any necessary
modifications, etc. It is the telecoms engineer's responsibility to ensure that all phases
comply with the sector's reference standards and norms.
 Providing advice and technical assistance in the telecoms field. The telecoms
engineer is often the point of reference for technical assistance in the event of a network
problem or a breakdown in the event of a problem with the network or
telecommunications equipment.
II.4 Employment
The companies that hire telecoms engineers are mainly telephone operators for the
fixed and mobile networks and internet service providers, manufacturing companies
that produce electrical and electronic components used in the telecoms sector, radio and
television transmitters, electronic consultancy firms, the telecommunications industry
and the telecommunications industry and television transmitters, consultancy firms in
the field of electronics telecoms and IT, and companies offering installation and
technical assistance services for communications devices and systems (antennas,
radars, remote sensing and radiolocation systems, etc.).
But a telecommunications engineer can also find a job as a network manager or systems
engineer in companies, organisations and public administration.

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III. Sector of Electrotechnics
III.1: What is electrical engineering?
 Electrical engineering is the study of technical applications of electricity
 The discipline that studies the production, transport, processing, transformation and
use of electrical energy. • Traditionally, electrical engineering is associated with
"strong currents" as opposed to "weak currents", which would be the exclusive domain
of electronics.
 Electronics and computers go hand in hand with electrical engineering. Washing
machines, fax machines, automated production systems... all our machines become
“smart”.
 The words of electrical engineering are:
Generator: Device that transforms mechanical energy (motor) into electrical energy.
Major household appliances: Fridge, cooker, hob, dishwasher, washing machine.
Small electrical appliances: Iron, coffee maker, extractor hood, food processor, ventilator,
extractor ....
Transformer: Device used to modify the voltage, intensity or shape of an electric current.
Home automation: All the automatic security and communication devices integrated into
the home.
III.2 Fields of application
- It is extremely wide-ranging and concerns a large number of industrial companies, in the
following fields:
- Production and transmission of electrical energy (thermal power stations, nuclear power
stations, solar power stations, wind farms, electricity transmission networks,
transformer stations, etc.).
- Manufacture of electrical equipment (electric motors, circuit breakers, contactors,
switches, etc.),
- Electrical engineering is closely linked to electronics and automation, which are
frequently used, particularly for motor control.
III.3 The electrical engineering professions
- The professional fields that represent the electrotechnical professions can be found in the
following areas:
- Electrical machines (electric motors, generators, alternators, converters),
- Electrical voltage transformers,

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- Electrical networks (LV, MV, HV)
- Storage (batteries, capacitors)
- Electrical installation and safety equipment (meters, circuit breakers, disconnectors,
electrical cables, ....)
IV. Sector of Electromechanical
IV.1.ELECTROMECHANICS
This is the combination of electrical and mechanical technologies. In the beginning,
electricity was simply a source of energy for mechanical engineering. Since the beginning
of the 21st century, electricity and
electronics which often need mechanical or micro-mechanical support in order to provide
a service or ensure a usable function.
IV.2.MISSIONS
Electromechanics install, check, maintain, adjust and repair machines, appliances and
instruments made up of mechanical, electrical and electronic parts. Electromechanics can
be found in all sectors of activity
all sectors of activity: factories, security services, transport, farms, the health sector,
The electromechanic is generally assigned to the maintenance or after-sales department.
Depending on the sector in which they work and their position, electronics engineers
develop specific skills: industrial equipment electromechanics, aeronautics
electromechanics, lift and escalator electromechanics, etc.
IV.3.MAIN ACTIVITIES
Electromechanics install machines in a workshop or on a site, but their main task is to
maintain them:
 Monitoring the permanent availability of equipment.
 Cleaning, repairing or replacing defective parts.
 Drafting of technical intervention sheets (machine maintenance file) and
information at the CMMS level (Computer-aided maintenance management).
 Participation in the improvement of maintenance procedures.
 Introduction of more efficient devices to increase the efficiency and longevity of
machines.
IV.4.SKILLS AND QUALITIES

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An expert in mechanics, electricity, electrical engineering, electromechanics and
electronics, electromechanics are also skilled in hydraulics, pneumatics, plumbing, boiler
making, etc., depending on their specialisation. To which can be added:
 Reading of plans, diagrams and technical instructions (including in English),
 Ability to complete the Intervention Reports and write letters,
 Mastery of the files supplied by the manufacturer,
 Mastery of IT and maintenance management software.
Electromechanics combine manual dexterity (speed of execution and precision) with
initiative, analysis, deduction and method. They are also able to adapt and regularly
update their knowledge. Lastly, they are not afraid of being subjected to noise, working
shifts (nights, weekends) and often working in uncomfortable positions.

IV.5. EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES (FUTURE DEVELOPMENT)

An experienced electromechanical engineer can become a team or workshop leader,
maintenance supervisor, technical assistance to staff, supply management manager, or
an expert or designer in a design office to improve the construction of machines or
maintenance methods.