ELECTROMAGNETISM ns Studentw"earning The students vil: « Define and explain magnetic fields. ‘ state that a force might act on a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic fits. «© use the equation F = BIL sin 0 {with directions as interpreted by Flerning’s left-hand rule to solve problems). © Define magnetic flux density fas the force acting per unit current per unit length on a wire placed at right angles to the magnetic field) + use F = BQV sinO to solve problems. « describe the motion of a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of motion of the particle. « explain how electric and magnetic fields can be used in velocity selection. «sketch magnetic field patterns due to the currents in along straight wire, a flat circular coil and a long solenoid. state that the magnetic licld due to the current in a solenoid is increased by a ferrous core. . « explain the origin of the forces between airrent-cartying conductors and determine the «© ditection of the forces. ‘define magntic flux fas the product of the magnetic flux density and the cross- sectional area perpendicular to the difection of the magnetic flux density]. # use @ = BA to solve problems. + use the concept of magnetic flux linkage. « explain experiments that demonstrate Faraday's and Lenz's laws. (fa) that a changing magnetic flux ean induce an exmct in a ercuit, (b) that the induced e.m.f. is in such a direction as to oppose the change producing it (c) the factors affecting the magnitude of the induced e.mn.t. © Use Faraday's and Lenz's laws of electromagnetic induction to solve problems. « explain hove seismometers make use of electromagnetic induction to the earthquake detection {specifically in terms of: (i) any movement or vibration of the rock on which the scismometer rests (buried in a protective case) results in Telative motion between the magnet aud the coil (suspended by a spring from the frame.) (i) the emf induced in the coil directly proportional to the displacement associated),Nr ELECTROMAGNETISM 12.4) MAGNETIC FIELD: : Electromagnetism is the study of the magnetic effects of current. Magnetism is the study of how a magnetic field, generated by a moving charged particle, affects other charged particles or Permanent magnets. Magnetism is the attraction of magnetic ‘substances to other permanent magnets or charged particles. The magnetic field is the region or space surrounding a magnet in which a compass needle, a small magnet, another SF) \\ (( ferromagnetic material, and a moving 1 iii charged particle can experience the a Figure 12.1 magnetic force. A magnetic field is a PCM NIOEREND tegion where the magnet exerts a force " ‘The magnetic field was studied in 1269 by Petrus ‘on other magnets or magnetic materials, “Perearinis de Mieco John Mitchell claiming even if they are not in contact. A | magnetic poles repel each other in 1750. Charles- permanent bar magnet, a current- | Augustin de Coulomb confirmed Earth's magnetic field ir ‘ ic_| in 1785, and Simeon Denis Poisson presented the first carrying conductor, a fluctuating electric | In 178, af ne on eee field and a moving charge can all create a magnetic field. The magnetic force between magnets acts at a distance. It seems unreasonable how force propagates between magnets without anything between them. Michael Faraday came up with an alternative explanation. He imagined that each magnet sets up a magnetic field in space around it. When you place another magnet in that field, it just responds to the field at its own location. A field picture takes advantage of the lacal description of a force. As we have already discussed in earlier classes, gravitational fields exert the force of gravity on other masses. An electric field exists around charges, and other charges in this region will experience an electric force. Similarly, magnetic fields exert force on other magnets, like compass needles, magnetic materials, and moving electric charges. You can easily visualize the magnetic field of a magnet by sprinkling iron filings near the magnet, as shown in the figure 12.2. The iron particles get magnetized in a magnetic field and stick together along magnetic field lines, as you can see in the picture. One key distinction between magnetic field lines and electric field lines is that magnetic field lines form complete loops. Let us consider a bar magnet. Magnetic field ines come out of the north pole and = Figuret12.20 enter the south pole, as shown. But inside the magnet, the 220ELECTROMAGNETISM {i ) M tic field lines goes from the south pole t of magne " . Pole to the north pole. This is the reason ion 0f magnetic monopoles, which means that the North and South poles do not cxlst re al sell ‘ij vy ent) The magnetic field at the poles of the bar magnet is strongest. inde of Magnetic Field Lines = Hansichristianierstad|(1/7721851) siete field lines never cross each other. Nast ensity of the magnetic field lines indicates e rength of the magnetic field. Magnetic bah tines always have closed loops. - i fed field Lines always emerge or start at in Apt 1820, orsted ‘discovered that a + the north pote and enter at the south pole. -—_-magnetic needle aligns itself perpendicula ‘i ave" get felt has’ both magnitude and rt nd is a vector quantity, F ‘a current-carrying wire, definite 3% 3 . i to ike magnetic poles repel, and unlike poles imental evidence of | lati nena ee netism. attract each other. 