MOVIE REVIEW SENTIMENT ANALYSIS

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

TRISHANK REDDY M S [RA2211056010002]

UDHAYASELVAM S S [RA2211056010006]

BHARATH R [RA2211056010016]

ADHIDEV M D [RA2211056010039]

Under the Guidance of

Dr. K. Dhanasekaran

Assistant Professor, Department of Data Science And Business Studies

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING
with specialization in DATA SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF DATA SCIENCE AND BUSINESS SYSTEMS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

KATTANKULATHUR – 603 203

MAY 2025
 Department of Data Science and Business Systems

SRM Institute Of Science & Technology

Own Work Declaration Form

This sheet must be filled in (each box ticked to show that the condition has been met). It
must besigned and dated along with your student registration number and included with
all assignments you submit – work will not be marked unless this is done.

To be completed by the student for all assessments

Degree/ Course: B Tech, Computer Science Engineering With Specialization in Data Science

Student Name: TRISHANK REDDY M S, UDHAYASELVAM S S, BHARATH R,

ADHIDEV M D
Registration Number: RA2211056010002, RA2211056010006, RA2211056010016,
RA2211056010039

Title of Work: MOVIE REVIEW SENTIMENT ANALYSIS

We hereby certify that this assessment compiles with the University’s Rules and Regulations
relating to Academic misconduct and plagiarism, as listed in the University Website,
Regulations, and the Education Committee guidelines.
We confirm that all the work contained in this assessment is our own except where
indicated, and that we have met the following conditions:
• Clearly referenced listed all sources as appropriate
• Referenced and put in inverted commas all quoted text (from books, web, etc)
• Given the sources of all pictures, data etc. that are not our own
• Not made any use of the report(s) or essay(s) of any other student(s) either past or
present
• Acknowledged in appropriate places any help that we have received from
others ([Link] students, technicians, statisticians, external sources)
• Compiled with any other plagiarism criteria specified in the Course handbook
/University website
• We understand that any false claim for this work will be penalized in
accordance with the University policies and regulation
DECLARATION:
We are aware of and understand the University’s policy on Academic misconduct and plagiarism and
we certify that this assessment is our own work, except where indicated by referring, and that we have
followed the good academic practices noted above.
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
KATTANKULATHUR – 603 203

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that 21CSP302L - Project report titled “MOVIE REVIEW

SENTIMENT ANALYSIS” is the bonafide work of “TRISHANK REDDY M
S[RA2211056010002],UDHAYASELVAM S S[RA2211056010006], Bharath
R [RA2211056010016], ADHIDEV M D [RA2211056010039]” who carried
out the project work under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of
my knowledge the work reported herein does not form any other project report or
dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier
occasion on this or any other candidate.

Dr .K. Dhanasekaran Dr. Kavitha V

Assistant Professor Professor and Head
Department of Data Science And Business Department of Data Science and
Systems Business Systems

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express our humble gratitude to Dr. C. Muthamizhchelvan, Vice-Chancellor, SRM

Institute of Science and Technology, for the facilities extended for the project work and his
continued support.
We extend our sincere thanks to Dr. Leenus Jesu Martin M, Dean-CET, SRM Institute of
Science and Technology, for his invaluable support.
We wish to thank Dr. Revathi Venkataraman, Professor and Chairperson, School of
Computing, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, for her support throughout the project
work.
We encompass our sincere thanks to, Dr. M. Pushpalatha, Professor and Associate
Chairperson - CS, School of Computing and Dr. Lakshmi, Professor and Associate
Chairperson -AI, School of Computing, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, for their
invaluable support.
We are incredibly grateful to our Head of the Department, Dr Kavitha V, Professor and Head,
Data Science And Business Systems, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, for her
suggestions and encouragement at all the stages of the project work.
We want to convey our thanks to our Project Coordinators, Panel Head, and Panel Members
Department of Data Science And Business Systems, SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
for their inputs during the project reviews and support.
We register our immeasurable thanks to our Faculty Advisor, Dr M Anand, Assistant
Professor Department of Data Science And Business Systems, SRM Institute of Science and
Technology, for leading and helping us to complete our course.
Our inexpressible respect and thanks to our guide, Dr. K .Dhanasekaran, Assistant Professor
Department of Data Science And Business Systems, SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
for providing us with an opportunity to pursue our project under his mentorship. He provided
us with the freedom and support to explore the research topics of our interest. His passion for
solving problems and making a difference in the world has always been inspiring.
We sincerely thank all the staff members of Department of Data Science And Business
Systems, School of Computing, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, for their help during
our project. Finally, we would like to thank our parents, family members, and friends for their
unconditional love, constant support and encouragement.

iv
 ABSTRACT

In recent years, the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has made significant strides,
particularly in the domain of sentiment analysis. This project focuses on building an intelligent
sentiment analysis model using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks fine-tuned on the
IMDB movie reviews dataset, designed to classify movie reviews as positive or negative with
high accuracy. Unlike traditional sentiment analysis systems that rely on lexicon-based
approaches, this model leverages deep learning to understand the contextual nuances of
language, capturing complex syntactic and semantic relationships in text. The core of the
system is powered by a sequential model with an embedding layer followed by LSTM
architecture—a specialized neural network designed for sequential data processing. To
enhance its effectiveness, the system integrates text preprocessing, tokenization, and padding
to create uniform input sequences. The model demonstrates excellent performance in
identifying positive and negative sentiments in movie reviews, achieving high accuracy on both
training and validation datasets. The integration of deep learning significantly improves the
quality and relevance of sentiment predictions. It simulates the behavior of a human reviewer
that understands the emotional context behind written text. The system can be adapted to other
domains or specific corpora, making it highly flexible for applications in customer feedback
analysis, social media monitoring, brand sentiment tracking, and more. Through this project,
we demonstrate how leveraging neural networks can produce a sentiment analysis system that
is not only accurate but also contextually aware, scalable, and capable of handling the
complexity of human language.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Title Page No.

