→Use the objective case when…

The pronoun is the object of a verb.

The pronoun “receives” the action.
The search team found me, him, her, it, us, you, them.
Semester IV – English lessons
→The pronoun is the indirect object of a verb.
I- Pronouns
The pronoun is the person or thing for whom (or for which) something is being done:
Bob gave me, him, her, us, you, them all the flowers in his garden.
We use a pronoun in place of a noun:

The company is based in Bolton. It employs 200 people. →The pronoun is the subject of an infinitive.
(= the company) This is different from being the subject of the whole sentence, in which you’d use the

This is the Marketing Director. She joined the organisation three years ago. subjective case. In the following sentence, “the boss” is the subject of the main verb,
“told,” but “me” (or one of the other pronoun choices) is the subject of the verb “to
(= the female Marketing Director)
do,” which is being used in this sentence in its infinitive form, with the “to” in front:
The boss told me, him, her, us, you, them to do it.

→The pronoun is the object of an infinitive.

This means the pronoun is identifying someone on the receiving
end of the action expressed by the infinitive.
The judge wanted to believe me, him, her, it, us, you, them.

→ The pronoun is the object of a preposition.

Put the blanket over me, you, him, her, it, us, them.

→Possessive adjectives
• Each pronoun has a possessive adjective:
I —> my we —> our you —> your you —>your

he —> his they --> their she —• her it —> its

The basic guidelines are:
→Use the subjective case when… • The possessive adjective is always followed by its noun:

The pronoun is the subject of the verb. It's my car. That's his mother. This is our house.

In other words, when the pronoun is the person or thing that commits the action.
I, we, you, he, she, it, they ran away.

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→ Possessive pronouns (Remember, you need the subjective case whenever the personal pronoun follows a
I------------Mine You---------yours He----------his She---------hers form of the verb “to be” without the “to” in front, whenever it’s the complement of a
We--------- ours You----------- yours Tyey--------------theirs linking verb. That’s what we’ve got going on here. The verb “was” in this sentence is
• The possessive pronoun is never followed by its noun: of course a form of the verb “to be.” So we need the subjective pronoun, “I,” instead
This is mine. Give it to Peter: it's his. The money is ours. of the objective form, “me.”)

→Reflexive pronouns →She vs. Her

Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Don’t Say: Yes, this is her; who’s calling?
• The object is the same person or thing as the subject:
Say Instead: Yes, this is she; who’s calling?
I cut myself when I was cooking. The kettle will switch itself off automatically.
Here’s Why: In this sentence, the pronoun follows a finite form of the verb “to be,”
namely “is.” That means the subjective case, “she,” is required.
→The possessive with ‘s
• To indicate possession for people or animals:
→Who vs. Whom
a) in the singular, add 's: Anne's bike James's friend. The dog's food
Don’t Say: Who is the present for?
b) for plurals ending in s, just add ':
Say Instead: Whom is the present for?
The boys' mother My parents' house. The ladies' hats
Think about what role the pronoun is playing here. The subject of this sentence is
c) for other plurals, add 's:
“the present.” The pronoun is an object, the object of the preposition “for,” to be
The children's friends. The women's cars
exact. So it should be in the objective case, and that’s “whom.”
Note: It's = It is. The possessive of it is its:
It's cold today. Give the dog its food.
→Whoever vs. Whomever
Don’t Say: Give the tickets to whomever can use them.
→I vs. Me
Say Instead: Give the tickets to whoever can use them.
Don’t Say: This is a problem for Ellen and I to solve.
You may have been tempted to say “whomever” here, because it may seem to be the
Say Instead: This is a problem for Ellen and me to solve.
object of “to.” But actually the object of “to” is the whole final clause “whoever can
Here’s Why: Let’s apply the rule that pronoun cases are supposed to agree with their
use them.” Within that clause, the pronoun is the subject of the verb “can,” so the
roles in the sentence. In this sentence, the subject is the word “this.” “Ellen,” and “I”
subjective case is required, and that’s “whoever.”
are subjects too, but they’re subjects of the infinitive “to solve,” so “I,” the subjective
case, is incorrect here.
Instead of Me and Jerry are leaving, say Jerry and I are leaving.
(Here, the personal pronoun is intended to be the subject of the verb “are,” so you
need the subjective case form, “I.” Double-check by using the tip: Would you say,
“Me are leaving?” No, you’d say, “I am leaving,” so “I” iscorrect.)
Instead of saying It was me, say It was I.

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Practice III- Write the correct possessive adjective or pronoun for these sentences.

I- Write the correct reflexive pronouns for these sentences. 1 Whose camera is this? Is it ...........? (you)
1. I like to wake ......... up in the morning with a cup of coffee. 2 Excuse me, those are ,.......... seats, (we)
3 Is it..... suitcase or.......... ? (you/he)
2. Thanks for a great party - we really enjoyed . ............. .
4 Has the dog had.......... food? (it)
3. I hate watching........... on video. 5 They're not.......... keys - they're............ (I/she)
4. I'm sorry, Tony, but I haven't got enough money to pay for you. Can you pay for....? 6 I don't think its............ room: I think it's.............. (you/they)
7 The police asked me for .............address. (I)
5. After his accident, Philip drove........... to the hospital.
8 Have you got .........pen, or would you like to borrow........ ? (you/I)
6. We don't need a babysitter - the children can look after............ 9 .........garden is bigger than.......... (they/we)
7. Now, children, remember to give...... enough time to answer all the exam questions. 10 I think this is ...........book. Oh no, it's............. (I/you)
8. 'Should I apply for the job?' she asked..............
IV- Rewrite these sentences, putting the apostrophe (') where necessary. If two
9. We're planning to buy........... a new television.
answers are possible, write the more likely one.
10. He hurt............ when he was playing football.

1. We talked to the boys parents for some time.

2 We can borrow my fathers car.
II. Choose the correct answers. 3 Have you met Susans friend?
Little White Lies 4 About sixty people use the teachers room.
5 Someone had taken Barbaras purse.
6 Something was hurting the animals foot.
It/There is difficult to admit itself/it, but most of our/us tell lies now and again. 7 I'm going to write to the childrens parents.
There is the social lie, (How nice to see you/yourself, ...oh and me/I love that new 8 Jane works in my mothers office.
hairstyle of yours/your, ...) the white lie (Sorry I/my can't come to you/your 9 The dog doesn't like its food.
10 Mary and Pat stayed at their friends house.
dinner party because myself/I am having guests themselves/myself...) and the lie 11 Are you going to the secretaries meeting?
that makes life easier (I/me have no idea how that report got on mine/my desk, 12 I put the money in the waiters hand.
sir). 13 lans suit was very expensive.
Most forms of lying are innocent and involve a harmless desire to make us/our lives
V- Circle the correct choice.
easier. But it/its depends on how much we/us lie. Some people spend them/their
whole life deceiving others.
1. It was (I, me) who ate the entire bag of potato chips while you were out.
Margaret, for example, is a compulsive liar. It/She has always enjoyed gossiping with
2. Aunt Dorothy left her collection of wrestling memorabilia to David and (I, me).
her/hers friends about other people. She/Herself starts out with something which 3. Between you and (I, me), Angela’s grammar leaves a great deal to be desired.
is true and comes out with a totally different story, using that great imagination of 4. Allan was having lunch with Anne and (I, me) when he heard the news.
5. Warren and (I, me) haven’t spoken since our argument 10years ago.
herself/hers. Margaret's need for attention drives her/she to lying.
6. They gave Adam and (I, me) heavy-duty umbrellas when we moved to Seattle.
But let's not kid ourselves/us. Lying is a really bad habit. Yourselves /You all 7. He isn’t picky; he’s dating not only Jill, but also Frederika, Caroline, and (I, me).
know the story of the little boy who cried "Wolf!" too many times and then found 8. The agency prizes Carol, (who, whom) can type at least 60words per minute.
him/himself being ignored when the wolf itself/it came. 9. These are the people among (who, whom) you will be living next semester.
10. I asked her (who, whom) she meant to marry after she dumped Alfred.
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 II- Articles Practice