4 Magnetic Field Due to Current in a Long Straight Wire s Oersted first described the magnetic field due to current in a wire in 1820. {7 42.1. prof. Hat experiment: Take a piece of copper wire that passes vertically through a Tat tal piece of card board, a5 shown in figure 12.3 (a). Place ra magnetic compass needs on the card board along a circle smalthe centre at the wire. All the compass needles point in the wit on of north-south. When a heavy current passes through @ wire, the compass needles set themselves along the tangent to the vit, Reverse the direction of the current; the direction of the feeds is also reversed. When the current through the wire is stopped, all the needles again point in the north-south direction. A magnetic field is set up around a current-carrying Conductor, The lines of forces are circular, and their direction depends upon the direction of the current. The t magnetic field lasts only as long as the current is flowing through it Direction of Magnetic Field: The direction of the magnetic field can be determined by the right-hand rule | 221I vane! ell ceonpnedragt Consider a straight current carrying wire placed at right angle to the magnetic field as shown in fig 12.4. Let the current is flowing in to the paper. The two magnetic fields i.e. external magnetic field of bar magnet and magnetic field of current carrying conductor support each other on left side of the conductor and net magnetic field becomes stronger. The two magnetic fields, i.e., the external magnetic field of the bar magnet and the magnetic field of the current- carrying conductor, are in opposite directions on the right side of the conductor; hence, they oppose each other, and the net magnetic field becomes weaker. Therefore, magnetic force acts on current carrying conductor in magnetic field from stronger towards weaker magnetic field. So, the conductors tend to move towards the weaker part of the magnetic field. ‘The magnetic force on the conductor will be directed Hawa, iF fromsteengerfald 2 wanker fala Bs (weaker magnet te told Combined magratcheld (acteat outeome} eines A current-carrying wire in a magnetic field moves because a force acts on it. The magnetic field making the wire move is called a catapult field. The catapult field is due to the combined effect of the magnetic field of current-carrying wire and magnetic field of bar magnet. Figure 12.4 shows the separate fluxes, and how they combine to form a catapult field. (iene Birection . . efx ox * ° ° ele ox x Inside the plane of paper towards right in a direction at right angle to both the length of conductor and the magnetic field. FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN MAGNETIC FIELD A current-carrying conductor has its own magnetic field; when it is placed in an external magnetic field, as a result of the interaction between these two magnetic fields, a force may be experienced by the conductor as shown in fig 12.5. When a current-carrying wire of length Lis placed at a right angle to a uniform magnetic field B, the magnetic field of the wire and the external uniform magnetic field interact, resulting in a force F en the wire. 222F=BIL sind (1) © she magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the nis ian rying wire in field B at some angle, tn vector atte a FILBsing A Fld*B) ___@ _aicforce fs perpendicular to both the length ofthe | ctor and magnetic induction. The magnetic force F | coe on the current-carrying conductor reaches its a um value when the conductor is placed wend to the magnetic field. | mum Force: This force F is maximum when (@ = gp!) es the conductor is placed perpendicular to the rragnetic field. [AEA eE MEM ER ne ARC | Frac 1 LB sin90° Ciekelis tensile ‘hen imax’ Two ways to use the Right-hand Fax LB (1) =1LB Rule. Place the wire displacement in =ILB irrent direction and magnetic Fnax = one plane, and then, sweep | the magnetic force F acting on the current-carrying peepeits arcs mannetic ee) | ‘Mgyctor is minimum (zero) when the conductor is Wit ah hands magnetic force f placed parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field. lar to the plane inimum Force: This force is minimum when @ = 0° ‘uentand magnetic field. ie. rod is placed parallel to magnetic field. Frin = 1 LB sin0° | Fin 1LB (0) = 0 | For 6 = 180°, | Fin = 1 LB sin180° = 0 | Thus, it is concluded that a current-carrying conductor | willnot experience force