What is SQL?

SQL stands for Structured Query Language

SQL lets you access and manipulate databases

SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986,
and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987.

SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.

What Can SQL do?

SQL can execute queries against a database.

SQL can retrieve data from a database.

SQL can insert records in a database.

SQL can update records in a database.

SQL can delete records from a database.

SQL can create new databases.

SQL can create new tables in a database.

SQL can create stored procedures in a database.

SQL can create views in a database.

SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views.

What are SQL Commands?

SQL commands are the fundamental building blocks for communicating with a
database management system (DBMS). These commands perform various database
operations, such as creating tables, inserting data, querying information, and
controlling access and security. SQL commands can be categorized into different
types, each serving a specific purpose in the database management process.

Categorization of SQL Commands

SQL commands can be categorized into five primary types, each serving a distinct
purpose in database management. Understanding these categories is essential for
efficient and effective database operations. SQL commands can be categorized into
four main types:
Types of SQL Commands:

DDL (Data Definition Language):

CREATE: Creates a new table or database.

ALTER: Modifies an existing database object.

DROP: Deletes an entire table, database, or other objects.

TRUNCATE: Removes all records from a table, deleting the space allocated for the
records.
DML (Data Manipulation Language):

SELECT: Retrieves data from the database.

INSERT: Adds new data to a table.

UPDATE: Modifies existing data within a table.

DELETE: Removes data from a table.

DCL (Data Control Language):

GRANT: Gives users access privileges to the database.

REVOKE: Removes access privileges given with the GRANT command.

TCL (Transaction Control Language):

COMMIT: Saves all changes made in the current transaction.

ROLLBACK: Restores the database to the last committed state.

SAVEPOINT: Sets a savepoint within a transaction.

What is DDL? Data Definition Language (DDL) Commands

DDL, which stands for Data Definition Language, is a subset of SQL (Structured Query
Language) commands used to define and modify the database structure. These
commands are used to create, alter, and delete database objects like tables, indexes,
and schemas.
The SQL CREATE TABLE Statement

The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table in a database.

Syntax

CREATE TABLE table_name (

column1 datatype,

column2 datatype,

column3 datatype,

....

);

SQL CREATE TABLE Example

The following example creates a table called "persons" that contains five columns:
PersonID, LastName, FirstName, Address, and City:

CREATE TABLE Persons (

PersonID int,
LastName varchar (255),

FirstName varchar (255),

Address varchar (255),

City varchar (255)

);

SQL ALTER TABLE Statement

The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns in an existing
table.

The ALTER TABLE statement is also used to add and drop various constraints on an
existing table.

ALTER TABLE - ADD Column

To add a column in a table, use the following syntax:

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype;

ALTER TABLE - DROP COLUMN

To delete a column in a table, use the following syntax (notice that some database
systems don't allow deleting a column):

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP COLUMN column_name;

ALTER TABLE - RENAME COLUMN

To rename a column in a table, use the following syntax:

ALTER TABLE table_name

RENAME COLUMN old_name to new_name;

ALTER TABLE - ALTER/MODIFY DATATYPE

To change the data type of a column in a table, use the following syntax:

ALTER TABLE table_name

ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype;

The SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Statement

The SQL TRUNCATE TABLE command is used to empty a table. This command is a
sequence of DROP TABLE and CREATE TABLE statements and requires the DROP
privilege.

Syntax

The basic syntax of a TRUNCATE TABLE command is as follows.

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
 Experiment 2

The structured query language (SQL) commands deal with the manipulation of data
present in the database that belongs to the DML or Data Manipulation Language. This
includes most of the SQL statements.

1. SQL SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.

Syntax

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name;
Here, column1, column2, ... are the field names of the table you want to select data
from.

The table_name represents the name of the table you want to select data from.
Select ALL columns

If you want to return all columns, without specifying every column name, you can use
the SELECT * syntax:

SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement

The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement

The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct (different) values.

Syntax

SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name;
2. SQL INSERT INTO Statement

The SQL INSERT INTO Statement

The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.

INSERT INTO Syntax

It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two ways:

Specify both the column names and the values to be inserted:

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
3 The SQL UPDATE Statement
The UPDATE statement is used to modify the existing records in a table.

UPDATE Syntax

UPDATE table_name

SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...

WHERE condition;

4.SQL DELETE Statement

The SQL DELETE Statement

The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a table.

DELETE Syntax

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

SQL WHERE Clause

The SQL WHERE Clause

The WHERE clause is used to filter records.

It is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified condition.

Syntax

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name

WHERE condition;
 Experiment 4

SQL Aggregate Functions

An aggregate function is a function that performs a calculation on a set of values, and

returns a single value.

Aggregate functions are often used with the GROUP BY clause of the SELECT
statement. The GROUP BY clause splits the result-set into groups of values and the
aggregate function can be used to return a single value for each group.

The most commonly used SQL aggregate functions are:

MIN() - returns the smallest value within the selected column

MAX() - returns the largest value within the selected column

COUNT() - returns the number of rows in a set

SUM() - returns the total sum of a numerical column

AVG() - returns the average value of a numerical column

SQL MIN() and MAX() Functions

Find the highest price in the Price column:

select max(price)from product50;

Find the lowest price in the Price column:

select min(price)from product50;

The SQL COUNT() Function

The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that matches a specified criterion.

select count(*) from product50;

SQL SUM() Function

The SUM() function returns the total sum of a numeric column.

select sum(price) from product50;

The SQL AVG() Function

The AVG() function returns the average value of a numeric column.

SELECT AVG(Price)

FROM Product50;
 Experiment 6

SQL Arithmetic Operators

Operator Description

+ Add

- Subtract

* Multiply

/ Divide

% Modulo