→There are three forms of the article: I- Read the dialogue about a problem in a chemical plant. Put in articles where necessary.
1. a(n) - the indefinite article: Can I make a phone call?
Arne: We’ve got……. important safety problem on …… production line in ….. West
2. the - the definite article: The phone is on the left. Building. …………machine is not working properly.
Steve: Have you taken any action?
3. Ø - the zero article: There are phones in all offices. Arne: Yes, one of…….. engineers has switched it off. ………valve is losing …….. oil.
Steve: What did ………….. maintenance say?
→The indefinite article a(n)
Arne: ………… technician said he thinks ………. valve needs to be replaced.
• a (or an) is used with countable nouns to indicate one.
Steve: So, are we losing ………. production?
Can I have a cup of tea? I've got a daughter and two sons.
Arne: Yes. As …………. result, ……….. production is down by 15%.
• a is not used before a plural noun (NOT I've got a sons).
• a is not used before uncountable nouns (NOT I want a petrol, please).
II- Write a, the, or no article Ø to complete these sentences.
• to give an example.
A thermometer is used for measuring temperature.
1 She's ........ journalist.
• to describe one of a class of things or people.
2 ........ moon moves slowly round ….... earth.
Paula is an Italian. She's a teacher. It's a racing bike.
3 ..........sun is shining.
• for rates and speeds etc.
4 I'd like.......... cup of coffee, please.
Some people can cycle at 60 km an hour.
5 Have you got........... double room?
Phil earns €500 a month.
6 He gave me a lighter and some cigarettes but ......... lighter didn't work.
7 There was..... doctor and........... nurse in the room. ............nurse was sleeping.
→ The definite article the
8 She took....... sandwich and....... piece of cake, but didn't eat........ cake.
• the is used:
9 Yes, I work at this school. I'm............. teacher.
a) when a word is used a second time;
He gave me a knife and a spoon. The spoon was dirty.
III- Write a, an, the, or no article Ø to complete these sentences.
I bought a pen and some paper, but I left the pen in the shop.
b) when only one object exists:
1. Kate has been talking to ______ customer who has just come into ______ shop.
the earth, the sun, the River Thames
2. John uses ______ Internet a lot.
c) it is clear what the speaker means:
3. She went to __ zoo, but she didn't see ___ monkeys there. She hates __ monkeys.
The PC on the desk is new. (There is only one PC on the desk.)
4. You won't like that restaurant. ______ food isn't very good there.
You'll find your new PC on the desk. (There is only one desk.)
5. People don't write ______ letters nowadays. They write ______ emails. But I
d) we talk about institutions:
haven't written ...... email for ages.
The Minister of Education made a speech at the University of Ontario.
6. In England you must go to ...... school until you're 16.
Did you see it on the TV?
7. Well Mary, here's .... first question and it's .... easy one.
e) when a noun is made definite by details following it.
8. Jerry works in .... office in .... centre of .... London.
That man outside was the man that the police were looking for.
9. He lives in ... apartment in ... middle of ... Bronx.
10. Statistics say that .... women live longer than ... men.
→. Ø- the zero article
We use the zero article with:
a. uncountable nouns: Hardware and software are getting cheaper.
b. plural countable nouns, when we are speaking generally:
Computers are very useful machines.
c. proper names and places: Mr Brown arrived at Charles de Gaulle airport at 9.30.

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 III- Demonstratives Practice

I- Put in this, that, these or those.

→ The words this, that, these, and those can also be used as determiners instead of
pronouns. Determiners modify nouns just like adjectives do, so demonstrative
1. Get me……… keys from the table.
determiners are also called demonstrative adjectives.
2. Did you hear something? What was ……… noise?
3. Who are …… people over there?
→ Demonstrative determiners are also divided by near and far. When they modify a
4. Do it …….way, not like that.
noun, they can show that it’s something close to the speaker, or they can indicate
5. Why am I still working at………company?
more distance.
6. Who said ……..?
7. Why did she marry…….. idiot?
I don’t like this restaurant next to us. Let’s eat at that café across the street.
8. Everyone follow me. Come…….way, please.
9. …….. grapes are really sweet!
In the examples, this modifies restaurant to show it’s closer to the speaker, while that
10. Come and look at ………. picture.
modifies café to show it’s farther away.
11. ………. is my friend Paula.
12. Ouch! ………… shoes are hurting my feet.
→Like demonstrative pronouns, demonstrative determiners also use singular and
plural. Use the singular form when modifying singular nouns and the plural form II- Complete these sentences with: THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE.
when modifying plural nouns.

1. Look at … birds up there in the tree.

This tree is a thousand years old. These trees are a thousand years old. 2. Are … your books over there on the table?
→Antecedents of demonstrative pronouns 3. ... is my umbrella. My umbrella is right here.
When using demonstrative pronouns, it’s important to make it clear what the 4. Those apples are red, but … apples over here are green.
antecedent is. Otherwise, your listener or reader won’t know what you’re referring to 5. Did you and your family stay at……. Hotel in Paris.
when you say this, that, these, or those. When a pronoun represents an unknown 6. Please come here and look at……… picture.
word, we call that an ambiguous antecedent. 7. Who was……. man you talked to yesterday?
8. Can you see…… fishing boats on the lake?
We can either go bowling or see a movie. Let’s do that. 9. Hello, Dr. Smith. Could you please look at … cut on my finger?
In this example, it’s not clear what that refers to. It could refer to “go bowling” or to 10. Maybe we can ask … policeman for directions.
“see a movie.” This makes it an ambiguous antecedent. To fix it, you need to be 11. … was a difficult test we had last week.
clearer about what that means. 12. How many of … cookies would you like? Two? Okay, here you are.
13. ………. Movie we saw last night was really great!
14. ……… cake is delicious. When I finish it, could I please have another slice?
We can either go bowling or see a movie. I love bowling, so let’s do that. 15. Do you know……. person over there by the post office?

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16. Do you think…… sixteen grammar questions are easy or difficult? IV- linking words
III- Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article, possessive or demonstrative.
Using linking words within and between sentences and paragraphs helps to make
your writing flow logically. These words act as signposts, assisting your reader to
1. ………………… sheet is thicker than that.
move easily from one idea to the next, and to see relationships between sentences or
This These That an
paragraphs. Linking words are particularly useful for indicating that you are going to
2. Is there ………………….. water on the mars?
explain something, to give an example or to use a time sequence, or to offer a
Any some The a
contrasting view.
3. Do you have ……………………. information about them?
Any an Some the Linking/Transition Words
4. I don’t want to listen to …………………… advice.
Transitions link one main idea to another separated by a semi-colon or full-stop.
Yours yours' Your you
When the transition word is at the beginning of the sentence, it should be followed by
5. Do you know ………………….. reason why she is absent today?
a comma: Among other functions, they can signal cause and effect or sequencing.
Any a The some
6. Her father is …………………… advocate. Linking / transition words and phrases join ideas, sentences and paragraphs
The an Some an together. They should be used within sentences and to move from one idea to
another (between sentences).