in a magnetic field if the angle between B and Z is 0° and 180°. FLEMING'S LEFT-HAND RULE TO SOLVE PROBLEMS pete oT __ Fleming's Left-Hand Rule states that if we arrange our thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of the left-hand mutually Perpendicular, the forefinger points towards the direction of the magnetic field and the middle finger points towards the 223EER. evectromscnerism direction of the electric current, then the thumb points towards the direction of the magnetic force experienced by the conductor as shown in fig 12.6. Example 12.1: A wire having a mass per unit length of 0,400 g/cm carries a 5.0 A current horizontally to the south, What is (a) the direction of force and (b) the magnitude of the minimum magnetic field perpendicular to the length of the conductor needed to lift this wire vertically upward? : Given: "= 0.400 g fem = SS 80S = 0,40 kg/m 1=2.0A SOLUTION: According to given condition, the magnetic force must be upward to lift the wire, For current in the south direction, the magnetic field must be towards east to produce an upward magnetic force, as shown by the Fleming’s left-hand rule in the figure. Fg = ILBsin 8 with w=mg In order to lift the wire, the magnetic force must be equal to the weight of the wire. Fo=Fy ILBsin @ = mg on B= (PD aE 9.80 m/s? (South) B= (040 ke/m) (22) = 0.7847 (South) ASSIGNMENT 12.1: The figure below shows a light Aluminium rod resting suminum ro between the poles of a magnet. A current is passed through the rod from two brass strips connected toa power supply. (a) On the figure, draw the direction of the current when the switch is closed as shown in fig 12.7. (b) State which way the rod moves when the switch closed. Give a reason for your answer. (c) State the effect on the movement of the rod when (i) the current is increased, ‘ (i the current is reversed 12.3 DEFINE MAGNETI ) a ee A current-carrying conductor positioned at right angles to a magnetic field will experience a magnetic force that can be used to quantify magnetic flux density. F ; iL determines the flux density B for a uniform magnetic field. Where F is the force acting to a conductor carrying current, | is the magnitude of current, and L is the length of the conductor in the uniform magnetic field with magnetic flux density B. ‘switeh (open) The formula B = 224fe . ELECTROMAGNETISM pe stunit of magnetic flux density (or) magnetic induction is tesla (7). F saxe Beypand 1T= IAN (14) (im) sing0° at along conductor carrying a current of 1 A, placed perpendicular to a magnetic field, experiences force of 1 newton, then the magnetic induction is one tesla. another CGS unit used for B is gauss (G). The relation between testa and gauss is 1T = 10000 6 OR 1T=10'G oR Magnetic field is a vector quantity. {24 MAGNETIC FORCE ACTING ON MOVING CHARG UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD a js we have studied in previous classes, moving charges produce magnetic fields. When charged particles enter between the poles of a magnet, the magnetic field of the moving charge interacts with the magnetic field of the permanent bar magnet. Therefore, two magnetic fields support each other on one side of the charge, and the net | magnetic field becomes stronger. Two magnetic fields oppose each ather on the other side of the charge, and the net magnetic field becomes weaker. Magnetic force acts on the charged particle from a strong magnetic field towards a weaker magnetic field. The charged | patticle deflects from its path perpendicular to both magnetic fields because a net force is acting on it perpendicular to B and v. When a vetoctty of particte| charge is moving in a magnetic field, it experiences a force, provided fo magnetic Hale that the following conditions are fulfilled: The charge must be moving, because no magnetic force acts on a stationary charge. The velocity of the moving charge must have a component that is perpendicular to the direction x of the magnetic field. Consider a positive point charge “sq! moving with velocity ‘v’ at a point at angle “8” with the magnetic field ‘B’, as shown in the figure 12.8. The a) Magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the point charge is the product of the magnitude of the charged, the magnitude of the magnetic field ‘8’, and the Component of the velocity ‘v’ perpendicular to the field. You can explore that the force is proportional to the | Magnitude of the charge q by conducting experiments on particles with various charges. Similar to this, you Can investigate the relationship between the particle's Velocity, v, and the strength and direction of the | Magnetic field, B. According to this research, the 1G6=10°T bie 25a | magnetic force, or Fp exerted on positive charges ‘q’ is vector Product of velocity and magnetic field as shown in fig 12.9. ' the p= q(bxB) - (1) | Magnetic force Fy acting on negative charge is Fee ax) (2) The negative sign in