Abstract Abstract V

1 Introduction 1

2 Literature Survey 3

3 System Design 5

4 Module Description 8

5 Implementation 12

6 Challenges, Limitations, and Performance Optimization 16

7 Results 19

8 Conclusion 23

9 Future Scope 24

10 References 28

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

7.1 Importing Libraries 19

7.2 Positive Negative Graph 20

7.3 Sentiment Review 20

7.4 Sentiment Graph 21

7.5 Sentiment Count 21

7.6 Training Model 22

7.7 Accuracy 22

vii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

With the exponential growth of online reviews, social media, and digital content, there has been
an increasing demand for systems that can automatically analyze and determine the sentiment
expressed in text. Traditional approaches relied on lexicon-based methods or simple machine
learning algorithms, which limited their ability to understand context, sarcasm, and the nuances
of human language. This project aims to address these limitations by building a sentiment
analysis model using state-of-the-art recurrent neural networks. The primary goal is to develop
a model that can accurately classify movie reviews as positive or negative—understanding the
sentiment beyond mere keyword analysis and capturing the contextual meaning of text.

1. Motivation and Use Cases

In many real-world scenarios—such as brand monitoring, customer feedback analysis, product

reviews, and market research—understanding sentiment is crucial for business intelligence. A
system that can accurately determine sentiment in text can help companies gain insights from
customer feedback, monitor brand reputation, analyze product reception, and make data-driven
decisions. By leveraging the strengths of LSTM networks and implementing an end-to-end
pipeline from data preprocessing to prediction, this model can be adapted across industries. It
also paves the way for future enhancements like multi-class sentiment analysis, aspect-based
sentiment analysis, and emotion detection.

2. LSTM for Sentiment Analysis

At the heart of the model lies Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), a specialized type of recurrent
neural network designed to capture long-term dependencies in sequential data. Unlike traditional
feed-forward neural networks, LSTM maintains internal memory states that allow it to remember
important features over long sequences. This makes it particularly well-suited for natural
language processing tasks where context and word order are crucial. For this project, we use
LSTM to process sequences of words (represented as numerical tokens) and learn the patterns
associated with positive and negative sentiments. Its architecture enables it to capture complex
relationships between words, making it highly effective for sentiment analysis.

3. Importance of the IMDB Dataset

The IMDB movie reviews dataset is a benchmark dataset widely used for sentiment analysis. It
contains 50,000 movie reviews labeled as positive or negative, providing a balanced dataset for
training and evaluation. The diverse nature of movie reviews—ranging from short, concise
opinions to lengthy analyses—makes it an excellent resource for building robust sentiment
analysis models. The dataset presents real-world challenges such as sarcasm, mixed opinions,

1
and nuanced expressions, pushing models to develop a deeper understanding of language beyond
simple keyword matching.

4. Text Preprocessing and Tokenization

One of the critical steps in our pipeline is the transformation of raw text into a format suitable for
neural network processing. This includes tokenization—converting text into sequences of tokens
(words or subwords)—and padding these sequences to ensure uniform length. The Tokenizer from
Keras is used to create a vocabulary of the most frequent words (limited to 5,000 in our
implementation) and convert reviews into sequences of integers. These sequences are then
padded to a fixed length of 200 tokens, ensuring consistent input dimensions for the neural
network while preserving the most relevant parts of each review.

5. Embedding and Sequence Modeling

The model architecture begins with an Embedding layer that transforms integer tokens into dense
vector representations. These embeddings capture semantic relationships between words, placing
similar words closer in the vector space. The embedding vectors are then fed into an LSTM layer
with 128 units, which processes the sequence and learns temporal dependencies. To prevent
overfitting, dropout mechanisms are implemented both at the input and recurrent connections of
the LSTM. Finally, a Dense layer with sigmoid activation functions as a binary classifier,
outputting the probability of a review being positive.

6. Model Evaluation and Performance

The model is trained using binary cross-entropy loss and the Adam optimizer, with accuracy as
the evaluation metric. The training process spans 5 epochs with a batch size of 64, and 20% of the
training data is reserved for validation. This allows us to monitor the model's learning progress
and ensure it generalizes well to unseen data. The final model demonstrates high accuracy on
both the training and test sets, confirming its effectiveness in sentiment classification tasks.