These words and phrases indicate the direction, order and flow of ideas.
Significantly, they strengthen the quality and structure of your work.

additionally; also; moreover; furthermore; besides

Additional comments or ideas

Alternatives whereas; in comparison; by contrast; otherwise; instead.

Analysing results therefore; accordingly; as a result of; consequently;

thus; hence; for this reason

Cause / Reason as a result of; because (mid-sentence only)

Compare compared with; in the same way; likewise

Contrast by contrast; although; despite; however, nevertheless; yet

Effect / Result As a result; therefore; thus

Emphasising earlier however; nonetheless; despite x; notwithstanding

statements x; in spite of x; although; though

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 However means ‘but’.
Introducing examples for example; for instance; namely; such as; as follows; as
exemplified by; mainly
However is normally used at the beginning of a sentence, before a
Re-phrasing in other terms; rather; better comma (,) and after a full stop (.) or a semicolon (;).

Sequencing first (ly); second (ly); third (ly); another; additionally  We didn’t like the hotel. However, we had a good time.
 I would like to have a dog; however, my husband is allergic to dogs.
Summary or Conclusion in conclusion; to conclude; on the whole; hence
Although means ‘despite the fact that’ or ‘but’.

Although can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. We

1- Contrast do NOT use a comma after although; we use although + subject + verb.

 Although he had a bad leg, he still won the game.

We express contrast when we emphasize the fact that the second point in a sentence  I passed the exam, although I hadn’t studied.
contradicts the first. In other words, we use contrast clauses when we want to make
two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it appear unexpected 2- Reason
or surprising. Contrast can be expressed by: although/though, even though/even if,
while, whilst and whereas. Expressing cause is a way of explaining why something happened or why someone
did something. It helps to clarify the reason behind an action or event.Sometimes we
Although…….,……/ ……although… want to show that one thing happened because of another thing. We can use linking
Though……,…../……though………. words like 'because' or 'since' or 'due to' to do this.
Even if……,…../ …….even if……….
Despite…,…./ ……..despite………. Because, As, Since+ subject + verb.
In spite of…..,../…..in spite of…..
…. . However,………. Because
… . Yet,………………
….... . Nevertheless,, …… - We had to cancel the concert because it was raining.
…….. . Nonetheless, ………….
…….. . Whereas,…….. - I didn’t call you because I didn’t want to worry you.
….…, but…………….
As
Example 1. She came to school. She was sick. - We cancelled the picnic as it was raining.
1. Although she was sick, she came to school.
2. She came to school although she was sick. - As it was raining, we cancelled the picnic.
3. Despite her sickness, she came to school.
being sick, she came to school. Since
the fact that she was sick, she came to school. - We cancelled the picnic since it was raining.
4. She came to school despite her sickness/ despite being sick/
despite the fact that she was sick.
- Since it was raining, we cancelled the picnic.
Example 2. He wears smart clothes. He is poor.
1. He is poor. However, he wears smart clothes.
2. He is poor. Yet, he wears smart clothes.
Words (or groups of words) that are followed by a noun
Example 3. I like to live in a village. My brother prefers a city.
I like to live in a village, whereas my brother prefers a city. Because of + noun
- We cancelled the picnic because of the rain.

- Because of the rain, we cancelled the picnic.

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Due to + noun* So
- We cancelled the picnic due to the rain.
So is the most common connector to express result. It is normally used in the middle
- Due to the rain, we cancelled the picnic. of a sentence after (,).

Owing to + noun - We worked hard all morning, so I am very tired now.

- We cancelled the picnic owing to the rain.
- The TV is very expensive, so I don’t think I’ll buy it.
- Owing to the rain, we cancelled the picnic.
As a result, consequently, and therefore are more formal and more common in
Because of + noun. -- written language. They are normally used at the beginning of a sentence, followed by
- We had to cancel the concert because of the rain. a comma.

- Many shops had to close because of the economic situation. - The flight was delayed due to the storm. As a result, many passengers
complained.

- Animals were his only true passion. Therefore/Consequently, he decided to

3- Result; cause/effect study biology.

Result clauses are a type of subordinate clause that show the result of an action or We can also use consequently and therefore in the mid position (before the verb,
situation. They help answer the question of why something happened. after be as the main verb, or after the first auxiliary verb).

- You have been a real asset to the company. We have therefore/consequently

decided to promote you.

4-AdditionAddition mber this_

…….. . Besides, ………….
….... . In addition, ……
…….. . Also, ………….
Because…….,……/ ……because…
…….. . Moreover,……..
As……,…../……as……….
….… . What’s more, ……
Since……,…../ …….since……….
….… . Furthermore,…….
Because of…,…./ ……..because of……….
…not only….but also…….
Due to…..,../…..due to…..
…………….., as well.…………….., too.
Owing to…../……owing to…..
→He painted the wall. He cleaned the room, too.
Thanks to..,../ ……thanks to….
… . Therefore,…….
.. . Consequently,……. 1. He painted the wall. Besides, he cleaned the room.
…. . As a result,……… 2. He painted the wall. Moreover, he cleaned the room.
…. . So,………………….
...... . Thus,………………. 3. He painted not only the wall, but also he cleaned the room.
4. Not only did he paint the wall, but also he cleaned the room.
Example He got an excellent mark. Bob worked hard.
1. Bob worked hard. Therefore, he got an excellent mark.
2. Bob worked hard. As a result, he got an excellent mark.
3. Bob worked hard. Consequently, he got an excellent mark.
4. The referee stopped the match because it was raining.
5. They cancelled the flight because of the bad weather.

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Linking words: conjunctions - I like dancing and sing.

Linking words within a sentence are referred to as coordinating conjunctions: for, - I like dancing and singing. (-ing verb and -ing verb)
and, nor, but, or, yet, so, because - Would you like to go to the beach or having an ice cream in the park?

→And - Would you like to go to the beach or to have an ice cream in the park? (to-
infinitive and to-infinitive)
We use and for adding similar information or ideas; it means ‘too’ or ‘in
addition’. →So

- My brother is a plumber, and my sister is a teacher. We use so to introduce the consequence or the result of something. The second
part of the sentence is the result of the first part of the sentence.
- They have an apartment in the city and a little house in the countryside.
- It was cold, so I turned on the heating.
When we are connecting sentences, we don’t need to repeat the subject (Tom, I, we,
she, etc.) - I spent three hours at the gym, so I’m really tired now.

- She got up and left. (=She got up and she left.) →Because

- He was looking at us and smiling. (=He was looking at us and he was smiling.)
We use because to introduce the reason for something.
→But
- I turned on the heating because it was cold.

We use but for adding contrasting information, i.e. information that is different. - I’m speaking quietly because I don’t want to wake up the baby.

- I studied a lot, but I failed the exam. Time connectors

- He is good but not the best. →Before

→Or
We can use before + noun / -ing verb, or we can use before + subject + verb.

We use or to connect different possibilities. Before I have breakfast, I read a few pages.

- Would you like to go to the swimming pool or to the beach? Before having breakfast, I read a few pages.

- He can go to a hotel or stay with us. Before breakfast, I read a few pages.