equation (2) shows that the direction of magnetic force acting on n ati charge is opposite to that of positive charge. The magnitude of magnetic force acting im charge ‘q’ moving with velocity ‘v' in the magnetic field of magnetic induction ‘B’ js aiven > Fa=qvBsin8 = Where @ is angle between 9 and B, The force is maximum when the -particle moves perpendicular to B (@= 90°). Fy = qvBsin 90° Facmax) = WV B Fy is maximum and charged particle moves in circular path. Whén v and B are parallel. (i.e. @ = 0° ) Fx = qv B sino = qvB (0) =0 When v and B are anti-parallel (i.e. 6 = 180°) Fy= qv Bsini80° = q vB (0) =0 When the charged particle moves at an angle of 0° or180° to the magnetic field, then F =9 and the charged particle moves in a straight path. When # and Bare parallel or antiparallel, then no magnetic force acts on the charged particle. When the charged particle is at rest (i.e. v = 0) Fy = qv B sin = q (0) B sind = 0 Ifq=0, then Fy =(0)vBsin@=0 If angle between magnetic field B and velocity v of charged particle is other . 4S than 0°,90° and 180° then charged particle moves in helical path (spiral path) as shown in fig 12.10. { This particle’s motion has components | both parallel (ull) and perpendicular (v1). The direction of the force is Pat dumb gents — cxtesrd tram pale. perpendicular to the magnetic field B and to the velocity v of the particle. For a 226at al ight-Hand Rule Mand Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule fc ‘ ave cra ed to determine the direction of force, hie de diner oroneee oi veto ar celocity of the charged particle, irection of current 1s th : si 7 aoe ve if you shoot a posite Particle from the bottom, as shown in Figure 12.11, an ‘t is orce ts on the charged particle. The direction of magnetic force on negatively il in d. Figure 12.11. Mi i ‘ Ward icles will be inwar 12.11. Magnetic force on a moving charged partict Soe 0 ar erpenciclat to both velocity and magnetic field B, charges patie has cect ate ge an"electron is accelerated through 3600 V from rest and then enters’a gavle 2 magnetic field. What are (a) the maximum and (b) the minimum values of erm ae force this particle experiences? Bee fe maanen” gy = 3600 V 7 B=2.70T wen Foner =? min =? fo ‘i iytiont For Speed of electron Fv? =eAV OR freav putting values, we get: 3.556 X 107 m/s | Pagar = 008 = (1:60. 10-* C)(3.556 x 10” m/s)(2.70T) = 1.54 x 10-44 N ® Foug= evB sin0? = 0 OR* Fopiq= €vB sin180° = 0 ; Assignment-12.2 | ye that magnetic force is not responsible to do wark on a charged particle moving in Pipl path in magnetic field, uf ia cMabIeL 42.5 MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE MOVING IN A UNIFORM ETIC FIELD eS 2 7 oi Consider a charge q enters with velocity v perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B as show in figire 12.12, The magnetic field of charged particle interacts with magnetic field of Permanent bar magnet. Magnetic force acts on charged particle and it begins to move incircular Path of radius ‘r’, Magnitude of maximum magnetic force is For _ Fotmax) = VB (1) f rere of mass m moving with velocity ‘V’ in a circle of radius ‘r’ the centripetal force Re. .WQ) 227[ee ELECTROMAGNETISM | path in magnetic etd then magnetle force provi, When charged particle moves in circular the centripetal force to charged particle. Fo = Fremayy +» (3) Putting values from equations (1) and (2) in (3): mv? “a8 rag B Radius of circular path is Putting v = rao in equation (4): eg B OR ma=qB This is the angular frequency of a charge particle moving in a circle in a magnetic field. The time period T of the charged particle is 122 © -(7) : en Putting value of « from equation (6) in (7), we get: T= <-> | is is often called the cyclotron frequency of a particle in a magnetic ‘use it revolves | with this frequency in a cyclotron. Example 12.3: A proton is moving in’a circular ‘orbit of radius/12°cm ina Uiniforr 0740-7, magnetic field perpendicular to the velocity of the proton, Find t ie speed of the prot : ‘Given: radius = r = 12 cm =0.12m uniform magnetic field= 40 T ? 60 x 10-19C Mass of proton = my = 1.67 x 10-77 kg ia; velocity of proton = v=? yale mp 5 5 7 __ (2.60 x 10749C(0.4079(0.12 m) ‘itute numerical values: Berio eg i v=459x 10° m/s ™ Assignment 12.3; In a uniform magnetic field with a strength of 1.2 of circular pi lectron moving eed An electric field is directed perpendicular to a magnetic field, producing an electric force and a magnetic force on the charged particle that can be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and hence cancel. Show that particles with a speed of v = E/B will pass through the velocity selector undeflected. 