7. Flexibility and Future Extensions

While the current implementation focuses on binary sentiment classification of movie

reviews, the modular design of the system allows for easy adaptation to other domains and
tasks. Future improvements could include implementing attention mechanisms,
experimenting with bidirectional LSTMs, integrating transfer learning from pre-trained
language models, and extending the system to multi-class sentiment analysis or aspect-based
sentiment analysis. The predictive system function provides an easy interface for real-time
sentiment analysis of new text, making the model readily deployable.

2
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

The field of sentiment analysis has evolved significantly over the past decade, driven by
advances in machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing. In this section,
we explore key research developments, relevant datasets, and architectures that have shaped
the current state of sentiment analysis systems. These works form the foundation upon which
our model has been designed.

1. Evolution of Sentiment Analysis Systems

Early sentiment analysis systems were primarily rule-based and lexicon-based, relying on
dictionaries of words with pre-assigned sentiment scores. While effective for simple texts, these
approaches struggled with contextual understanding, negations, and domain-specific language.
The advent of machine learning introduced more sophisticated methods, including Naive Bayes,
Support Vector Machines (SVM), and logistic regression, which could learn patterns from
labeled data. However, these traditional machine learning approaches still relied heavily on hand-
crafted features and struggled with the sequential nature of text.

2. Neural Network-Based Approaches

The introduction of neural networks, particularly recurrent neural networks (RNNs), marked a
significant advancement in sentiment analysis. RNNs could process sequences of words and
maintain a form of memory about previous inputs. However, vanilla RNNs suffered from the
vanishing gradient problem, limiting their ability to capture long-range dependencies in text.

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, introduced by Hochreiter and Schmidhuber

(1997), addressed this limitation by incorporating memory cells and gating mechanisms that could
selectively remember or forget information over long sequences. This made LSTMs particularly
well-suited for sentiment analysis, where context and word order can significantly impact
sentiment interpretation.

More recent developments include bidirectional LSTMs, attention mechanisms, and transformer-
based models like BERT, which have further pushed the boundaries of sentiment analysis
performance. Our project leverages the strengths of LSTM networks while maintaining a balance
between accuracy and computational efficiency.

3. IMDB: A Benchmark Dataset

The IMDB movie reviews dataset, introduced by Maas et al. (2011), has become one of the
standard benchmarks for sentiment analysis. Containing 50,000 highly polarized reviews from the
3
Internet Movie Database, with an equal number of positive and negative examples, it provides a
challenging yet well- defined task for sentiment classification. The dataset's popularity stems
from its real-world nature, containing authentic reviews written by actual users with varying
writing styles, vocabulary, and expression. This makes it an excellent testbed for algorithms
aiming to understand human sentiment in natural language. The diversity of reviews—from
concise opinions to detailed analyses—also ensures that models trained on this dataset develop
robust understanding applicable to various text lengths and complexities.

4. Deep Learning for Text Classification

The application of deep learning to text classification has revolutionized sentiment analysis. Word
embeddings, particularly Word2Vec (Mikolov et al., 2013) and GloVe (Pennington et al., 2014),
provided dense vector representations of words that captured semantic relationships, forming the
foundation for more sophisticated models.

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) were initially applied to text classification tasks,
treating text as a 1D signal and leveraging the power of convolution to identify important n-
gram features. However, RNNs and especially LSTMs proved more effective for capturing the
sequential nature of text, leading to their widespread adoption in sentiment analysis systems.

The sequential embedding-LSTM architecture used in our project is inspired by these

developments, combining the representational power of embeddings with the sequential
processing capabilities of LSTMs. This architecture has been shown to achieve strong
performance on the IMDB dataset and other sentiment analysis benchmarks.

5. Related Implementations

Several academic and industry projects have implemented sentiment analysis systems using
various approaches. Traditional machine learning implementations often rely on TF-IDF
representations paired with classifiers like SVM or Random Forest. More recent deep learning
implementations have explored various architectures, from simple feed-forward networks to
complex ensemble models combining multiple neural architectures.

Our approach focuses on creating an accurate yet straightforward sentiment analysis model by
combining embeddings with LSTM, making it both effective and accessible for practical
applications. The simplicity of the architecture allows for easier implementation, understanding,
and deployment, while still achieving competitive performance.

4
 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESIGN
3.1SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The sentiment analysis system is designed as a sequential pipeline comprising data preprocessing,
model training, and sentiment prediction. This architecture separates the preprocessing logic
from the model architecture, enabling greater flexibility, reusability, and scalability. Below is an
overview of the architecture and data flow, broken into clear components.
1. System Architecture Diagram Description

1.1 Data Loading and Preprocessing

A component that loads the IMDB dataset, processes it, and prepares it for model training. This
includes converting sentiment labels from categorical (positive/negative) to numerical (1/0)
representations.

1.2 Text Tokenization and Sequence Preparation

The raw text reviews are tokenized into sequences of integers using the Keras Tokenizer. These
sequences are then padded to ensure uniform length (200 tokens in our implementation).

1.3 Model Training

The core LSTM model is trained using the preprocessed data. The architecture includes an
embedding layer, an LSTM layer with dropout for regularization, and a dense output layer with
sigmoid activation.

1.4 Model Evaluation

The trained model is evaluated on a held-out test set to assess its performance and generalization
capability.

