International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2019

ISSN 2229-5518 164

Concrete Using Coconut Shell As A Coarse Aggregate

Vipul Mhatre, Nimesh Pandey, Akshay Bhosale, Rohan More, Shweta Motharkar

Abstract: There were many experimental work conducted to Need To Use Waste In Concrete :
improve the properties of the concrete by putting new
materials, whether it is natural materials or recycle materials  Research efforts has been done to match the
or synthetic materials in the concrete mix. The most affecting society’s need for safe and economic disposal of
factor in construction is its cost. In most of the construction waste materials.
work concrete is used which consist cement, sand, coarse
aggregate and water. In present day the coarse aggregate is  The use of waste materials saves the natural
obtained from natural resources for example natural rocks resources and dumping ground and helps to
etc. But now a days artificial aggregate are also in practice. maintain a clean environment.
In India coconut is widely used for various purposes like
 The current concrete construction is unsustainable.
worship, industries etc. By use of coconut its shell remains as
by-product which can be useful for construction work in
 Experiments has been conducted for waste materials
place of coarse aggregate. Coconut shell is hard in nature and

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like rubber tyre, e-waste, waste plastic, waste water
does not deteriorate easily once bound in concrete and
etc.
therefore, it does not contaminate or leach to produce toxic
substances. In our experiment coarse aggregates of concrete  Presently in India , about 960 million tonnes of solid
are partially replaced by coconut shell as 10%, 15%. All the waste are produced per year as a by product of
tests of cement, sand, aggregate and concrete was done as per agricultural, mining, municipal and other source.
IS code. The concrete blocks with coconut shells of grade
M20 were examined for compressive strength, water  About 600 million tonnes of waste have been
absorption and compared with conventional concrete of generated in India from agricultural source alone.
same grade and the cost is also compared.
 The major quantity of agricultural waste are
Key words: Cocnut Shells, Concrete, Aggregate, Strength. sugarcane baggase , paddy and wheat straw and
husk , jute fibres, groundnut shells , coconut husk
etc.
INTRODUCTION
 Annually, 12,280 hectares of land are cultivated for
Now-a-days many engineers and scientists are in process coconut trees, from which 62.8 billion tones nuts are
to find various natural as well as modernized ways for the harvested
production of construction materials especially concrete.
They are also keen in maintaining its quality and strength and  Coconut shell occupies 15% of a total weight of a
therefore various other materials are used as a replacement of coconut.
a particular material in the making of concrete.
 According to reports in 2018, India is producing
Construction engineers have long recognized the long 11.9 million tonnes of coconut. So amount of
term benefits of improving the strength and durability of coconut shells produced are 1.78 million tonnes.
concrete by mixing in a cementations binder during
 The degradation process of coconut shells is very
reconstruction or construction. There were many
very slow due to presence of lignocelluloses in
experimental work conducted to improve the properties of
them. So we can use it in making concrete.
soil, by adding new materials whether it is a natural, recycle,
or synthetic material in the soil. Large amount of agriculture
waste was disposed in most of tropical country especially in
Asia. If the waste cannot be disposed properly it will lead to
social and environmental problems. Hence, by making use of
coconut shell in concrete to increase its engineering
properties for better use in different construction works
according to requirements.

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2019
ISSN 2229-5518 165

OBJECTIVES Crushed Sand :- The source of crushed sand is a Quarry. It

is manufactured by crushing rocks, quarry stones or larger
1. To study the effect of coconut shells in concrete and aggregate pieces into sand size particles in a factory or
its benefits. quarry. The shape of the crushed sand is cubical and angular
and has tough texture and hence better for concrete. It causes
2. To approach towards the use of an alternative
less damage to the environment as compared to natural sand.
material as concrete aggregate. The specific gravity of crushed sand is 2.73.
3. To compare cost, test results of compressive
strength, water absorption, slump cone between Coarse Aggregates:- The crushed stone aggregates of size
plain concrete and concrete added with coconut 10mm and 20mm used in experimentation.
shells.
4. To improve the overall durability and long term Water :-Ordinary water free from organic content, turbidity
and salts were used for mixing and for curing throughout the
performance of concrete structures.
experiment.

LITERATURE REVIEW Coconut Shells:- Coconut shells used in the experiment was
dried in the sunlight for 29-30 days. We collected coconut
[Link] Reddy, [Link] Jyothy & Fawaz Shaik shells from temples and from neighborhood. The size of the
reported that, Coconut shell aggregate is a potential shells is between 4.75mm – 20mm.
construction material and simultaneously reduces the
MIX DESIGN
environmental pollution.
Concrete Mix Design For M20 Grade Concrete
Vijay Kumar Shukla, Bharti Sharma & Amarnath Gupta
reported that, the coconut shell concrete can be used for low
Mix ratio is 1 : 1.55 : 3.09

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strength structure and use of this make light weight concrete.

