PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY:
UMANG PANWAR
20001009061
Under the central
road fund scheme
in the financial
year 2022-23, the
work of paving two
lanes with paved
shoulder and
strengthening of
kairana to kandhla
road in shamli
district.
DETAILS ABOUT PROJECT
YEAR 2023-24
Total length – 11.400 K.M.
Cost- Rs. 43.44 crore
Per K.M. cost- Rs. 3.81 crore
Central road scheme
Provincial department , P.W.D. , Shamli
Uttar pradesh
WHAT IS PAVED SHOULDER?
The shoulder is a strip of pavement outside an
outer lane; it is provided for emergency use by
traffic and to protect the pavement edges from
traffic damage and in this project, (paved
shoulder is 1.5 m from both sides )
CONSTRUCTION OF PAVED SHOULDER AND
STRENGTHENING OF ROAD
• Firstly we dig trenches of 1.845 m both sides of road by JCB .
• Now , we spread GSB ( granular sub base ) with the help of motor grader in the
single layer of 220mm (proposed)
• Then compact it with the help of a road roller.
• Now another layer of WMM will be laid of 100mm depth in width of 1.645m
• Another layer of WMM(S) of 100mm is spread over at 1.5m
• Now, proposed overlay of DBM( DENSE BITUMINOUS MACADAM) of 85mm depth is
spread over existing bituminous of 85mm all over the road.
• At last BC(BITUMINOUS CONCRETE) OF 30mm is spread all over the road for strengthening of
road.
TERMS USED
• 1. GSB ( GRANULAR SUB BASE)
: It is naturally occurring or
artificially created building
material used as a sub-base
layer for roads and often the
main load-bearing layer of the
pavement. Its role is to spread the
load evenly over the subgrade. The
materials used may be either
unbound granular, or cement-
bound. The quality of subbase is
very important for the useful life of
the road.
[Link] (WET MIXED
MACADAM) It is
composed of crushed
aggregates, including
gravel and stone dust,
mixed with water and a
binding agent such as
bitumen emulsion or
cement.
STEP 1
In this first step , trench
is dig out with the help
of JCB machine and
labours to width of
1.845m
Now after digging ,
GSB is laid on the
surface with depth of
220mm across 1.845m
area
DUMPING OF GSB OVER ROAD
LARGE AMOUNT OF
GSB IS BEING
DUMPED HERE
CONTAINS SAND
AND GRAVEL,
CRUSHED STONE,
SLAG, OR OTHER
HARD DURABLE
MATERIAL OF
MINERAL ORIGIN
After dumping
GSB on road it
is compacted
by the help of
roller.
• Here layer of WMM
(100mm) spread
over the GSB layer
in width of 1.645m
which is then
compacted by the
roller to avoid any
type of voids there.
WMM
Another layer of
stabilized
WMM(100mm)
spread over the
width of 1.5m now
and is then
compacted by
roller with sprinkle
of water
Sprinkling of water
As we saw earlier
sprinkling of water
is done to make
WMM settle and to
make it more easy
to compact and it
is done to
decrease voids on
layer of road which
ultimately causes a
quality road.
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE
I did the BC work on another road to properly understand this .
• Preparation of Base for BC :
• The base on which asphalt concrete or bituminous concrete is to be laid shall be
prepared to the specified lines, grade and cross-sections in accordance with clause
501 and 902 of MORTH or as specified. Loose materials and foreign matters shall be
removed by thorough brushing with mechanical brooms and/or blown off by
compressed air or other acceptable means.
• Tack coat:
• The tack coat shall be applied over the bituminous bound surface before laying the
bituminous concrete mix according to provisions of clause 503 of MORTH and
approved methodology.
• Bituminous Concrete Construction Procedure:
• Preparation of Mix and Transportation:
• We shall prepare the asphalt concrete mix in the Hot Mix Plant as per the approved mix design
complying with MORTH specifications.
• The plant shall have automatic controls that coordinate the proportioning, timing, and discharge
of the mixer.
• The bitumen tank with an agitator which is continuously agitating the bitumen shall
be capable of maintaining its contents at the specified temperature. Bitumen
delivered to the mixing plant via insulated pipes such that heat losses are
minimized.
• The aggregates shall be heated to a specified temperature to be mixed within the
temperature range of 165°C to 185°C.
• Proper mixing is required as all particles of the aggregates are coated uniformly,
and the discharge temperature of the mix shall be 185°C, maximum.