1.5 Prediction System

A user-facing component that takes new, unseen reviews as input, preprocesses them in the same
manner as the training data, and returns sentiment predictions using the trained model.

2. Data Flow Diagram Description

The system's data flow can be broken down into the following
steps: Step 1: Data Acquisition and Preparation
• The IMDB dataset is loaded and exploratory data analysis is performed

• Sentiment labels are converted from text to binary values (positive → 1, negative → 0)
5
 • The dataset is split into training (80%) and testing (20%) sets

The sentiment analysis system is designed as a sequential pipeline comprising data

preprocessing, model training, and sentiment prediction. This architecture separates the
preprocessing logic from the model architecture, enabling greater flexibility, reusability, and
scalability. Below is an overview of the architecture and data flow, broken into clear
components.

3. System Architecture Diagram Description

The system is composed of the following modules:

3.1 Data Loading and Preprocessing

A component that loads the IMDB dataset, processes it, and prepares it for model training.
This includes converting sentiment labels from categorical (positive/negative) to numerical
(1/0) representations.

3.2 Text Tokenization and Sequence Preparation

The raw text reviews are tokenized into sequences of integers using the Keras Tokenizer.
These sequences are then padded to ensure uniform length (200 tokens in our
implementation).

3.3 Model Training

The core LSTM model is trained using the preprocessed data. The architecture includes an
embedding layer, an LSTM layer with dropout for regularization, and a dense output layer
with sigmoid activation.

3.4 Model Evaluation

The trained model is evaluated on a held-out test set to assess its performance and
generalization capability.

3.5 Prediction System

A user-facing component that takes new, unseen reviews as input, preprocesses them in the
same manner as the training data, and returns sentiment predictions using the trained
model.

6
4. Data Flow Diagram Description

1. Data Acquisition and Preparation

• The IMDB dataset is loaded and exploratory data analysis is performed

• Sentiment labels are converted from text to binary values (positive → 1, negative → 0)
• The dataset is split into training (80%) and

testing (20%) sets Step 2. Text Preprocessing and

Tokenization

• A tokenizer is fitted on the training data, limiting the vocabulary to the 5,000 most frequent
words
• Text reviews are converted into sequences of integers
• Sequences are padded to a uniform length of

200 tokens Step 3. 3. Model Construction

• An embedding layer maps token IDs to 128-dimensional dense vectors

• An LSTM layer with 128 units processes the sequence data
• A dense layer with sigmoid activation produces the final sentiment

prediction (0-1) Step 4: 4. Model Training

• The model is compiled with binary cross-entropy loss and the Adam optimizer
• Training proceeds for 5 epochs with a batch size of 64
• 20% of training data is used for validation

during training Step 5. Model Evaluation and

Deployment

• The trained model is evaluated on the test set

• The model and tokenizer are saved for future use
• A prediction function is implemented for real-time sentiment analysis of new reviews.

7
 CHAPTER 4
MODULE DESCRIPTION
4.1 ALGORITHM

Methodology, Algorithm & Module Descriptions

The development of the sentiment analysis model is structured into multiple stages, each
addressing a key functionality—text preprocessing, model building, training, and prediction. This
section outlines the methodology followed, the main algorithmic logic used, and a breakdown of
each module in the system.

Overall Approach
The sentiment analysis model is built using an LSTM-based deep learning architecture, trained
on the IMDB movie reviews dataset. The process involves tokenizing and padding text inputs,
embedding these tokens into

1. Load and preprocess the IMDB dataset

2. Convert reviews to sequences of token IDs using a fitted tokenizer
3. Pad sequences to a uniform length
4. Build a sequential model with embedding, LSTM, and dense layers
5. Train the model on the training data with validation
6. Evaluate the model on test data
7. Save the model and tokenizer for deployment
8. Implement a prediction function for real-time sentiment analysis

Modules Description

1. Data Preprocessing Module

• Description: Loads the IMDB dataset, performs exploratory data analysis, and prepares
the data for model training.
• Technology: Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib, Seaborn
• Input: Raw IMDB dataset CSV file
• Output: Processed dataframe with numerical sentiment labels

2. Text Tokenization Module

• Description: Converts text reviews into sequences of token IDs and pads them to a uniform
length.
8
 • Technology: Keras Tokenizer, pad_sequences
• Purpose: To create a numerical representation of text that can be fed into neural networks.
• Algorithm: Tokenization based on word frequency, followed by sequence padding.

3. Model Architecture Module

• Description: Defines the structure of the neural network model.

• Components:
• Embedding layer (input_dim=5000, output_dim=128, input_length=200)
• LSTM layer (128 units with dropout and recurrent dropout of 0.2)
• Dense layer (1 unit with sigmoid activation)

• Purpose: To transform token sequences into sentiment predictions.

4. Model Training Module

• Description: Compiles and trains the model on the preprocessed data.
• Parameters:
• Optimizer: Adam
• Loss function: Binary cross-entropy
• Metrics: Accuracy
• Epochs: 5
• Batch size: 64
• Validation split: 0.2
Output: Trained model with optimized weights.

5. Model Evaluation Module

• Description: Assesses the performance of the trained model on unseen test data.
• Metrics: Accuracy, loss
• Purpose: To ensure the model generalizes well to new data.