We use or (NOT and) in negative sentences to mean ‘not one thing and not another →After
thing’.

- I don’t like oranges and lemons. We can use after + noun / -ing verb, or we can use after + subject + verb.

- I don’t like oranges or lemons.  I smoke a cigarette after dinner/ having dinner/ I have dinner.

- Use and, but, or to connect similar words or phrases. →While

The items that we connect with and, but, or should be the same grammar type. We use while + subject + verb to talk about actions happening at the same time,
Check these common mistakes: simultaneously.
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  I read the newspaper while I was waiting. 5. Jawad read the instructions carefully. He wasn’t able to install the printer
( Although)
→As soon as, when, once
6. Many people learn computer skills. They want to get better jobs. ( so as to )
7. I like studying alone. My sister prefers working with a group ( Whereas)
As soon as, when, and once have a similar meaning. As soon as means
‘immediately when’. 8. Many students are dropping out of school. The school conditions have improved a
lot. (although )
 As soon as/when/once I get home, I’ll finish my homework.
9. Malaysia exports high technology. It invests in tourism as well. ( in addition)
We use a comma after the first part of the sentence when we start with before, 10. Randa went to work this morning. The doctor advised her to stay in bed.
after, while, as soon as, etc. But we do not use a comma if we use before, ( although)

after, while, as soon as, etc in the second part of the sentence. 11. The students planted many trees. They cleaned all the classrooms too. ( Not only
… but also)

 Before I go to bed, I brush my teeth. 12. Our local association is very active. Our neighbourhood is clean and safe.
 I brush my teeth before I go to bed. ( because)
13. Rachid got a loan from the bank. He wanted to buy an apartment. (in order to)
Practice 14. The meeting was cancelled. The manager was sick. (because of)
15. The show was postponed. There were some technical problems ( due to )
I- Fill in each gap with an appropriate word: whereas, due to, because of, that’s why, 16. Morocco has set up a large solar plant. Morocco wants to produce clean energy.
( in order to)
so as to, although, due to

1. Shelly practised well for her driving test; ........... she passed it easily. III- Rewrite the following sentences as indicated:
2. Mr. Philips is talkative, .......... his wife is shy and reserved. 1- John worked hard. He wanted to get his degree with honour.

3. Football fans often follow their teams to foreign countries.......support them. In order.................
2-Taha Hussein was blind. Yet, he wrote a lot of books.
4. Air pollution is mainly............ smoke from cars and factories.
Although.........................
5. Jamal speaks three foreign languages.......... he has never been to school. 3-Malala won the Nobel Peace Prize in spite of her young age.
Although......................
6. The doctor says that Amal’s sleeping problems are .... the long hours she spends online.
4-Despite being an expert, Jim couldn’t recover his files from his hard disk.
7. We didn’t go on a picnic......... bad weather.
Although..........................

II- Join the pairs of sentences with the linking words given IV- Re-write these sentences as suggested.

1. Mr Ferguson’s car broke down on the way. He was late for work. ( because) 1. TV is a source of education. It’s a source of entertainment, as well. (Besides)
2. Sonia went to work yesterday. She was not feeling well. ( although)
2. He speaks English. He understands Spanish, too. (in addition)
3. Jamal spent all the afternoon chatting. He didn’t have time do his homework
( because) 3. She sings in the parties. She dances, too. (not only ..but also)
4. My brother came home early. He wanted to watch the football match ( so as to )
4. Martha is blind. She can write English poems. (Although)

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5. It was cold in New York. Our vacation was full of fun. (Despite) V- Prepositions
6. Helen ran fast. She lost her final race. (Even if )
7. Even though he was tired, he played the match. (However) A preposition is a word or group of words used to link nouns, pronouns and phrases
to other words in a sentence. Some examples of prepositions are single words like in,
V- Re-write these sentences as suggested. at, on, of, to, by and with or phrases such as in front of, next to, instead of.
Prepositions are used in many different ways in English - perhaps that's why a lot of
1. He can play the piano. He can sing, too. (not only……..but also)
2. She drives well. She can’t pass her driving license. (Although) people have problems with them.
3. He managed to win the final round. The boxer trained hard last time. (Therefore) Prepositions in English are most frequently dictated by fixed expressions. While there
4. It was raining heavily. I had to drive slowly last night. (because)
are some general guidelines to follow, many prepositions are used idiomatically with
5. His wife prefers to stay at home. Tom loves to spend his summer holiday abroad.
(whereas) certain verbs. In these cases, it is best to memorize the phrase instead of the
6. Because Mr. Carter suffered from asthma, he left the city. (because of ) individual preposition. A Few Rules for Usage. Although there are hardly any rules
7. As the boy was young and naïve, he was easily convinced to buy the product. (since) as to when to use which preposition, most commonly prepositions define
8. Even though he is wealthy, he lives in a small apartment in town. (Despite)
9. The snow didn’t melt quickly. It was sunny and shining. (However) relationships between nouns and locate words, actions or ideas in a particular time or
10. Although Mark and Sam were in danger, they didn’t call for help. (in spite of ) place. To remember the role of prepositions, notice that ''position'' appears in the
word ''preposition''!

→Prepositions – Time

English Usage Example

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 →Prepositions – Connections
→Prepositions – Place (location & Direction)
English usage example
Of -between two noun phrases to show that the -The keyboard of my
English Usage Example
first belongs to or is part of the second computer is pink.
-to say how people are related
-Richard is the son of
Audrey/He is a good
friend of mine.
With -Between two noun phrases when the -I spilled coffee on the
second is a particular feature of the first computer with a pink
-to say that people or things are together keyboard.
-for the specific thing used to perform an -I think Sarah is studying
action with Tara/I went to a
workshop with my friend.
-My roommate killed a
spider with a book.
by when we want to describe an action in a My roommate saved my
more general way live by killing the spider.

→Prepositions in Academic Writing

Some more examples

-Sugar dissolves in water. The boy is found in the forest.

-in Ghana in the north of Gaza
-Ask at the cinema for details. At the point where the two men meet...
-There were no trees on the island.
-We generally use on for trains, buses, ships and planes, and in for cars.
-I met an old friend on the train.
- I don't like going out at night.
- Ms. King is busy at the moment / at present.
- Ann and I arrived at the same time.
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-Tom left school at the age of 16 / at 16. II- Complete the sentence with in, at, on or to.
-I'm going away at the beginning of May.
-At the end of the concert, there was great applause. 1. Columbus and his three ships started on the voyage ........ America in August 1492.
- I usually go out on Monday evenings. 2. They stopped first ...... one of the Canary Islands.
-What are you doing on the weekend? 3. On 12 October they came.... the coast of the Bahamas.
- They got married in 1968.
- I'll see you in the morning. (but I'll see you on Friday morning.) 4. From there they went ......Cuba, where one of the ships, the Pinto, left in search of
- I'll see you next Friday. gold ......an Island called 'Babeque'.
-They got married last March.
5. Columbus continued with the other two ships and they came...... Hispaniola on 5
- In + a period of time = a time in the future: December.
The train will be leaving in a few minutes. ( = a few minutes from now)
Jack went away. He'll be back in a week. ( = a week from now) 6. Unfortunately, the flagship Santa Muria ran around.....a reef on Christmas Eve,
They are getting married in six months. ( = six months from now)
- I learned to drive in four weeks. ( = it took me four weeks to learn) and sank the next day,
- I've lived in this house for six years. 7. Columbus built a fort ......the shore and left some of his men there, because there
-We watched television for two hours last night. was not room for all the men..... the tiny Niňa, the other ship.
-Ann is going away for a week in September.
- I fell asleep during the movie. 8. While he was on his way back .......Spain, Columbus found the Pinto again.
- I mailed the letter today, so they should receive it by Monday. ( = on or before 9. The two ships left together, but were parted by a storm..... the North Atlantic.
Monday, on Monday at the latest)
- We use until (or till) to say how long a situation continues: 10. Both ships arrived ........Lisbon on 15 March within a few hours of each other.
"Shall we go now?" "No, let's wait until (or till) it stops raining."
I was tired this morning, so I stayed in bed until half past ten.
III- Put in the correct preposition (at, in, on, or no preposition).

