How Does Kazakhstan Successfully

Transition to Renewable Energy While

Ensuring Economic and Social Stability?
By Smagulov Miras
Grade 11 E Group ___

Peer editor: Asylkhan Serikpai

Advisor: (S.B. Imanova)
Date:__________

Nazarbayev Intellectual School of Chemistry and Biology,

Petropavlovsk
Introduction (300 words) Term 4
According to the International Energy Agency (2023), over 70% of Kazakhstan’s electricity
is generated from coal, making it one of the most fossil fuel–dependent countries in the
world. As a consequence, the World Bank estimates that air pollution in cities like Almaty
and Astana exceeds WHO standards by up to 17 times during winter.
As climate change intensifies, Kazakhstan faces urgent social and economic risks. Air
pollution and rising temperatures threaten public health, especially in urban areas, while
outdated infrastructure and fossil fuel dependence slow progress toward cleaner energy.
Without action, the country risks worsening health outcomes, economic strain, and long-term
instability. However, addressing these challenges can create new jobs, reduce carbon
reliance, and improve quality of life. A successful transition to green energy is not only vital
for today’s well-being, but also essential for securing a sustainable, resilient future for
generations to come.

1
The transition to renewable energy is widely studied, with research highlighting economic,
social, and environmental impacts (Bekturganova & Imangali, 2024; Shakeyeva et al., 2023).
Some focus on Kazakhstan’s challenges, like infrastructure and financing (Zh. &
Shaihutdinova, 2020), while others analyze global best practices (World Bank, 2022). Social
impacts on fossil fuel-dependent regions are also key concerns (Yipeng Zhou, 2024).
Despite extensive research on Kazakhstan's energy strategy, little attention has been given to
public and expert perceptions of the green energy transition. Key aspects, such as the impact
of government policies, infrastructure, and social effects on coal-dependent regions, remain
underexplored. This study aims to analyze the views of citizens, experts, and officials on the
transition to renewable energy in Kazakhstan and suggest ways to implement it successfully.
Filling this gap is necessary to develop effective strategies that will help Kazakhstan
overcome barriers to the transition to renewable energy sources and achieve its climate goals.
Data was collected through interviews with energy sector experts and a survey of citizens,
including students, teachers, and parents, to gather insights on public perceptions and barriers
to Kazakhstan’s energy transition.
The interviews are expected to reveal challenges in Kazakhstan’s energy transition, such as
infrastructure limitations and resistance from coal-dependent regions. The responses will
likely emphasize the need for supportive government policies, financial incentives, and
public education on renewable energy, while also highlighting economic benefits and the role
of government in overcoming these barriers.

Context

Background
Kazakhstan is one of the world's largest producers of fossil fuels, with significant reserves of
oil, natural gas, and coal plants (Bekturganova & Imangali, 2024). The country heavily relies
on these resources for economic growth, with over 70% of its electricity generated from coal-
fired power plants (Bekturganova & Imangali, 2024). However, this dependence contributes
to high greenhouse gas emissions, leading to environmental degradation and health issues.
Recognizing these challenges, Kazakhstan has committed to achieving carbon neutrality by
2060 and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 15% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels
(Shakeyeva et al., 2023).
A crucial step in addressing these issues is the transition to renewable energy sources. While
this shift is necessary for mitigating environmental risks and ensuring sustainable economic
growth, it remains a complex process due to Kazakhstan’s historical reliance on fossil fuel
exports. Coal, oil, and natural gas have long been the backbone of the national economy,
making the move toward green energy both gradual and multifaceted (Bekturganova &
Imangali, 2024). Furthermore, Kazakhstan's geographic location, characterized by extreme
temperature variations, adds another layer of complexity. These climate conditions create
both challenges and opportunities for energy development, as a stable and diverse energy
supply is required to meet the country's needs throughout the year (GIZ, 2021).