6. Prediction System Module

• Description: Implements a function for real-time sentiment analysis of new reviews.
• Input: Raw text review
• Process:
• Tokenize and pad the input text
• Pass through the trained model
9
 Algorithm (Pseudocode)
Algorithm IMDB_Movie_Review_Sentiment_Analysis

Input: Raw IMDB movie reviews dataset (text + labels)

Output: Trained sentiment classification model and performance metrics

1. Load the IMDB dataset from a source (e.g., TensorFlow/Keras datasets)

2. Preprocess the data:

a. Tokenize the text data

b. Pad the sequences to a fixed length

c. Split the data into training and testing sets

3. Build the model:

a. Create a Sequential model

b. Add an Embedding layer for word representation

c. Add a GlobalAveragePooling1D or LSTM/GRU layer

d. Add one or more Dense layers

e. Add a final Dense layer with sigmoid activation for binary classification

4. Compile the model:

a. Use binary_crossentropy as the loss function

b. Choose an optimizer (e.g., Adam)

c. Set evaluation metrics (e.g., accuracy)

5. Train the model on the training data:

a. Specify number of epochs and batch size

b. Optionally use a validation split

6. Evaluate the model on the test set

10
7. Use the model to predict sentiment for new/unseen reviews

8. Display and interpret performance metrics (e.g., accuracy, loss)

End Algorithm

Advantages of this Methodology

• Efficient: The pipeline is streamlined and efficient, ensuring quick preprocessing and
prediction.
• Modular: Each component can be optimized or replaced independently (e.g.,
using different embedding techniques or recurrent architectures).

11
 CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation

This section outlines the step-by-step implementation of the sentiment analysis system, the tools
and libraries used, and the performance of the system based on both qualitative examples and
quantitative indicators.

1. Implementation Details

1.1 Tools & Libraries

• Programming Language: Python 3.x

• Data Manipulation:
• Pandas
• NumPy

• Visualization:
• Matplotlib
• Seaborn

• Machine Learning:
• Scikit-learn (for train_test_split)

• Deep Learning:
• TensorFlow/Keras

• Utilities:
• Warnings (for suppressing warnings)
• Joblib (for serializing the tokenizer)

1.2 Dataset Preprocessing

The IMDB dataset, consisting of 50,000 movie reviews labeled as positive or negative, was
processed using the following steps:

• Load the dataset from CSV file

• Perform exploratory data analysis to understand the distribution of sentiments
• Convert categorical sentiment labels to numerical values (positive → 1, negative → 0)
• Split the dataset into 80% training and 20% testing sets

12
1.3 Text Tokenization and Sequence Preparation

The text reviews were transformed into numerical form using the following steps:

• Initialize a Tokenizer with a vocabulary size of 5,000 (limiting to the most frequent words)
• Fit the tokenizer on the training data reviews
• Convert each review into a sequence of integer token IDs
• Pad sequences to a uniform length of 200 tokens (truncating longer sequences,
padding shorter ones)

1.4 Model Architecture

The sentiment analysis model was implemented using the following architecture:

• Embedding Layer: Converts token IDs to dense vectors of dimension 128

• Input dimension: 5,000 (vocabulary size)
• Output dimension: 128 (embedding size)
• Input length: 200 (padded sequence length)

• LSTM Layer: Processes the sequence of embeddings

• Units: 128
• Dropout: 0.2 (regularization on inputs)
• Recurrent Dropout: 0.2 (regularization on recurrent connections)

• Dense Layer: Produces the final sentiment prediction

• Units: 1
• Activation: Sigmoid (outputs probability between 0 and 1)

1.5 Model Training

The model was trained with the following parameters:

• Optimizer: Adam
• Loss Function: Binary Cross-Entropy (suitable for binary classification)
• Metrics: Accuracy
• Epochs: 5
• Batch Size: 64
• Validation Split: 0.2 (20% of training data used for validation)

13
After training, both the model and tokenizer were saved for future use:

• Model saved to "model.h5"

• Tokenizer saved to "[Link]" using joblib

1.6 Prediction System

A prediction function was implemented to provide real-time sentiment analysis of new

reviews:

Python

def predictive_system(review):
sequences = tokenizer.texts_to_sequences([review]) padded_sequence =
pad_sequences(sequences, maxlen=200) prediction = [Link](padded_sequence)
sentiment = "positive" if prediction[0][0] > 0.5 else "negative" return sentiment

2. Results
2.1 Qualitative Evaluation

The model was tested on several new movie reviews, demonstrating its ability to correctly classify
sentiment:

Example 1:

• Input: "This movie was fantastic and amazing"

• Prediction: "positive"

Example 2:
• Input: "A thrilling adventure with stunning visual"
• Prediction: "positive"

Example 3:

• Input: "A visual masterpiece"

• Prediction: "positive"

Example 4:

• Input: "Overall long and slow"

• Prediction: "negative"

14
1.2 Quantitative Evaluation

The model's performance during training and on the test set was measured using accuracy
and loss:

• Training Accuracy (after 5 epochs): ~93%

• Validation Accuracy: ~87%

• Test Accuracy: ~88%

These metrics indicate that the model achieves good performance on both seen and unseen
data, with a reasonable gap between training and validation accuracy suggesting appropriate
regularization.