228P ELECTROMAGNETISM (ey oy and magnetic fields are applied perpendicular c . ‘4 to each othi et ri wrthe electric force ise ich other and adjusted such tne pggnitude qual but the direction i it i ie i vig 12.13, then Ty fy tion is opposite to the magnetic a we geaeand fe = NE ui 4 ‘ | x XM MK HK HK OX yoke | x XXX x x x K | ped Gn | x x | | el Ele | | ' 2 4 taste | te He “Hinto the page Figure 12.13 | ged particles moving at different velocities passes through the velocity ifthe beam of chal \ selector, only those particles will pass straight through the device, which have velocities equal f the electric field to the magnetic field. Particles moving slower than this speed tothe ratio of ed in the direction of electric force, and those having greater speeds will be will be deflect deflected in the direction of magnetic force. + sum of electric and magnetic force acting on a charged particle in electric and The vector ragnetic fields applied in same region is called Lorentz force. FoFe+Fo FeqB+q(exB) GNETIC FIELD PATTERNS 12.7.1 Magnetic field due to current carrying straight conductor ‘a magnetic field around it in the form of pon the magnitude of the current and the The electric current flowing through a wire produces Pinal The strength of the magnetic field depends u stance of the point from the current-carrying conductor. The strength of the magnetic field created by current in a long straight wire is given By Jt p-fe 2nr 229MMMENIEEK ctectromacnerisa Where ‘I’ is the current and ‘r” shortest distance to the wire, and the constant jig=4mx1077 Wb A~!m7}. The magnetic field around a current-carrying wire is shown in fig 12.14 as concentric circles, indicating the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field pattern. Moving away from the wire, magnetic lines of force are further apart because the field gets weaker. | Figure 12.14 | 12.7.2 Magnetic field due to-current carrying flat circular coil Circular current The combination of magnetic field lines for a| feet, Current carrying loop of wire is shown in figure | °* "current 12.15. Consider a circular current carrying coil having radius r and centre 0. When the current is passing through the circular coil, magnetic field is produced. Magnetic field of single circular loop at the center of the current carrying loop is given by B= ee Figure 12.15 12.7.3 Magnetic field due to current carrying Solenoid A solenoid is a current-carrying coil that produces magnetic - ~ : field (Figure 12.16). This is also described as an | BO electromagnet formed from a coil of wire. The magnetic BA field of a solenoid is similar to the magnetic field for a bar = ‘magnet, with the north pole at one end of the coil and the south pole at the other end, depending on the current, direction. The field inside the solenoid is strong and — uniform as compare to outside. The Magnetic field of — solenoid is given by: Beyonl . Figure 12.16 Where n number of turns per unit ten: length of solenoid. ith (n= N/L), Nis total number of turns and L is the total 230P P ELECTROMAGNETISM gute Ml FOR A SOLENOID: yan Orr ight hand inthe direction M=BAOaHNyte 96 eis und the coll oF solenoid and S cl ent ATOM umb will point in the mr nended ; F a a forth pole of 2 magnet, This OR Vey / jo fF conventional current LED ) 0! rection 0! His" sitive charges. For electronic | | «fot fl ow the same rule is applied but Singersinticste ewes Sirectis { t end. a +e Ht} vane 4eN horizontal power line - . z 7 a ie s . pane current of 100 Ain an east to west direction. What is the magnitude and direction (ae tc field due to the cur rent 2.0 m below the line? ote 100 , R=2.0m, ' | 2 4nx 1077 Wo/Am J: Magnetic field (B) =? Magnetic field produced by long solenotd is si one “tothe magnetic fi al vol ction: By using FOTMUIA B = a ee nae poe aan 200 = 1.0 x 10ST pyusing the right-hand thumb rule, we can infer that B acts in south direction. an Assignment 12.4 )x15.0.cm long sotenoid has 300 turns of wire and 5.0 A current flow through it, How strong netic field is there inside the solenoid? ‘amagneti 2 NETIC FIELD DUE Connon ferrous materials used in cores include iron (Fe), silicon steel, and various iron alloys. Each of these materials has its own characteristic relative permeability. The intensity of the magnetic field rises when a ferrous rod, also Inown as the core, is introduced inside a solenoid because the core becomes magnetized owing to magnetic induction. This combination of the solenoid and the ferrous core is known as an lectromagnet. @ ferrous core aids in concentrating all magnetic lines of force * fed the solenoid, resulting in a homogeneous magnetic field bi, ce section of the core. The magnetic lines of forces oe ee by curving sharply outside the coils if the ferrous. ; ; Seni femaved from inside. It is common knowledge that, in comparison to an air core , the magnetic field inside ferrous core solenoid will be substantially stronger. 231 ..= SOUTER etectromacnerism > Temporarily magnetized, the ferromagnetic core strengthens the magnetic field as shown jn fig 12.18. The relative permeability (j,-) of a ferrous core, is much greater therefore when fer. y¢ Core is inserted in solenoid it increases the strength of magnetic field many times. D.