1. There was a loud noise which woke us up ____ midnight.

Practice 2. Do you usually eat chocolate eggs ____ Easter?
3. What are you doing ____ the weekend?
I- Underline the correct option. 4. ____ last week, I worked until 9pm ____ every night.
5. My father always reads the paper ____ breakfast time.
1. More than a thousand people came at/to the match.
6. She plays tennis ____ Fridays.
2. I'm sorry, but no children beneath/ under twelve are allowed. 7. The trees here are really beautiful ____ the spring.
3. The noise was loud, so I put my hands above / over my ears. 8. I'll see you ____ Tuesday afternoon, then.
9. Shakespeare died ____ 1616.
4. Are you going at / to the cinema this evening?
10. She studies ____ every day.
5.There was a bird singing in the three just outside/out of the window. 11. John is going to buy the presents ____ today.
6. David didn't feel well while he was in/on the ship. 12. In my hometown the shops open early ____ the morning.
13. She met her husband ____ 1998.
7. Get out of/from my house, or I'll call the police,
14. The party is ____ next Saturday.
8. Her left leg had to be cut off above/over the knee. 15. We are meeting ____ Friday morning.
9. David was born at/ in London in 1947. 16. I often get sleepy ____ the afternoon.
10. Maria was walking in/into the garden picking flowers. 17. His daughter was born ____ the 24th of August.
18. Mobile phones became popular ____ the nineties.
19. The meeting will take place ____ this afternoon.
20. Luckily the weather was perfect ____ her wedding day.

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 V- Adverb form and use →Definition

-An adverb is a word that modifies or describes a verb (“he sings loudly”), an
Preliminary test adjective (“very tall”), another adverb (“ended too quickly”), or even a whole
1. What is an adverb? sentence (“Fortunately, I had brought an umbrella.”).

A) An adverb gives more information about the verb.

-Adverbs provide additional context, such as how, when, where, to what extent, or
B) An adverb gives more information about the noun. how often something happens. They can describe the manner, time, place, frequency,
C) An adverb gives more information about the punctuation in a sentence. or degree of an action or a quality.

D) An adverb gives more information about the pronoun. -Adverbs often end in -ly, but some (such as fast) look the same as their adjective
2. Which word in the following sentence is an adverb? counterparts.
Sara plays the violin beautifully. A) plays B) violin C) beautifully D) Sara
-Adverbs can show comparison (“more quickly,” “most quickly”) and should be
3. Which adverb would you use to complete the sentence:
The rain fell _____________ against the window pane. placed near the words they modify to avoid ambiguity.
A) awkwardly B) wickedly C) smugly D) heavily
- An adverb describes an action (a verb), saying how, when or where something
4. Which of these adverbs can be used to complete this sentence? happens.
The girl was sitting uncomfortably on the floor
The sun shone ________ . A) loudly B) brightly C) awkwardly D) luckily
I'll see you tomorrow Wait outside.
5. Which of these sentences does not contain an adverb?
A) The child ran happily towards his mother. B) Sali walked to the shops. →Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or sentences,
C) Brendan gently woke the sleeping baby. D) I visited my mum yesterday. providing additional information about how, where, when, to what extent,
or how often something happens.
6. Which of these words in the following sentence is an adverb? Kylie looked
longingly into Jason's lovely blue eyes. A) looked B) longingly C) lovely D) eyes -Verb: An adverb describes how, when, where, or to what extent the action happens.
7. Which of these sentences contains an adverb? (Example: She runs quickly.)
A) Tim greedily ate the chocolate cake. B) The dog bit Colin. C) The car broke down.
D) EastEnders is a soap opera. -Adjective: An adverb adds intensity or degree to an adjective. (Example: The lake
8. Which of these statements about adverbs is false? is incredibly beautiful.)
A) We use an adverb to say how something happens. B) We use an adverb to say how
often something happens. C) We use an adverb to say when or where something -Adverb: When an adverb modifies another adverb, it clarifies or intensifies it.
happens. D) We use an adverb in place of a noun. (Example: She sings very beautifully.)
9. Which of these words is an adverb? A) shyly B) Susan C) running D) beautiful
-Sentence: An adverb used with a sentence conveys the speaker’s attitude or
10. Which of these words is an adverb? A) heavy B) table C) almost D) friendly
provides a general perspective on the statement. (Example: Fortunately, we arrived
on time.)

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→Form Practice

Some adverbs of manner (how) add -ly to the adjective. Adjectives ending -e drop -e.
Adjectives ending In -y change -y to -i. I- Decide whether the words underlined are acting as adjectives or adverbs.
Uncomfortable uncomfortably careful carefully happy happily real really

1. Some people think modern paintings are 'difficult'.

→ irregular adverbs Some adverbs have an irregular form, eg good → well
2. They find them confusing because I they are not 'pictures'
adverbs with the same form as adjectives 3. They say that a good photograph would be better.
4. At least, they say, a photo does show the real world.
5. It's also hard to persuade them that the artist worked hard.
6. Some modem painting could easily have been painted by a child.
7. Artists sometimes make the situation more difficult.
→adjectives that look like adverbs 8. They write explanations of their work which can seem unnecessary.

Some adjectives ending ly look like adverbs but are not, eg friendly, lovely, 9. They may not seem to have very much connection with the art.
lonely, likely, lively, silly. 10. Still. If the work seems interesting then it is worth looking at.

→ frequency adverbs
These describe how often something happens. II- Choose the correct answer.
1. Which of these adverbs is an adverb of time?
A) yesterday B) slowly C) loudly D) upstairs
Put the frequency adverb between the subject and verb, but after be.
A painting often tells a story. What sort o films do you usually like. 2. Which of these adverbs tells you how something happened?
Cartoon films are usually entertaining. A) often B) carefully C) recently D) everywhere
→Intensifies 3. Which of these adverbs tells you where something happened?
A) regularly B) warmly C) happily D) outside
Adverbs like very, really, extremely are used to make adjectives or adverbs
stronger. 4. Which of these sentences does not contain an adverb?
I think this film is really terrible. Everyone has worked extremely carefully. A) We are travelling tomorrow. B) We walked quickly. C) I bought a pair of shoes.
→too, very D) He dressed smartly for the interview.
Too means more than is necessary, very means a lot. Compare the meanings: 5. Which of these adverbs is the most suitable to complete the sentence: The dog
I'm too tired, I can't work any more.
This is a very interesting painting. growled ________ .
Too is often used with to-infinitive to explain why something is not possible, A) neatly B) timidly C) happily D) menacingly
I am too tired to work.
6. In which of these sentences is the word fast an adverb?
→well, ill, bed, badly A) She liked to drive a fast car. B) She likes to drive fast. C) She was a fast eater.
Well and badly are adverbs and describe how an action is performed. D) Before the operation I had to fast for 12 hours.
She writes well. He plays tennis badly. 7. Complete the following sentence. John can run fast, but Peter runs __________ .
Well and ill are adjectives describing health.
I don't feel well. You took ill. A) faster B) fasting C) fast D) fasted
With verbs like look, seem, feel we do not use an adverb.
This fish smells bad. That looks good.