1.3 Limitations Observed

• The model may struggle with nuanced or mixed sentiment reviews.

• Sarcasm and irony can be challenging to detect.

• The limited vocabulary (5,000 words) may affect performance on reviews with
unusual terminology.

• Fixed sequence length (200 tokens) truncates longer reviews, potentially losing
important information.

2. Deployment Notes
The sentiment analysis system can be deployed in various ways:

• As a standalone script for batch processing of reviews

• Integrated into web applications via Flask/Django APIs

• Embedded in data analytics pipelines for automatic sentiment monitoring

• Used in customer feedback systems for real-time sentiment tracking

The saved model (model.h5) and tokenizer ([Link]) make it easy to deploy the system
in new environments without retraining.

15
 CHAPTER 6
CHALLENGES, LIMITATIONS, AND PERFORMANCE
OPTIMIZATION
Challenges
1. Handling Linguistic Complexity
One of the primary challenges for sentiment analysis systems is linguistic complexity. Natural
language contains nuances such as sarcasm, irony, and ambiguity that can be difficult for
models to interpret correctly. For example, a review stating "The movie was so bad it was
good" contains mixed signals that might confuse the model. Similarly, rhetorical questions,
metaphors, and cultural references can significantly impact sentiment without using explicitly
positive or negative terms.
2. Vocabulary Limitations
The current implementation limits the vocabulary to the 5,000 most frequent words, which may
exclude domain-specific terminology or less common expressions that carry important
sentiment information. This limitation can affect the model's performance on reviews that use
specialized language or uncommon phrases to express sentiment.
3. Sequence Length Constraints
The fixed sequence length of 200 tokens means that longer reviews are truncated, potentially
losing important context or sentiment-bearing content that appears later in the text. Conversely,
very short reviews might not provide enough context for accurate classification. This constraint
is a trade-off between computational efficiency and information retention.
4. Class Imbalance and Neutral Sentiment
While the IMDB dataset is balanced between positive and negative reviews, real-world
sentiment analysis often involves unbalanced data and neutral sentiment. The binary
classification approach used in this project doesn't account for neutral or mixed sentiment,
which limits its applicability in scenarios where sentiment isn't clearly polarized.
Limitations
[Link] of Contextual Understanding
Despite using LSTM, which can capture some sequential context, the model lacks the deeper
contextual understanding that humans possess. It may struggle with references to previous parts
of the review, comparisons to other movies, or contextual cues that modify sentiment. For
example, a review that compares a movie favorably to a generally disliked film might be
misinterpreted.
[Link]-Level Processing
The model processes text at the token level rather than understanding higher-level semantic
structures. This means it might miss sentiment expressed through complex sentence structures,
discourse patterns, or distributed across multiple sentences. The token-by-token processing
16
also limits the model's ability to understand sentiment expressed through sentence structure or
broader context.
[Link] Specificity
The model is trained specifically on movie reviews, which have their own vocabulary,
expressions, and sentiment patterns. This domain specificity means that the model might not
generalize well to other domains such as product reviews, social media posts, or news articles
without retraining or adaptation.
4. Lack of Interpretability
Neural network models like LSTM are often considered "black boxes" because their decision-
making process isn't easily interpretable. Unlike rule-based or lexicon-based approaches where
the contribution of each word to the sentiment score is clear, understanding why the LSTM
model classified a particular review as positive or negative can be challenging. This lack of
interpretability can be a limitation in applications where explanation of the sentiment
classification is required.

Performance Optimization
[Link] Preprocessing Techniques
Implementing more sophisticated preprocessing techniques could improve model performance:
• Handling negations explicitly (e.g., "not good" → "not_good")
• Lemmatization to reduce vocabulary size while maintaining meaning
• Named entity recognition to handle movie titles, actor names, etc.
• Stopword removal to focus on sentiment-bearing words
[Link] Embeddings
Rather than learning embeddings from scratch, using pre-trained word embeddings like GloVe
or Word2Vec could enhance the model's understanding of semantic relationships between
words. These embeddings, trained on large corpora, capture rich linguistic information that can
improve sentiment analysis performance, especially with limited training data.
[Link] Architectures
Several architectural improvements could boost performance:
• Bidirectional LSTM to capture context from both directions
• Attention mechanisms to focus on the most sentiment-relevant parts of the review
• CNN-LSTM hybrid models that combine local feature detection with sequential
processing
• Transformer-based models like BERT, which have shown state-of-the-art performance
on many NLP tasks

17
[Link] Methods
Combining multiple models with different architectures or trained on different subsets of the
data could improve robustness and accuracy. Ensemble methods like voting, stacking, or
boosting can leverage the strengths of different approaches and mitigate their individual
weaknesses.
[Link] Optimization
Systematic hyperparameter tuning using techniques like grid search, random search, or
Bayesian optimization could identify more optimal configurations:
• Embedding dimension
• LSTM units
• Dropout rates
• Learning rate
• Batch size
• Sequence length
6. Transfer Learning
Fine-tuning a pre-trained language model like BERT, RoBERTa, or DistilBERT on the
sentiment analysis task could significantly improve performance, especially with limited
training data. These models have been trained on large corpora and have developed rich
linguistic representations that can be leveraged for sentiment analysis.
The optimization strategies presented here offer a roadmap for enhancing the current system,
addressing its limitations, and improving its performance across various metrics including
accuracy, speed, and generalizability.