Tomas U. Ganiron Jr reported that, replacement of PREPARATION OF CUBE SPECIMENS:

appropriate coconut shell content able to produce workable
concrete with satisfactory strength. Integration of coconut This portion specified the procedure for making and curing
shell enhanced the strength of concrete making it to be the compression test specimen of concrete. In laboratory where
highest as compared to conventional concrete mixture. accurate control of the quantities of materials and test
conditions are possible and where the maximum nominal size
METHODOLOGY of aggregates does not exceed 20 mm. The method is
especially applicable to the making of preliminary
Material Used :- compression test to ascertain the suitability of the available
materials or to determine suitable mix proportions.
Cement:- The cement used in the experimentation was
53-grade Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC),which satisfies Sampling Of Materials:-
the requirements of IS:12269-1987 specifications. . It Representative samples of the materials of concrete for use
consists of a mixture of calcium silicates (alite, belite), the particular concrete construction work shall be obtained
aluminates and ferrites - compounds which combine calcium, by careful sampling. Test samples of cement shall be made up
silicon, aluminum and iron in forms which will react with of a small proportion of taken from each of a number or
water. bags,on the site. Test samples of aggregates shall be taken
from larger lots by quartering.
SR NO Property Value
Preparation Of Materials :-
All materials shall be brought to room temperature,
1 Specific Gravity 3.15 preferably 27˚ to 30˚ C before commencing of tests. The
cement samples , on arrival at laboratory, shall be thoroughly
2 Fineness test 5.35% mixed dry either by hand or in a suitable machine in such a
manner as to ensure the greatest possible blending and
uniformly in the materials, care being taken to avoid the
Properties Of Cement intrusion of foreign materials . The cement shall be stored in a
dry place. Samples of aggregates for each batch of concrete
GGBS:- Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) can sall be of the desired grading and shall be in air dried
increase the abilities to prevent water penetration and conditions.
chloride penetration, and it can improve the durability of
concrete structure. Also the use of GGBS for concrete Proportioning:-
material contributes to the saving the natural resources and The proportioning of the materials, including water in
energy in cement manufacturing process and to reduce CO2 concrete mixes used for determining the suitable of the
emission and environment impact. materials available, shall be similar in all respects to those to

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2019
ISSN 2229-5518 166

be employed in the work. Where the proportion of the must be taken to avoid segregation taking place in the mould,
ingredients of the concrete are used on the site are to be which results in low strength when cubes are crushed.
specified by volume, they shall be calculated from the
proportion, by weight used in the test cubes and the unit Curing :-
weights of the materials. The test specimen are stored in a place free from vibration, in
moist air of at least 90% relative humidity and at temperature
Weighing:- of 27˚ to 2˚C for 24 hours to ½ hours from the time of
The quantities of cement each size of aggregate and water for addition of water to the dry ingredients. After this period, the
each batch shall be determined by weights to an accuracy of specimens are marked and removed from moulds and kept
0-1% of total weight of the batch. submerged in clear fresh water until taken out prior to test.

Mixing Concrete:-
The concrete shall be mixed by hand, or preferably in CONCRETE TEST
laboratory batch mixer, in such a manner to avoid loss of
Slump Cone Test :-
water or other materials.

Machine Mixing:-
Trial 0% 10% 15%
When the mixing drum is changed by a power loader, all the
mixing water shall be introduced into the drum before the
solid materials the skip shall be loaded with about one – half Slump (in
110 80 60
of the coarse aggregates, then with the fine aggregates, then mm)
with the cement and finally with the remaining coarse Slump Cone Test Results
aggregates on the top. The period of mixing shall be not less
than 2 min after all the materials are in the drum, and shall 150
continue till the resulting concrete is uniform in appearance.
Slump in mm

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100
Workability:-
Each batch of the concrete shall be tested for consistency 50
immediately after the mixing, by one of the methods
described in IS code. Provided that care is taken to ensure 0
that no water or other materials is lost, the concrete used for 0% 10% 15%
consistency tests may be remixed with the remainder of batch
before making the test specimens. Trial

Size Of Test Specimen:-

The specimen cubical in shape shall be 15*15*15 cm if the Compression Test On Cubes :-
largest nominal size of the aggregates does not exceed 2 cm,
10 cm cubes may be used as an alternative. Cylindrical tests compressive strength of cubes after 7 days.
specimens shall have a length equal to twice the diameter.