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8. Complete the following sentence. I used to live near the office, but my new flat is 8. My grandpa is ____ better today.
even ________. A) nearing B) nearer C) nearest D) near 9. I met a magician ___.
9. Complete the following sentence. I felt badly that we had lost the match. Sheila 10. Ambition urges us ___.
said she felt worse but as Carol had let the goal in she felt the ______ .
A) badly B) bad C) worst D) worser V- Go through the given sentences and identify the type of adverb used in each
sentence.
10. Complete the following sentence. Marie sings beautifully but Claire sings _____.
A) more beautifuller B) more beautifully C) more beautifulling D) more beauty 1. The boy practised his speech regularly.

2. The phone kept ringing constantly.

III- Read the sentences given below and underline the adverbs.
3. The people have gone out.
1. The boy is too careless.
2. The winds are very strong. 4. I have heard this story before.

3. The baby slept soundly. 5. Are you quite sure?

4. The soldiers fought the war valiantly. 6. You are driving too carelessly.
5. Joey always tries his best.
7. I always try my best.
6. Surely you are mistaken.
8. You are quite right.
7. The movie is to end soon.
9. He solved the problem quickly.
8. Your friend messaged again.
9. I did my homework already. 10. I have heard enough.
10. I was rather busy. 11. The boy often makes the same mistake.
11. Is your mother within? 12. Why are you still here?
12. We looked for the lost puppy everywhere.
13. I could hardly recognise him.
13. We do not know her.
14. The little kid is too shy to sing.
14. How long is the trip?
15. Monica seldom visits here. 15. The horse galloped away.

IV- Fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate adverb: out, before, quickly,
often, forward, once, pretty, somewhat, too, so

1. Ranya ran to her mother ____.

2. The scores are ____.
3. We have met ____.
4. I know him ____ well.
5. The baby is ___ sleepy.
6. The naughty boy is ___ annoying.
7. My aunt comes to visit us ___.

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 VII- Non-Gradable Adjectives Here is a list of some common absolute adjectives and some modifiers that we can
use with them.

Modifiers absolutely/totally/completely
I- Gradable adjectives
Adjectives acceptable, dead, destroyed, finished, free, impossible, necessary,
perfect, ruined, unacceptable, etc.
'Gradable' means being able to put something into different grades. So, What are the
differences between gradable and ungradable adjectives? Practice
What are Gradable and Ungreadable Adjectives? I. Underline the Non-Gradable Adjective in each sentence.
Gradable and ungradable Adjectives are distinguished based on whether they can
be modified by adverbs of degree. Gradable adjectives can be modified by adverbs 1. The temperature went up to 43 degrees. It was hot / boiling!
of degree. Ungradable adjectives, on the other hand, cannot be modified by 2. We were all sad / devastated when we heard the dreadful news.
adverbs of degree.. 3. The exam was completely difficult / impossible. There’s no way I’ve passed.
4. I’m surprised they don’t get lost in their house. It’s absolutely huge / big!
Most adjectives are gradable. This means we can have different levels of that quality. 5. When the man held his gun to my face, I was afraid / terrified.
For example, you can be a bit cold, very cold or extremely cold. We can make
them weaker or stronger with modifiers: II- Match the sentence halves with their correct endings, changing the words in
brackets into Non-Gradable Adjectives.
She was quite angry when she found out.
The film we saw last night was really funny! 1.Go and wash your hands now! They’re ……… a. …………………… (small)
2. She wears a size 2 shoe. Her feet are ……… b. absolutely …………! (ugly)
It can be extremely cold in Russia in the winter. 3. I’ve never laughed so much in a film. It was ……… c. ………………! (handsome)
Here is a list of some common gradable adjectives and some modifiers that we can 4. I didn’t have any lunch, so I'm ……… d. absolutely………… (funny)
5. After working a 36-hour shift, Sam was ……… e. was ………! (interesting)
use with them. 6. That guy looks like a model; he’s absolutely… f. completely………… (tired)
Modifiers a little/a bit → pretty/quite → really/very → extremely 7. When I told Mum I’d broken the window, she ……… g. absolutely ……… (hungry)
8. I’ll never eat in that restaurant again. The ……… h. was ……………… (angry)
Adjectives angry, big, boring, cheap, cold, expensive, frightening, 9. It’s the ugliest building I’ve ever seen. It’s ……… i. absolutely…………! (dirty)
funny, hot, interesting, old, pretty, small, tasty, tired, etc. 10. We learned so many cool things on the tour. It … j. food was…………! (bad)

III- Complete the sentences, changing these words into Non-Gradable Adjectives:
II- Non-gradable: absolute adjectives
cold excited old crowded clean
Some adjectives are non-gradable. For example, something can't be a bit finished or very
1. We were all …………… when Dad told us we were going to Australia for a holiday.
finished. You can't be a bit dead or very dead. These adjectives describe absolute qualities.
2. The restaurant was completely …………, so we had no chance of getting a table.
To make them stronger we have to use modifiers like absolutely, totally or completely: 3. By the time I’d finished mopping, the floor was absolutely ………………………
Thank you, I love it! It's absolutely perfect! 4. Those temples are ……………………; they were built over 3000 years ago.
5. It’s absolutely …………………… in here! We need to turn up the heating.
Their farm was totally destroyed by a tornado.
My work is completely finished. Now I can relax.

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 VIII- Adjectives A linking verb is a verb like to be, to feel, to seem, or to taste that, rather than
describing an action, helps to describe a state of being or a sensory experience.
That cow sure is happy.
An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun, often
It smells gross in the locker room.
providing information about the qualities or characteristics of someone or something.
Driving is faster than walking.
Adjectives can describe these qualities independently or in comparison to something
else, and they often appear directly before the noun or pronoun they modify.
An adverb tells us more about a verb. An adverb tells us in what way someone
Examples include words like enormous, doglike, silly, yellow, fun, and fast. does something or in what way something happens:
Adjectives have three forms: absolute (describing one thing,
Tom drove carefully along the narrow road. (not drove careful)
like messy), comparative (comparing two things, like messier),
and superlative (indicating the highest degree, like messiest). Comparatives often Speak quietly, please! (not speak quiet)

use -er or more, while superlatives use -est or most. We didn't go out because it was raining heavily. (not raining heavy)
Adjectives can also describe the quantity of nouns: many, few, millions, eleven. I was disappointed that I did so badly on the exam. (not did so bad)
For example, in the phrase “the tall building,” the adjective tall gives specific details
We also use adverbs before adjectives
about the building’s height.
Adjectives can convey various aspects, such as size, color, shape, and emotion, reasonably cheap (adverb + adjective)

enhancing the meaning of the nouns they accompany. terribly sorry (adverb + adjective)

Use adjectives to tell the reader what kind of something you’re talking about
or how much or how many of something you’re talking about.
Please use three white flowers in the arrangement.
Three and white are modifying flowers.
Degrees of adjectives
Often, when adjectives are used together, you should separate them with a comma or
conjunction. Adjectives come in three forms, known as degrees: absolute, comparative,
and superlative.
I’m looking for a small, good-tempered dog to keep as a pet.
My new dog is small and good-tempered. Degree usage example
absolute Describes a noun on its own A messy desk.
Tom is a careful driver. comparative Compares two or more nouns A messier desk.
Be quiet, please! superlative Indicates the highest degree The messiest desk.
We didn't go out because of the heavy rain.
I was disappointed that my exam results were so bad. Absolute adjectives

Absolute adjectives express a quality in an extreme or absolute sense, leaving no

However, adjectives can modify nouns without appearing before them in a room for degrees of comparison. They describe qualities that cannot typically be
modified or intensified.
sentence. Acting as a subjective complement with the help of a linking verb, the
adjective modifies the subject of a sentence. A cool guy A messy desk A rigid guideline An awful situation

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Comparative adjectives Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.