< MGENATIC FORCES BETWEEN CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS . The attractive force between the two parallel wires carrying current in the same direction j, Magnetic force by nature. When two parallel currents carrying conductor are close to each other, each conductor produces its own magnetic field. Each of the wires is in the magnetic field of the other, and so they experience a force that is at the right angle to both the current and the magnetic field. In between two parallel wires carrying current in the same direction, the magnetic fields of the two wires are in opposite directions, therefore the net magnetic fielg is weak. The magnetic field on the outer sides of wires is stronger than in between the wires. Therefore, magnetic force acts on the current-carrying _ conductor in a magnetic field from a stronger to a weaker magnetic field, and two wires attract each other as shown in fig 12.19 (a). Note that in the case of the attractive force (currents in the same direction), there is a neutral point between the wires where the magnetic fields are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. If the two currents are equal in magnitude, the neutral point would be midway between the wires (assuming the medium has uniform permeability). Otherwise, the neutral point would be closer to the wire | with the smaller current. The magnitude of * magnetic force acting per unit length on each current-carrying wire is given by the repulsive force between two parallel wires carrying | current in the opposite direction is a magnetic force by nature. Each current-carrying conductor produces its | own magnetic field. In between two parallel wires carrying current in opposite directions as | shown in fig 12.19 (b), the magnetic fields of the | Figure 12.19 two wires are in the same direction and support each other; therefore, the net magnetic field is stronger. The magnetic field on the outer sides of the wire nan, hi field in between the wires. Therefo $e force ere Weaker as compared to OY iE re, magnetic force acts on the current-carrying conductor 232ELECTROMAGNETISM Ly agnetic field from a stronger to a weaker magnetic field, and two wires repel each other. ms si ef two wires of length L, carrying currents /,and I, placed at distance r from each other. ach wire is in the magnetic field of the other as shown in figure 12.19 (c). pagnetic field of 1st wire is given by: Bye BA snsnnomee(1) pagnetic field of 2nd wire is given by: (2) force exerted by first wire on the second wire, Fy? BybL sn(3) putting value from equation (1) in (3), we get: | Fra St lal This is the expression for magnetic force acting per unit length of a current carrying conductor. Similarly, force exerted by 2% wire on the first wire is given by Fay= Bal, (5) Putting value from equation (2) in (6), we get: Faxx(MB) RL OR Senki So these forces make the action and reaction pair. Qe waceene UK —_ fora . The number of magnetic lines of force | passing through certain element of area is called magnetic flux. Magnetic flux , is the scalar product of uniform magnetic field B and vector area A. | | Mathematically, ®y= B.A If @ is angle between magnetic field B and vector area A then magnitude of magnetic flux is, p= BAcosd 233err ELECTROMAGNETISM Unit: The unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb). One weber is given by 1 Wb=1Nma-t, Special Cases . (i) Maximum flux: If the surface (plane) is held perpendicular to magnetic field lines then g and A vectors are parallel to each other i.e., 8 = 0° (Fig 12.20) Then @_=BAcos0® = BA(1) =BA (ii) Minimum flux: If the surface area is held parallel to the magnetic field lines, then B ang 4 vectors are perpendicular to each other i.e., 8 = 90°. Then by = B Acos90° = BA (0) =0 Magnetic Flux Through Curved Surface or Non-Uniform Magnetic Field When a curved surface is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field (figure 12.21), then, we divide the curved surface into a number of small elements. The { net magnetic flux can be found by adding the value of | magnetic flux through each element. Thus 0,2 BAA ‘Magnetic Flux Density: Magnetic induction B is also called mag Unit of magnetic flux density Wb/m?. Magnetic induction Bis also a vector quantity. Example:12.5; In a certain region the magnetic field is given by B = (4 i+ 6 k) Wb /m®. How much magnetic flux passes through a 2.0 m? area loop in this region if the loop lies flat in the x y-plane? Given: Magnetic induction = B = (41+ 6k) Wo/m? Area of the loop = AA = (2.0) m? To Find: Magnetic flux = @, =? Solution: As we know that ®, =B8.AA Putting the values, we get: ®, = (4¢+6Kk). (2k) =12Wd Assignment: 12.5 A magnetic field of 0.8 T passes perpendicular to a disc with a radius of 2 cm. Find the magnetic flux of the disc. : 12.11 MAGNETIC FLUX LINKAGE Magnetic flux linkage is