18
 CHAPTER 7
RESULTS
The sentiment analysis model was trained and evaluated on the IMDB movie review dataset,
consisting of 50,000 reviews evenly split between positive and negative sentiments. The dataset
was divided into training and testing sets, with 80% used for training and 20% for testing. After
preprocessing the data (including tokenization, padding, and embedding), a neural network was
trained using a sequential model with embedding, LSTM, and dense layers.
During training, the model demonstrated strong learning capability, with training accuracy
improving steadily across epochs while maintaining acceptable levels of validation loss. On
the test set, the model achieved a high accuracy of approximately 88–90%, indicating its
effectiveness in generalizing to unseen data.
The confusion matrix revealed that the model was particularly good at correctly classifying
both positive and negative sentiments, with relatively few false positives and false negatives.
Additionally, the precision, recall, and F1-score were all high (typically above 0.85),
confirming the robustness and reliability of the classification performance.
The model also showed quick convergence, reaching optimal performance within a limited
number of epochs, demonstrating efficient training. Visualization of the training and validation
loss/accuracy curves further confirmed the model's stability and absence of overfitting.
Overall, the results validate the proposed approach as a competent baseline for sentiment
classification and provide a strong foundation for future enhancements such as multi-class
sentiment detection, emotion recognition, and real-time applications.

Figure 7.1 Importing Libraries

19
Figure7.2 Positive Negative Graph

Figure7.3Sentiment review

20
Figure7.4 Sentiment Graph

Figure7.5 Sentiment Count

21
Figure7.6 Training Model

Figure 7.7Accuracy

22
 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
The IMDB Movie Review Sentiment Analysis project illustrates the power and practicality of
deep learning in understanding and classifying human sentiment through natural language
processing. By training a neural network on a large corpus of labeled movie reviews, the model
effectively distinguishes between positive and negative sentiments, showcasing impressive
accuracy and generalization capabilities. This forms a solid foundation for numerous
applications in media analytics, customer feedback systems, and opinion mining.
However, real-world sentiment is rarely binary, and the potential of this system extends far
beyond simple classification. Future enhancements such as multi-class sentiment analysis can
enable the detection of more subtle emotional variations, providing deeper insight into user
opinions. Aspect-based sentiment analysis will allow businesses and content creators to
identify which specific features of a product or movie are being praised or criticized.
Furthermore, extending the model to support multiple languages will greatly enhance its global
applicability.
Incorporating real-time monitoring capabilities could allow organizations to track public
sentiment trends live, making this tool valuable for marketing, brand management, and crisis
response. Additionally, moving toward emotion recognition will enrich the interpretative
power of the system, capturing the complexity of human expression. Context-aware analysis—
integrating user behavior, time, and external events—can lead to more personalized and
accurate results.
The deployment of this model on edge devices, combined with continuous learning pipelines,
opens the door for robust, adaptive sentiment analysis even in offline or resource-constrained
environments. Importantly, enhancing explainability and transparency through interpretable AI
techniques will build trust among users and stakeholders, especially in critical decision-making
domains.
Ultimately, the project provides a strong baseline from which a wide range of intelligent
systems can be developed. With strategic improvements and domain-specific adaptations, this
sentiment analysis system can evolve into a highly versatile tool—capable of understanding,
interpreting, and acting on human emotions in diverse contexts.

23
 CHAPTER 9
FUTURE SCOPE
While the current implementation of the sentiment analysis model demonstrates good
performance on the IMDB dataset, there remain multiple areas for enhancement and expansion.
The following directions highlight how this project can evolve in terms of capability,
scalability, and real-world usability:
[Link]-class Sentiment Analysis
The current model is limited to binary sentiment classification (positive/negative). Extending
it to multi- class sentiment analysis (e.g., very negative, negative, neutral, positive, very
positive) would provide more nuanced insights and better reflect the spectrum of human
sentiment. This would require retraining the model with multi-class labels and modifying the
output layer accordingly.
[Link]-Based Sentiment Analysis
Instead of classifying the overall sentiment of a review, aspect-based sentiment analysis
identifies sentiment towards specific aspects or features mentioned in the text. For movie
reviews, this could include sentiments about acting, plot, visuals, soundtrack, etc.
Implementing this would require a more complex architecture that can identify aspects and
their associated sentiments.
[Link] Support
Extending the model to support multiple languages would significantly increase its
applicability in global contexts. This could be achieved through multilingual embeddings or by
training separate models for different languages. Techniques like zero-shot or few-shot
learning could also be explored for languages with limited labeled data.
[Link]-time Sentiment Monitoring System
Developing a comprehensive system that monitors sentiment in real-time across various
platforms (social media, review sites, news comments) could provide valuable insights for
businesses, public relations, and market research. This would involve integrating the sentiment
analysis model with data collection pipelines and visualization dashboards.

[Link] Detection Beyond Sentiment

Moving beyond simple sentiment to detect specific emotions (joy, anger, sadness, fear,
surprise, etc.) would provide a more detailed understanding of textual content. This could be
implemented as a multi- label classification problem, where multiple emotions can be present
simultaneously in a single text.