Check these examples: That was the most boring movie I've ever seen.

Let's go by car. It's cheaper. "Why did you stay at that hotel?" "It was the cheapest we could find."

Don't go by train. It's more expensive. She is a really nice person - one of the nicest people I know. Note the

Cheaper and more expensive are comparative forms.

adjectives ending in –ed & -ing

We can make a comparison between two or more things. After comparatives we use Some adjectives have two forms, one ending in -ed end one in -ing.
than:
Are you interested in painting?
It's cheaper to go by car than to go by train.
Yes. I think Paula Rego’s paintings are interesting.
We use –er + than for the comparative of short adjectives and adverbs:
cheap/cheaper hard/harder large/larger thin/thinner Something Is: interesting, boring, frightening, surprising, confusing etc

This jacket is too small. I need a larger size. Someone feels: interested, bored, frightened, surprised, confused etc

Ann works harder than most of her friends. You can see from the painting that the girl is realty frightened.

We use more... (not -er) for other two-syllable adjectives and longer adjectives: more
modem more serious more expensive more comfortable Practice
More expensive hotels are usually more comfortable than cheaper ones. I- Read the given sentences below and circle the adjectives.
Her illness was more serious than we first thought. 1. The homeless beggar hasn’t eaten in days.

2. The fox is a sly animal.

Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative forms: 3. Mary had a little lamb.
good/well better Let me ask him. I know him better than you do. The 4. The selfish giant didn’t allow the children to enter his garden.
garden looks better since you tidied it up.
5. The foolish dog barked at its reflection and lost its food.
bad/badly worse "Is your headache better?" "No, it's worse." The situation
was much worse than we expected. 6. The family didn’t have enough food for the winter.

far further I'm very tired. I can't walk much further. 7. The girl is a state-level boxer.

(or (or . . . much farther.) 8. The brave army marched through the streets.
farther)
9. I had no idea such a fantastic place existed.

10. Some oranges are pretty sour.

Superlative adjectives indicate that something has the highest degree of the
11. The ship sustained heavy damage.
quality in question. Adjectives of three or more syllables add the word most.
Superlative adjective always need the definite article (the). 12. I have called Sam several times.

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 13. The teacher called your name twice. 10. The headmaster of our school has a very ________________ voice. (LOUD)

14. Naomi won the second prize. 11. The hamburger tastes ____________ . Let's go somewhere else . (AWFUL)

15. I haven’t seen Mr Thomas for several days. 12. When we got home from our holidays, we were all very _ from the flight. (SLEEP)
13. We ran as ________________ as we could. (QUICK)
16. The soldier died a glorious death.
14. The match had ________________ begun when it started to rain. (HARD)
17. I had an eventful day.
15. The exercise wasn't very difficult. We were able to do it ___________ . (EASY)
18. King Solomon was a wise king.
16. My niece jumped around _________ when she heard the good news. (HAPPY)
19. Penny saw the accident with her own eyes.
17. Mr Johnson looked ____________ when he entered the classroom. (ANGRY)
20. What colour shirt do you like?
18. The soup in this restaurant tastes ________________ (WONDERFUL)
19. My car broke down yesterday. I hope the mechanic can fix it _______ .(QUICK)
II- Make the comparative form. If it's possible, use '-er'. If not, use 'more'. 20. He won the championship because he races very _____________ . (GOOD)
1. Dogs are ……………………………. (intelligent) than rabbits.
2. Lucy is ……………………………. (old) than Ellie.
3. Russia is far ………………….. (large) than the UK. IV- Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets.
4. My Latin class is ……………………… (boring) than my English class.
1. He looked at me __________________ when I interrupted him. (ANGRY)
5. In the UK, the streets are generally ………….. (narrow) than the streets in the USA.
6. London is …………………….. (busy) than Glasgow. 2. Marty and Judith are __________________ married. (HAPPY)
7. Julie is ……………………… (quiet) than her sister.
3. I lost the game because I had been playing __. It was even __ than last season’s game. (BAD, BAD)
8. Amanda is ………………………. (ambitious) than her classmates.
9. My garden is a lot …………………… (colourful) than this park. 4. The boss is always__ -informed. There’s not much you can hide from him. (GOOD)
10. His house is a bit ………………….. (comfortable) than a hotel.
5. My French isn’t very ___, but I can understand him __ if he speaks __. (GOOD, PERFECT, SLOW)

6. The film was ____. I haven’t seen one as _____ as that before. (TERRIBLE, BAD)
III- Fill in the correct form – Adjective or Adverb 7. Sue was __________________ upset about losing her job. (TERRIBLE)
1. My friend helped me paint the walls. She's done it very ___________ . (NICE) 8. Expensive hotels are often _____ than _____ ones. (COMFORTABLE, CHEAP).
2. Mum always dresses ________________ . (BEAUTIFUL) 9. They discussed _______________ technical matters in the meeting. (HIGH)
3. He felt ___________ so he stayed at home instead of going to the party . (SICK) 10. Do you want to pay __________________? (SEPARATE)

4. The doctor told us that the wound looked very ________________ . (BAD) 11. They have to work __ for a living, but if you look at other people, they __ work at all. (hard, hard)

5. Have you been to the cinema ________________ ? (LATE) 12. The children behaved ______, so they were allowed to go to the party. (GOOD)

6. The boys from across the street always greet us ___________ . (FRIENDLY) 13. It’s the ___________ painting in the whole exhibition (VALUABLE)

7. I've ________________ finished writing the book. (NEAR) 14. I _______ drove my car into the river. It was pretty ______. (NEAR, CLOSE)

8. She is a ____________ intelligent girl, probably the best in our class. (HIGH) 15. The cook prepared an ______________ lunch for the guests. (EXCELLENT)

9. The cheerleaders wore ________________ coloured skirts. (BRIGHT) 16. She had __________________ money to spend than last year (LITTLE).
17. _______________, Paris is quite a __________ city. (OBVIOUS, LOVE)
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18. Jerry is the __________________ student in my whole class. (BAD) 7. There’s no milk left in the bowl.
19. The man became __________ when the guard asked him to leave. (VIOLENT) 8. Either boy was present there.
20. The exam was __________________ easy. (SURPRISING). 9. This bag is heavier than the suitcase.
V- Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences. Use the following words.
10. The white pomeranian is very fluffy.