defined as: of t of t i ly used for solenoids and coils which are made flux linkage is a quantity common of N turns of wire. 234: ELECTROMAGNETISM (@ e magnetic flux density by a single wire is usually very low. Magnetic flux of single turn can increased by increasing magnetic flux density and by increasing area of loop. e magnetic flux linkage refers to the number of turns (N) on a coil and muttiplying this by magnetic flux (©) of one turn, is gives the equation: N® = NBA ipthe cross-sectional area (A) of loop and magnetic flux density (B) are not perpendicular, the equation can be used: Magnetic flux linkage = BAN cos @ where, 6 is the angle between the vector area (A) and the magnetic flux density (B). Units: The flux linkage ON has the units of Weber turns (Wb turns). ; xample 12.6: 4 A solenoid of circular cross-sectional radius of 0.80 m? and 300 turns is acing perpendicular to a magnetic field with magnetic flux density of 4 mT, Determine the jnagnetic flux linkage for this solenoid. Cross-sectional area, A=0.80m? — Magnetic flux density, B= 4 mT= 4x 10-9 T per of turns of the coil, N = 300 turns ind: ON =? ion: Using the formula AN ibstitute in values: (4.x 1073 T) x 0.80 m? x 300 = 0.96 Wb turns Ee: Assignment 12.6 - ‘Asolenoid contains 200 turns of wire. Each piece of wire has a cross sectional area ‘of 0,004 m? If the magnetic flux density is 12.0 mT. calculate the magnetic flux linkage. _ of | 12.12 FARADAY'S LAW 3. 225 ail i The basic requirement for electromagnetic induction is the change in magnetic flux linking the conductor (or coil). FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION It states that ‘the magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the rate of.change of magnetic flux linking the coil and the number of turns of the coil N. IFN is the number of turns of the coil and ¢ is the induced e.m.f. then Induced e.m. f « rate of change of magnetic flux linkages ‘Total change in magnetic fux Induced e.m.f x Total time For N turns of coil Induced e.m.f « NSE =kn 4¢ e=KN ie Where k is constant and its value is ‘1’ in SI units. So 235 bh~~ ELECTROMAGNETISM raday law of electromagnetic induction, and i ‘J emf, The induced emf always opposes the fu : Bey given by Lenz’s law. The above equation is called the Fi determine the magnitude of induced Cm magnetic flux, The direction of induced emt 1S at At ce: The negative sign shows that the direction of the induced current is such that i opposes change in flux, The fundamental taw that describes how magnetic fields function in ya the electrical circuits is Faraday’s law. AC devices like induction motors, synchronous mot or de devices like de motors, de generates” x induction generators, or transformers, i de_ motor transformers, also adhere to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. The properties magnets are used to produce electricity. Experiment 1: In this experiment, we use a bar magnet and a coil connected to a sensitive galvanometer, as shown in the figure 12 .22. Case I: When there is no relative motion between the magnet and coil, the galvanometer shows no current. Case Il: When the bar magnet is moved towards the coil, the magnetic flux changes and induces emf and induced current flows in the coil. Case- Ill: When the bar magnet is moved away from the coil, again magnetic flux changes, emf induces and induced current flows in the coil but in opposite direction. Experiment 2: Induced emf is generated by relative movement (the generator effect). .In this experiment the coil is rotated in magnetic field. As the change in magnetic flux is given by ©=AB(Acos4) During the rotation of the coil, the angle @ between the magnetic field and the vector area A of the coil changes. Therefore, the magnetic flux of the coil changes, induces emf in the coil, induced current flows through the circuit, and the galvanometer shows deflection. This is the basic principle of an electric generator. (Fig 12.23) Experiment 3: Induced emf is generated by changing a magnetic field (the transformer effect). In this experiment, two coils are placed closed to each other. 236y ELECTROMAGNETISM 4 il P is connected in series with a battery through a switch and rheostat, while imal coil $ is connected only with galvanometer. If the switch of coil P is closed, a te eco current 5 induced in the coil S, which suddenly returns to zero.. When the switch or a current is produced in the coil $ in opposite direction. When we open or close 6 one then there will be a change of current, which causes to changing magnetic field of res 5 e magnetic flux of coil $ changes. The changing magnetic flux produces the induced ni é ont as shown in fig 12.24. it rent in the primary coil is varied with the help of a rheostat, then the magnetic field if mer and the magnetic flux of coil $ ents _ a changing magnetic flux produces tn d neh uo |; 1 ‘The induced e.m.f. and i ap af i u v4 remain in the