Moulds:- % of
Metal moulds preferably steel or cast iron , thick, enough to Coars Age Compre Average
Weig
prevent distortion is required. They are made in such a e of ssive Compre
ht of
manner as to facilitate the removal of the moulded specimen Sr Aggre Spec Load Strengt ssive
Speci
without damage and are so machined that, when it is No gate imen (KN) h Strength
men
assembled ready for use, the dimensions and internal faces replac (days (N/mm2 (N/mm2
(Kg)
are required to be accurate within the following limits. ed by ) ) )
CS
Compaction :- 8.432 320 14.22
The test cubes specimens are made as soon as practicable 8.429 320 14.22
1 0% 7
after mixing and in such a way as to produce full compaction
of the concrete with neither segregation nor excessive 8.445 310 13.77 14.07
laitance. The concrete is filled into the mould in three layers 8.294 270 12
approximately 5cm deep. Each layer is compacted either by 10%+
hand or by vibration. After the top layer is compacted the 2 GGB 7 8.242 280 12.4 12.3
surface of the concrete is brought to the finished level with S 8.208 280 12.4
top of the mould using a trowel.
15%+ 8.130 250 11.1
Compacting By Vibration :- 3 GGB 7 8.122 240 10.7 10.8
In this each layer is vibrated by means of an electric or S 8.09 240 10.7
pneumatic hammer or vibrator or by means of suitable
vibrating table until the specified condition is attained. Care
Compression Test Results (7 Days)

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2019
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Compressive Strength Of Cube After 28 Days.

% of
Ag
Coars
e of Weigh Average
e Compre
Spe t of Compre
Sr Aggre Load ssive
cim Speci ssive
No gate (KN) Strength
en men Strength
replac (N/mm2)
(da (Kg) (N/mm2)
ed by
ys)
CS
8.495 550 24.44

1 0% 28 8.884 560 24.89 24.74

8.912 560 24.89

8.342 520 23.1

10%+
2 28 8.342 500 22.2 22.5
GGBS
8.318 500 22.2 CONCLUSION
8.184 500 22.2
15%+  From the experimental results Coconut shell
3 28 8.272 500 22.2 21.9 concrete can used in rural areas and places where
GGBS

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8.174 480 21.3 coconut is abundant and may also be used where the
conventional aggregate are costly.
Compression Test Results (28 Days)
 It is concluded that the coconut shells are more
suitable as a lightweight aggregate when used to
replace common coarse aggregate in concrete
production.

 Moreover it reduces cost construction by reducing

the cost of coarse aggregate and also reduces
environmental pollution due to coconut shell.

 From slump cone test, the slump value of

conventional concrete was 110 mm and that of
coconut shell concrete for 10% and 15% was 80mm
and 60mm respectively.

 The 28 days compressive strength of conventional

concrete was found to be 24.74 MPa and of coconut
shell concrete was found to be 22.5MPa and 21.9
MPa for 10% and 15% replacement by coconut shell
aggregate. So we concluded that,we can not use this
concrete for big structures but we can use this in
small structure.

Water Absorption Test :- FUTURE SCOPE

 Coconut shell can be used as partial replacement of
Trial Wet Dry Weight Water coarse aggregate in concrete.
Weight Absorption  We can also study about the use of coconut shell
0% 8.65 8.35 3.5%
aggregates along with other non-conventional
10% 8.621 8.208 5%
aggregates like palm kernel shells, volcanic debris,
15% 8.583 8.09 6%
etc.
Water Absorption Test Results

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2019
ISSN 2229-5518 168

REFERENCES
 B. Sandeep Reddy, CH. Gopichand, B. Anusha
(2017) “Experimental Investigation Of Concrete
using Coconut Shell as a Coarse Aggregate
Replacement”
 B. Damodhara Reddy, [Link] Jyothy, Fawaz Shaikh
(2014) “Experimental Analysis of the Use of
Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate”
 Vijay Kumar Shukla, Bharti Sharma, Amarnath
Gupta (2017) “Properties of Concrete by using
Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate”
 Tomas U. Ganiron Jr (2013) “ Sustainable
Management of Waste Coconut Shells as Aggregate
in Concrete Mixture”
 S. A. Kakade, Dr. A. W. Dhawale (2015) “Light
Weight Aggregate Concrete By Using Coconut
Shell”
 Sravika. V, G. Kalyan (2017) “A Study on the Partial
Replacement of Coarse and Fine Aggregate by
Coconut Shell and Quarry Dust Mix”


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R. Ranjith (2017) “Study on Properties of Concrete
with Agricultural Waste”
 Manpreet Kaur and Jaspal Singh “Agricultural Waste
Utilization in Civil Engineering”
 Ajim S Shaikh, Sagar B Thorat, Rahul V Unde,
Prasad S Shirse (2015) “Advance
Concrete-Aggregate replaced by Coconut Shell”

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