To facilitate the transition, the government has introduced various policies aimed at fostering
the growth of renewable energy. Despite these efforts, there remains a significant gap
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between the country’s ambitious green energy targets and the actual pace of implementation.
Bridging this gap will require a more robust policy framework, increased investment in green
technologies, and enhanced collaboration between public and private sectors (GIZ, 2021).
Only through such coordinated efforts can Kazakhstan successfully navigate its energy
transition while maintaining economic stability and environmental sustainability.
Details
The reliance on fossil fuels in Kazakhstan has led to severe environmental consequences,
including air pollution, land degradation, and water contamination (Bekturganova &
Imangali, 2024). Studies show that cities like Almaty and Astana experience air pollution
levels exceeding who standards by up to 17 times during winter due to coal combustion
(Shakeyeva et al., 2023). Additionally, climate change poses a significant threat to
Kazakhstan's economy, with projections estimating a 1.6% GDP reduction by 2050 and a
potential 3% increase in poverty levels (Broka, S, 2016).

Despite its vast renewable energy potential, Kazakhstan faces structural and financial barriers
to transitioning away from fossil fuels. The country's geographical location provides ample
opportunities for solar and wind energy development, yet renewable energy sources account
for only about 3% of total electricity production (Bekturganova & Imangali, 2024). Financial
constraints, regulatory inefficiencies, and infrastructure limitations hinder the widespread
adoption of clean energy technologies. Without significant investment and policy reforms,
the country's ability to meet its climate goals remains uncertain.

Moreover, resistance from traditional energy sectors continues to be a significant issue in

Kazakhstan, as fossil fuel companies, which provide substantial employment, have expressed
concerns over potential job losses due to renewable energy policies. Additionally, local
communities in mining regions fear economic instability as the country shifts toward a
greener economy. Addressing these concerns through social programs, retraining initiatives,
and economic incentives will be crucial for a successful transition (Yipeng Zhou, 2024).

Arguments
The transition to renewable energy presents economic, social, and environmental benefits for
Kazakhstan. Investment in solar and wind power could reduce dependence on imported fuels,
lower carbon emissions, and create new job opportunities in the green energy sector
(Bekturganova & Imangali, 2024). Moreover, studies indicate that integrating renewables
into the national grid could decrease energy costs over time, fostering economic stability and
resilience (Shakeyeva et al., 2023).
Nevertheless, some researchers argue that the transition must be gradual to prevent economic
instability. According to Shakeyeva (2023), the fossil fuel industry remains a major source of
government revenue, and a sudden shift could lead to job losses and financial difficulties for
energy-dependent regions. Additionally, grid infrastructure improvements and energy storage
solutions are essential for ensuring a stable and reliable renewable energy supply ( Zh., &
Shaihutdinova, A. K. , 2020). Given these challenges, a balanced approach—including policy
incentives, technological advancements, and regional cooperation—is necessary to facilitate a
smooth transition.

Conversely, a key counterargument against the immediate reduction of fossil fuel reliance is
Kazakhstan’s limited technological framework for large-scale renewable adoption. Unlike
European nations with advanced energy grids that accommodate intermittent sources like

3
wind and solar, Kazakhstan’s infrastructure remains outdated. According to a report from the
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA, 2017), modernizing the country’s grid is
crucial for integrating renewable energy on a national scale. To ensure long-term stability,
policymakers must prioritize large-scale energy storage development and enhance grid
connectivity, ensuring that renewable sources can meet energy demand reliably.

Furthermore, financial constraints pose another significant barrier to renewable energy

expansion in Kazakhstan. Although the potential benefits of renewables are well-
documented, the initial investment costs remain substantial. The World Bank (2022)
emphasizes that Kazakhstan’s renewable energy investments must be significantly scaled up
to achieve meaningful reductions in carbon emissions. Consequently, public-private
partnerships, international financial support, and targeted government policies will be
essential in addressing financial barriers and accelerating green energy projects.

Some industry experts suggest that instead of entirely phasing out fossil fuels, Kazakhstan
should adopt a hybrid approach that integrates renewable energy with carbon capture and
storage (CCS) technologies. As noted by the Asian Development Bank (2023), CCS can
reduce emissions while maintaining energy security, allowing for a more gradual transition.
This strategy aligns with Kazakhstan’s current reliance on traditional energy sources while
mitigating environmental harm.