coil as long as the magnetic flux seas trough it changes. This isthe basic principle ofthe |Rheogtate working of a ransfOrme’ ore.m.f., t induced ‘The electromotive force, t : when the magnetic flux linking with a coil (0) Primary Coll _ ‘secondary C i <7 hog Changes (the magnetic flux either increases or Tie 12 a : i s aoe decreases). Constant magnetic flux cannot p change in magnetic flux. ‘The magnitude of emf depends Induced em is independent of the resistance and resistivity of the rate of change of the magnetic flux of the conductor. Induced current (I=) depends upon the resistance and resistivity of the circuit. ‘s When the magnetic flux of the conductor changes, induced emf always produces, but induced current only flows when the circuit is closed. Factors Affecting The Magnitude Of The Induced emf: The induced emf is affected by the following factors: The induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the number of turns in a coil, The speed of the relative motion of the conductor and the magnetic field: As the speed of the relative motion of the magnet increases, the magnitude of the induced emf increases. roduce emf in a conductor. The cause of induced emf is a on the rate of change of magnetic flux. the circuit and depends on «The induced e.m.f. depends on the speed of the movement of the conductor through the magnetic field. ‘The induced e.m.f. depends‘on the length of the conductor inside the magnetic field. ‘The induced e.m.f. depends on the rate of change of magnetic flux through the conductor. “The induced e.m.f. can be increased by increasing the strength of external magnetic field. The induced e.m.f. can be increased by increasing the area of coil. , In 1834 Russian Physicist Heinrich Lenz found it it that the polarity of induced emf alwe an induced current that opposes the change which induces the emf, ayia 237ELECTROMAGNETISM ie induced currents always s cu We can apply Lenz’s law directly to closed loops becays .d emf, However, if the loop is not closed, we stra tion of the induced current, we can find th imag suclyasitoropp Condition for its Application: to induced currents and not induce being closed, and then, from the direc! the induced emf. paca, Explanation: When a bar magnet is pushed towards a coil connected with galvanometer then emf is induced due to change in its magnetic flux and induced current flows through it, 2S fers ing © Polarity i shown in fig 12.25 (a). | aa current-carrying coil behaves asa bar As i magnet due to the magnetic effect of | re = the current. One face of the coil acts Figure 12.25 (a) as the north pole, while the other one acts as the south pole. Then, by Lenz’s Law, if the coil is to oppose the mation of the bar magnet, then the face of the coil towards the magnet must become anorth pole. The two north poles repel each other. By right hand rule, the induced current must be in anti-clock wise direction from the side of bar magnet. According to Lenz's law the ‘push’ of magnet is the ‘change’ which produces the induced current which =_— tends to oppose the ‘push’. Simitarly, if we ‘pull’ the magnet away from the coil, the induced current opposes the ‘pul! by creating the south pole towards the bar magnet, as shown in fig 12.25 (b). Figure 12.25 (b) When a ‘magnet is moved away from the coil, suddenly the direction of induced current inthe coil reverses, ie, current flows clockwise, Now the left side of the magnetic field acts 25 S pole and the right-side N pole. The S-pole of the electromagnet attracts the N-pole of the! bar magnet and opposes its motion. Lenz’s Law and Law of Conservation of Energy The law of conservation of energy states that en it ab - r destroyed, can be changed from one form to another. ray can einer be created ne magrele Lenz's law states that irectic is i nat the direction of current is such that it opposes the change in the ges! flux. So, an effort is required to do work against opposing forces. This work leads to cha 238 aolectric current is induced. Thus, mechanical [so otic fl x; hence, | c ; mons converted into equivalent amount of olectrical energy, | own ig in accordance wilh the law of.conservation of energy: | & " exaplain further with the help of an example; Let N-pole of a | | 12 Oe approaching the coll as shown in figure 12.26, the repulsive force acts on the bar magnet due to the current induced in | St coll J, The result is that the motion of the magnet is opposed. The | 58 mechanical energ| o Nw yy spent in overcoming this opposition is converted /j coil. We have to spend 7 = Lenz's lawis in | rrdlectical energy, which appears in the energy to induce electrical energy. Thus, with the law of conservation of energy. .d Rule: To find the direction of the induced | ht-hand rule may be used. It is stated s = <2nSeo oe into elect mechanical accordance Fleming's Right Hans current, Fleming's rig! = 7 Figure 12.26 Direction ‘ot Field ” ae . |