24
[Link] Contextual Information
Enhancing the model to consider contextual information such as user history, review timing,
or external events could improve accuracy by providing additional signals beyond the text
itself. This would require a more complex system architecture that integrates multiple data
sources.
[Link] Sentiment Analysis
Developing techniques to make the model's decisions more interpretable would increase trust
and usability. This could include attention visualization, feature importance analysis, or rule
extraction methods that provide explanations for why a particular text was classified as positive
or negative.
[Link] with Voice Analysis
Combining text sentiment analysis with voice tone analysis could provide a more
comprehensive understanding of sentiment in spoken content such as customer service calls,
interviews, or video reviews. This would require integrating the current model with audio
processing techniques.
[Link] Learning System
Implementing a system that can continuously learn and adapt based on new data and feedback
would keep the model relevant as language and expression patterns evolve. This would involve
setting up a pipeline for collecting new labeled data, periodically retraining the model, and
monitoring performance over time.
[Link] on Edge Devices
Optimizing the model for deployment on edge devices (smartphones, IoT devices) would
enable sentiment analysis in scenarios with limited connectivity or privacy requirements. This
would involve techniques like model compression, quantization, and architecture
modifications to reduce computational requirements.

[Link] with Business Intelligence Systems

The current model is trained on movie reviews and may not generalize well to other domains.
Exploring techniques for domain adaptation would allow the model to be applied to different
areas such as product reviews, restaurant reviews, or social media posts without requiring
complete retraining.
[Link] Support
Extending the model to support multiple languages would significantly increase its
applicability in global contexts. This could be achieved through multilingual embeddings or by
training separate models for different languages. Techniques like zero-shot or few-shot
learning could also be explored for languages with limited labeled data.

25
[Link]-time Sentiment Monitoring System
Developing a comprehensive system that monitors sentiment in real-time across various
platforms (social media, review sites, news comments) could provide valuable insights for
businesses, public relations, and market research. This would involve integrating the sentiment
analysis model with data collection pipelines and visualization dashboards.
[Link] Detection Beyond Sentiment
Moving beyond simple sentiment to detect specific emotions (joy, anger, sadness, fear,
surprise, etc.) would provide a more detailed understanding of textual content. This could be
implemented as a multi- label classification problem, where multiple emotions can be present
simultaneously in a single text.
[Link] Contextual Information
Enhancing the model to consider contextual information such as user history, review timing,
or external events could improve accuracy by providing additional signals beyond the text
itself. This would require a more complex system architecture that integrates multiple data
sources.
[Link] Sentiment Analysis
Developing techniques to make the model's decisions more interpretable would increase trust
and usability. This could include attention visualization, feature importance analysis, or rule
extraction methods that provide explanations for why a particular text was classified as positive
or negative.
[Link] with Voice Analysis
Combining text sentiment analysis with voice tone analysis could provide a more
comprehensive understanding of sentiment in spoken content such as customer service calls,
interviews, or video reviews. This would require integrating the current model with audio
processing techniques.
[Link] Learning System
Implementing a system that can continuously learn and adapt based on new data and feedback
would keep the model relevant as language and expression patterns evolve. This would involve
setting up a pipeline for collecting new labeled data, periodically retraining the model, and
monitoring performance over time.
[Link] on Edge Devices
Optimizing the model for deployment on edge devices (smartphones, IoT devices) would
enable sentiment analysis in scenarios with limited connectivity or privacy requirements. This
would involve techniques like model compression, quantization, and architecture
modifications to reduce computational requirements.
[Link] with Business Intelligence Systems

26
Developing plugins or APIs to integrate the sentiment analysis model with popular business
intelligence and customer relationship management systems would make it more accessible to
business users without technical expertise. This integration would allow for sentiment insights
to be combined with other business metrics for comprehensive analysis.
The future directions outlined here represent both incremental improvements and
transformative extensions to the current project, paving the way for more sophisticated,
accurate, and widely applicable sentiment analysis systems.

27
 CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES
[1] A. M. Dai and Q. V. Le, "Semi-supervised Sequence Learning," Advances in Neural
Information Processing Systems, vol. 28, pp. 3079–3087, 2015.

[2] A. Maas, R. Daly, P. Pham, D. Huang, A. Ng and C. Potts, "Learning Word Vectors for
Sentiment Analysis," in Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for
Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, 2011, pp. 142–150. [Online].
Available: [Link]

[3] F. Chollet et al., Keras. [Online]. Available: [Link]

[4] M. Abadi et al., "TensorFlow: Large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous systems,"

2015. [Online]. Available: [Link]

[5] S. Hochreiter and J. Schmidhuber, "Long Short-Term Memory," Neural Computation, vol.
9, no. 8, pp. 1735–1780, 1997.

[6] J. Brownlee, Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing, Machine Learning Mastery,
2017.

[7] S. Bird, E. Klein and E. Loper, Natural Language Processing with Python, O'Reilly Media,
2009.

[8] D. Jurafsky and J. H. Martin, Speech and Language Processing, 3rd ed., Pearson, 2022.
[Online draft]. Available: [Link]

28