11. The food was delicious.

ADJECTIVE OPPOSITE ADJECTIVE OPPOSITE ADJECTIVE OPPOSITE
careful careless healthy sick shy smart outgoing 12. Whose pencil box is this?
fat thin lazy hard-working special stupid
13. These apples are pretty sweet.
friendly unfriendly old young strong tall ordinary
funny serious polite impolite weak 14. Shiv came second in the marathon.
happy sad rich poor short
15. I saw it with my own eyes.
1. My friend likes to exercise and eat fruits and vegetable, so he’s ___________. 16. What a splendid piece of art!
2. A: Are you a lazy person? B: No, in fact, I’m very ___________.
3. My son Thomas is very ___________. He’s only five years old. 17. Emily Bronte was a Victorian novelist.
4. He should play basketball because he is ___________. He’s not short.
18. The Atlantic Ocean is the largest ocean in the world.
5. My sister isn’t very __________. She’s shy and doesn’t like to meet new people.
6. He worked very hard his whole life and saved lots of money. He’s ___________. 19. Most children are playing.
7. I went on a diet last year and lost five kilograms, so now I’m ___________.
8. Sarah always says, “Thank you”. She’s a ___________ person. 20. I did not find those books.
9. Of course, I’m very ___________! I got an A+ on all of my exams!
10. My uncle loves to tell jokes to make us laugh. He’s ___________.
11. My friend can lift 200 kilograms, so he’s really quite ___________! VII- Underline, the correct form.
12. Jennifer and Kelly always look left and right before they cross a busy street. They
are ___________ when they cross a busy street. There are some students who feel depressed / depressing by studying, especially
13. My classmate always smiles and has many friends. She’s ___________. subjects which they find confused/confusing. They often leave their work until the
14. Nothing seems to make my grandfather sad. He’s a ___________ person. last minute, and then find the amount they have to do is simply
15. Khaled can make many different animal sounds. Most people can’t do that. He’s………..
exhausted/exhausting, or they are embarrassed / embarrassing to admit that
they need help. They simply become more and more worried f worrying, and then
VI- Identify the Adjective in these sentences. work even less than before. Or they blame the school system, because the subjects

1. Sharon will clean her messy room today. they are studying are just not interested / interesting. However, you may be
surprised / surprising to know that very few students feel this way, according to
2. My sister brought some French pastries.
recent research. In fact, most students don't find school work annoying/annoyed at
3. The miser lost all his money. all. They are usually excited / exciting by the subjects they are studying, and they feel
4. There haven’t been sufficient crops to sell this year. satisfied/ satisfying when they do something well.

5. Collecting coins is an interesting hobby.

6. The boy did not have any soup.

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 IX- Vocabulary to do there, except rush into...marriage. When I left, my parents were sad, but they
realised that staying there would only make me...miserable.
The big city I live in now is not very far away, so I can visit my parents...frequently
I. Complete the sentences with Applying for that Job words.
and have the best of both worlds.

1. I would be very interested in ....... for that job.

III- Complete using the correct form of the verbs given: ADVERTISE, IMMEDIATE,
(a) entering (b) working (c) applying (d) writing
USE, REAL, HELP, LIVE, ATTRACT, DISCUSS,TRUE, AGREE,
2. Do you want to ....... as a candidate in the local elections?
(a) stand (b) sit (c) go (d) try THE ART OF ADVERTISING
3. They are completely ....... up with all the noise in the centre of town. In our...life/lives we are constantly bombarded by...advertisements whose role is to
(a) tired (b) fed (c) sick (d) ill make products...attractive enough so that people will want to buy them...
4. The reason there are no buses is because the drivers are on ........ immediately.
(a) hit (b) stop (c) strike (d) leave There has been a lot of...discussion on the powerful effects of advertising. Are ads
5. The government has changed its policy and had a complete change of ........ really useful? Are they truthful? Do they give us a...realistic idea of the product?
(a) view (b) opinion (c) mind (d) heart People are rarely in...agreement on any of these questions, but the fact is that ads
6. This supermarket is trying to ....... young shoppers by offering fashionable clothes. are...helpful in letting people know the wide variety of goods available.
(a) target (b) persuade (c) encourage (d) trap
7. You should have ....... those shares when they were cheap. IV. Complete these sentences with How to agree words.
(a) taken out (b) sold off (c) bought up (d) taken over 1. You can be absolutely sure I'm on your ........
8. You must try and hurry up because my patience is ....... out. (a) road (b) corner (c) route (d) side
(a) running (b) racing (c) pacing (d) turning 2. You can ....... on me for your support.
9. Have you ever tried your ....... at running a business? (a) show (b) rely (c) try (d) test
(a) arm (b) finger (c) hand (d) leg 3. Our views clearly ....... at this point I'm pleased to say.
10. After all these years she has decided to take early ........ (a) convert (b) concert (c) conduct (d) coincide
(a) leave (b) finishing (c) departure (d) retirement 4. Fortunately the leader and all her members were singing from the same ....... sheet.
(a) hymn (b) prayer (c) lyric (d) sermon
II. Complete using the correct form of these words: TEACH, PEACE, FRIEND, 5. It's good that we both have the same way of ....... at things.
MARRY, FREQUENT, INSPECT, DECIDE,FREE,NOISE,MISERY (a) seeing (b) peeping (c) looking (d) viewing
6. I'm pleased to say that we speak on this matter with one ........
My father was a police...inspector, my mother a... teacher .Their...decision to move to (a) sound (b) tone (c) harmony (d) voice
a small town when I was a child changed my life. It was a very...peaceful place and of 7. I certainly won't ....... any objection when you make your proposal.
course living there meant that I had much more... freedom to go wherever I pleased. (a) rise (b) raise (c) lift (d) arise
The people were...friendly but I missed my close friends, my school and the...noisy 8. I'm ....... you all the way as far as that's concerned.
city I had lived in. As I grew up, I realised that there wasn't much for a young person (a) with (b) by (c) at (d) across

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9. I'm happy to ....... those sentiments and wish you every success.
(a) encompass (b) enthuse (c) endorse (d) endure
10. When it comes to the vote I'm willing to put my ....... up and support you.
(a) head (b) chin (c) arm (d) hand

V. Complete these sentences with How to apologize words.

1. Please ....... me for interrupting you, I didn't realize you were busy with someone
else.
(a) forget (b) forfeit (c) forbid (d) forgive
2. I'm very ....... that I'm late but there is a train strike on at the moment.
(a) sore (b) sorry (c) sorrow (d) sorrowful
3. Please send my ....... to the meeting as I shan't be able to attend.
(a) apologies (b) apologize (c) apologized (d) apologizing
4. There's really no ....... for my behaviour last night. I can only think that I'd had too
much to drink.
(a) exception (b) escape (c) excuse (d) exclusion
5. I know I shouldn't have made those remarks about your work and I hope you now
know how deeply I .......what I said.
(a) review (b) regret (c) respect (d) restore
6. I must ....... your pardon, I mistook you for somebody else.
(a) bid (b) bide (c) beggar (d) beg
7. If it helps to put things right, please let me take ....... everything I said earlier.
(a) again (b) back (c) in (d) across
8. Please accept this small present as my way of making ....... for all the trouble I've
caused.
(a) attempts (b) attention (c) amends (d) arrears
9. All I can do now is simply beg your ....... and hope that in time we can get back to
where we used to be.
(a) interest (b) interpretation (c) inclination (d) indulgence
10. In their religion as long as they ......., they will be forgiven their sins.
(a) repent (b) restore (c) repeat (d) request

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