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Indus Valley Project

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), flourishing from 2600-1900 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, is noted for its advanced urban planning, architecture, and undeciphered script. Key features include major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, sophisticated drainage systems, and a diverse economy based on agriculture and trade. The civilization's decline is attributed to factors like climate change and is significant for understanding early urban life and heritage conservation.

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179 views20 pages

Indus Valley Project

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), flourishing from 2600-1900 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, is noted for its advanced urban planning, architecture, and undeciphered script. Key features include major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, sophisticated drainage systems, and a diverse economy based on agriculture and trade. The civilization's decline is attributed to factors like climate change and is significant for understanding early urban life and heritage conservation.

Uploaded by

technicalsrk19
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Cover Page

The Indus Valley Civilization - Archaeological Excavations and New Perspectives

Presented by: [Your Name]

Class: [Your Class]

School: [Your School Name]

Date: [Date]
Table of Contents
Introduction

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization, is one of the world's

earliest urban civilizations. It flourished around 2600-1900 BCE in present-day Pakistan and

northwest India. It is famous for its city planning, architecture, and mystery - the script remains

undeciphered.
Geographical Extent

The IVC covered over 1.25 million sq. km. Major cities include Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira,

and Lothal. It was spread along the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river systems.
Timeline

1. Early Harappan Phase (3300-2600 BCE): Village settlements and pottery.

2. Mature Harappan Phase (2600-1900 BCE): Peak urban development.

3. Late Harappan Phase (1900-1300 BCE): Decline and ruralization.


Urban Planning

Cities were well planned with grid layouts, wide streets, and brick houses. Drainage systems and

public buildings show advanced engineering.


Public Architecture

The Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro was likely used for ritual bathing. Other buildings include granaries

and halls for gatherings.


Houses and Streets

Most houses were made of baked bricks, had flat roofs, and sometimes two stories. Streets

intersected at right angles.


Daily Life

People wore cotton clothes, ornaments, and played with toys like marbles and carts. They ate

wheat, barley, and dairy.


Occupations

People were farmers, craftsmen, traders, and builders. Agriculture was the base of the economy.
Art and Craft

Artifacts include pottery, bronze tools, terracotta toys, and jewelry. The bronze 'Dancing Girl' is a

famous sculpture.
Language and Script

The Harappan script had 400+ symbols and remains undeciphered. It was inscribed on seals and

pottery.
Religion and Beliefs

People worshipped natural elements and the Mother Goddess. Seals show a deity similar to Lord

Shiva.
Trade and Economy

They traded with Mesopotamia. Lothal had a dockyard. They exported beads, cotton; imported

metals.
Seals and Weights

Seals had animal motifs and scripts. Cubic stone weights show their knowledge of measurement.
Major Discoveries

Important sites: Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal. Excavated by John

Marshall, R.D. Banerjee etc.


Excavation Methods

Tools used: spades, brushes. Modern methods include carbon dating and satellite images.
Theories of Decline

Possible causes: climate change, floods, river drying. Aryan invasion theory is now doubted.
Modern Relevance

IVC shows early urban life. Learning from it helps in heritage conservation and sustainability.
Conclusion

The IVC was peaceful, advanced, and mysterious. Studying it helps us understand human history

better.

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