• Bituminous mixes shall be transported to the laying site by dumpers covered with
tarpaulins and shall be kept free of contamination .
.
Laying of bituminous concrete:
• The asphalt concrete mix shall be laid by a Paver and it shall be capable of laying the
mix with no segregation, dragging, burning or other defects and within the specified
level .
• Immediately after receiving the transported materials from the hot mix plant at site, the Paver
shall spread on the prepared and approved DBM surface.
• The compacted thickness of the asphalt concrete layer shall be as per specification
requirements.
• We have to ensure continuous laying of bituminous concrete without stopping to
maintain thickness of it .
• We measure the thickness by depth gauge and minimum thickness is between 3cm
to 6cm for BC.
DEPTH
GAUGE
IT IS USED FOR
MEASURING
DEPTH BELOW
SURFACES.
COMPACTION OF THE LAID MIX
• We shall use a sufficient number of rollers of appropriate types, size and weights to achieve the
specified compaction.
• Compaction asphalt concrete layer shall be completed before the temperature of the asphalt
mix falls below 115°C.
• Rolling should be done until we get specified degree of compaction.
• The Rollers shall be operated with a uniform speed not exceeding 5 km/hr.
• The Roller wheels shall be kept lightly moistened with a water sprinkler fitted with the roller to
prevent adhesion of the asphalt mix to the Rollers.
SPRINKLING OF
LIMESTONE
POWDER ON
BC(BITUMINOUS
CONCRETE) TO AVOID
STICKING TO TYRES
AND FOR COMFORT
OF PASSENGERS
SIEVE ANALYSIS (GSB/WMM)
MATERIALS
REQUIRED :
TRAY
WEIGHTING
MACHINE
SIEVES OF
DIFFERENT SIZES(
26.5mm, 9.5mm,
4.75mm, 2.36mm)
GSB, WMM
First of all
weight the
empty tray and
then fill it with
GSB and again
measure the
tray.
• Firstly we arrange all sieve in order of 75 mm ,53 mm 26.5 mm ,9.5 mm ,4.75 mm ,2.36
mm, 0.425 mm and at last 0.075 mm for GSB while for WMM order is 53mm , 45mm,
22.40mm, 11.20mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 600 micron, 75micron.
• Now put the tray full of GSB in the sieve of 75mm for GSB and 53mm for WMM , extract
out the remains in this sieve.
• Repeat this until you come at 0.075mm and 75 micron respectively.
• We calculate all weight of sieves respectively and subtract the empty tray weight from
all the sieve remains weight.
• Repeat this test on different GSB sample from different distances to check the quality
of our granular sub base .
GRADATION FOR GSB
WEIGHT OF SAMPLE IS 10460g
[Link] Sieve size Weight Cumulative Cumulative %of As per job Specified grading
. retaine weight weight weight formula
d retained retained % passed
1 75 mm 0.00 - 0.00 100.00 100 100
2 53mm 675 675 7.17 92.83 100 80-100
3 26.50mm 1835 2510 26.65 73.35 77.31 55-90
4 9.50mm 2505 5015 56.24 46.76 48.80 35-65
5 4.75mm 1205 6220 66.03 33.97 32.22 25-55
6 2.36mm 740 6960 73.89 26.11 27.11 20-40
7 0.425mm 1115 8075 85.73 14.27 14.87 10-15
8 0.075mm 1030 9105 96.66 3.29 3.31 <5
GRADATION FOR GSB
WEIGHT OF SAMPLE IS 11725g
[Link] Sieve size Weight Cumulative Cumulative % of As per job Specified
. retained weight retained weight weight formula grading
retained % passes
1 75 mm 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 100 100
2 53mm 850 850 7.25 92.75 100 80-100
3 26.50mm 1475 2825 24.09 75.91 77.31 55-90
4 9.50mm 3480 6305 53.77 46.23 48.80 35-65
5 4.75mm 1485 7790 66.44 33.56 32.22 25-55
6 2.36mm 715 85054 72.54 27.46 27.11 20-40
7 0.425mm 1540 10045 85.67 14.33 14.87 10-15
8 0.075mm 1300 11345 96.76 3.24 3.31 <5
GRADATION FOR WMM(STABILIZED).
