optical isomerism
some important terms
I Plane polarised light
Light is an electromagnetic wave
A beam of light consists of two mutually perpendicular
oscillating fields i e oscillating electric field and
magnetic field
ordinary light has oscillations in all possibleplanes
When ordinary light is passed through a polarizer polarizer
interacts with electric field of the light that emerges
from the polarizer is oscillating only in one plane
such light is called plane polarised light
Sggtddfoor
Board
12 Polarimetry
It is an experiment in which optical rotation or specific
rotation of a compound is measured
l as
s
awesome
C conchofcompound in gme
observed optical rotation α C d
e pathlength in decimeter
α c l Biot's law
2
α specificoptical rotation
t
unit of α degcm g
optical rotation is related with twisting of light
Refraction is related with bending of light
α is angle between plane of PPL before and after interactingsample
Factors affecting
IAI wavelength of light source
Greater the value of X smaller will be value of
B Temperature
Greater the temperature more will be the value of
usually room temp conditions are taken
c Length of sample tube
with increase in length of sample tube increases
D Concentration of sample
on increasing the concentration of sample increases
E Nature of compound
Fl Nature of solvent
The solvent used must be optically and chemically inert
The optical rotation of an optically active compound is
20 The length of tube is 10 am and density of solution
is 0.4 g ml The specific rotation of compound is
a 50 lb 500 C 5 d 0.5
sod α 50
what will be the effect on observed rotation of an optically
active substance containing 0.5g me in 10 am tube if
its concentration and length of the tube is doubled
9 will remain same lb will be doubled
e Will be halved d will be quadrupled
501 α
0 5 1 α 2 0.5 2
α 02
0.52 02 2 α
When 20 g of an optically active compound is placed in a
10 dm tube in a 200 ML solution plane polarised light is
rotated by 30 a what is angle of rotation if the solution
is diluted to IL Ib what is specific angle of rotation if
the solution is diluted to IL
501 K 30
10
12 1
a a 30
0
d 10
4 1
6
b α 30
3 chiral carbon
109 Chiat
A carbon atom which is connected with four different
atoms or groups or having four different valencies is
called chiral or asymmetric carbon
chiral carbon is always sp hybridised
chiral carbons havecapability to rotate PPL
In a molecule chiral carbons are representedby Asterisk
Examples
b c
D FICA µ
b
d 18
0H h i
19
4 D
a Br d
j 1k
By a
a
IMI Hze In 10
the
4 Symmetry elements
Plante
of centre of Proper axis of Improperdxis of
symmetry symmetry symmetry or symmetry or
r Ci or i axis of symmetry alternating axis
Cn ofsymmetry
Sn
1A Plane of symmetry
An imaginary plane which bisects a molecule in such a
manner that one half the molecule becomes mirror image
of another half
Types T th d
vertical horizontal diagonal
Slice
Ex
H2O BFz
C2H6
Benzene Benzene
No of Pos in molecules
A
a Ibl
4 POS
2 POS
F
Q
IC d
Br F F
I POS 4 POS
d
e f
A 3 POS 7 POS
F
19 F 1h
F
2 POS F 2 POS
it F 18 F Q
F
B
F 4 POS Br I POS
U
so
k 11
1 POS
46 2 POS Ce
Ans I 1 121 0 131 5 14 3
15 I 461 2 7 2 8 3
19 2 1101 2
B Centre of symmetry
An imaginary point within the molecule such that if a
straight line is drawn from any atom or group of the
molecules through this point and is extended to an equal
distance by a straight line on the other side a like
atom or group is encountered
This operation must work for all the atoms or group of
atoms of the molecule
Ex
2 3
3 02
cos is possible in even membered rings not in oddmemberedrings
A molecule can have only one cos
14 Rotational axis of symmetry or proper axis of symmetry
An imaginary axe'spassing through the molecule such that
if molecule is rotated about this axis through an angle
results in identical or indistinguishable structure that
is superimposable or original one
n 360 n represents
fold or order
like C2 twofold simple axis of symmetry
or second order simple axis of symmetry
must be smallest angle through which molecule
is rotated
Ex
C2 in water in ammonia
an
Co in benzene
Higher order Cn is known as principal proper axis
If there are more than one higher order cn then Cn
passing through maximum atoms is selected principal
proper axis
D Alternating axis of symmetry or Improper axis of symmetry
OR Rotation reflection axis of symmetry
If rotation of the molecule at an angle about an axis
followed by a reflection through a plane perpendicular to
this axis produces an indistinguishable structure then
molecule is said to have alternating axis of symmetry Anos
n 360
Ex G
Fo
r 11 1 1 1111111111
mage
and
original
see
Ex
A 11 1 1 1111111 111
identical