WEIGHT OF SAMPLE IS 11629 g
Sieve size Weight Cumulative Cumulative %of As per job Specified
[Link]. retaine weight retained weight weight formula grading
d retained % passes
1 53mm - - - 100 100.00 100
2 45mm - - - 100 100.00 95-100
3 22.40mm 2680 2680 23.05 76.95 68.3999 60-80
4 11.20mm 2451 5132 44.13 55.87 49.8705 40-60
5 4.75mm 2617 7748 66.63 33.37 28.9315 25-40
6 2.36mm 1262 9010 77.48 22.52 24.3875 15-30
7 600micron 762 9772 84.03 15.97 15.7780 8-22
8 75micron 1564 11336 97.48 2.52 2.9830 0-5
GRADATION FOR WMM (STABILIZED)
WEIGHT OF SAMPLE IS 14042 g
Sieve size Weight Cumulative Cumulative %of As per job Specified
[Link]. retaine weight retained weight weight formula grading
d retained % passes
1 53mm - - - 100 100.00 100
2 45mm - - - 100 100.00 95-100
3 22.40mm 3129 3129 22.28 77.92 68.3999 60-80
4 11.20mm 3621 6750 48.07 51.93 49.8705 40-60
5 4.75mm 2549 9299 66.22 33.78 28.9315 25-40
6 2.36mm 1281 10579 75.34 24.66 24.3875 15-30
7 600micron 910 11489 81.82 18.18 15.7780 8-22
8 75micron 2112 13601 96.86 3.14 2.9830 0-5
FIELD DENSITY TEST
FOR GSB &WMM
THEORY:
This test is done by sand replacement method and it is used to determine the density of construction
materials like Granular sub base (GSB) and Wet mixed macadam(WMM).
The basic purpose of field density test calculation is to know the density achieved at site with the help of
mechanical compaction equipment .
The sand replacement method is used to determine in situ dry density of gsb and wmm. The procedures
,materials, equipment, and specifications of this test is based on the Indian standards ( IS 2720 part 28).
This test is of significant importance and it has been widely used in various construction project sites.
The sand replacement test method is also used to determine the in-place density of compacted soil in order
to compare it with the designed compaction degree , hence it specifies how much the compaction of the soil
is close to the designated compaction degree.
APPARATUS:
1. Sand pouring apparatus
2. Calibration cylinder
3. Glass plate
4. Vernier calliper
5. Standard sand-graded between 300 microns and 600 microns
6. Soil tray with a central hole
7. Digging tools like chisels
8. Balance of 20 kg capacity
MATERIALS:
Clean, uniform sand passing 1mm IS sieve and retained on 600 micron IS sieve in sufficient quantity. It is
required to be free from organic substances. The sand should have been dried in an oven and kept in
suitable storage for a period of time to allow its water content to reach equilibrium with atmospheric
humidity.
PROCEDURE:
1. Expose an area of about 450 mm square on the surface of the gsb/wmm mass. Trim the surface down to
a level surface using a scrapper tool.
2. Place the metal tray on the levelled surface.
3. Excavate the material through the central hole of the tray, using a hole in the tray as a pattern. The depth
of the excavated hole should be about 150mm.
4, Collect all the excavated material in a metal container , and determine the mass of the soil (M).
5. Remove the metal tray from the excavated hole.
6. Fill the sand pouring cylinder within 10mm of its top. Determine its mass.
7. Place the cylinder directly over the excavated hole . Allow the mass of the cylinder .
8. Remove cylinder from the filled hole. Determine the mass of the cylinder
9. Take a representative sample of the excavated material.
10. Determine the dry density of soil .
RESULTS:
All results in tabular form are given below:-.
1 Weight of cylinder and innore sand 15140
2 Weight of mix in the hole 3844
3 Weight of cylinder and innore sand after pouring in the hole 11743
4 Weight of innore sand in the hole (1-3) 3397
5 Constant of cone 922
6 Net weight of innore sand in the hole(4-5) 2475
7 Density of innore sand 1.46
8 Volume of hole (6/7) 1695.21
9 Density of the mix(2/8) 2.268
10 Density of mix as per job mix formula 2.280
11 Variation %age density 99.47
1 Weight of cylinder and innore sand 15390
2 Weight of mix in the hole 3701
3 Weight of cylinder and innore sand after pouring in the hole 12048
4 Weight of innore sand in the hole (1-3) 3342
5 Constant of cone 922
6 Net weight of innore sand in the hole(4-5) 2420
7 Density of innore sand 1.46
8 Volume of hole (6/7) 1657.53
9 Density of the mix(2/8) 2.268
10 Density of mix as per job mix formula 2.280
11 Variation %age density 97.94