While Kazakhstan faces significant challenges in shifting to renewable energy, the long-term
economic, environmental, and social benefits far outweigh the obstacles. Through careful
planning, strategic investments, and international cooperation, Kazakhstan has the potential
to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels, mitigate climate change impacts, and strengthen its
economy by embracing a sustainable energy future.
Focus
To achieve its renewable energy goals, Kazakhstan needs to adopt a comprehensive strategy
that includes implementing political and regulatory reforms, such as subsidies and tax
incentives, to encourage investment in renewable energy projects (Center for Sustainable
Development, n.d.). An important step is upgrading the national power grid and
implementing energy storage solutions, which will ensure the stability of variable energy
sources, such as wind and solar (Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, n.d.).
Creating green financing programs and attracting foreign investments will be crucial for
scaling up renewable energy infrastructure (World Bank, 2024). Kazakhstan should also
strengthen regional cooperation to exchange expertise and integrate renewable energy into
regional power markets ([Link], 2024). Finally, raising public awareness and
developing a skilled workforce through educational programs will be essential (Official site
of Ortcom Communications, 2024). These measures will help Kazakhstan reduce its
dependence on fossil fuels and create a sustainable energy future.

Methods

The present research employs a synthesis of two methods, such as the employment of both a
survey and expert interviews, to facilitate efficient analysis of renewable energy transition in
Kazakhstan. With the integration of the two research techniques, this research is supported
through the unification of public opinions and expert views, thereby facilitating a
comprehensive view of the implications and prospects concerning the related challenges.

4
Rating scales, multiple-choice questions, and open-ended questions were used in the
instrument, enabling the respondents to articulate their opinions in an exhaustive manner. The
survey questions included demographic information (gender, occupation, age, etc.) and more
general problems and opportunities concerning renewable energy in Kazakhstan. To uphold
response integrity as well as anonymity, no personally identifiable data was collected.

The population under the study comprised students, teachers, school administrators, and
parents.

The appropriate age range for respondents was established at 15 to 35 years, providing a good
balance of young adults, educators, and policymakers who are employed in the educational
sector. Sample size was 80 respondents, thereby having adequate data to conduct analysis
later on. Respondents were drawn from Nazarbayev Intellectual School and nearby
communities to provide varied yet relevant representation.

Importantly, Students are the future generation that will be impacted most by the energy
transition. Teachers and school administrators have the ability to shape environmental
awareness and promote applicable policies. Parents have a key role, given that they make
decisions about energy in the household. The sample heterogeneity offers an exhaustive
examination of how different demographic segments perceive renewable energy. The
information collected is expected to highlight key challenges, incentives, and obstacles in
Kazakhstan's shift to renewable energy.

Aside from the survey, expert interviews were conducted to gain a deeper understanding of
Kazakhstan's economic, structural, and policy challenges in its adoption of renewable energy.

Two top experts were interviewed: Head of the Department of Energy and Public Utilities of
the Kyzylorda Region, and Director of the Department of Coal Industry and Energy. They
shared expert comments related to government policy, infrastructure concerns, budget
limitations, and social implications in making a shift towards renewable energy sources.
Interviews provided direct access to experts who are presently engaged in the energy sector,
providing rich information that is not achievable through traditional public surveys. Open-
ended questions allowed for complex responses, identifying major issues and potential
solutions of Kazakhstan's energy reform. Where surveys provided general trends, expert
interviews provided qualitative insight into policy nuances and industry-related issues that
may not be in the public domain. The use of systematic questionnaires supplemented by
expert interviews guarantees that the data collected remains current, valid, and truly reflects
the perceptions of key stakeholders in education and the energy sector. The findings from the
survey, supported by conclusions from experts, will be examined to identify trends,
challenges, and opportunities regarding the use of renewable energy in Kazakhstan.

Results

The study sought to evaluate the public perception of renewable energy in Kazakhstan, the
main obstacles, if the country is prepared for the transition, and the key incentives for the use
of renewable energy. It gathered the information from survey.
Question 5 in the survey (App.2.1) inquired about Kazakhstan's readiness to switch to
renewable energy. The average was 5.94 out of 10. The most frequent answers were level 5
(15) and level 4 (12). Few respondents placed Kazakhstan's readiness at the highest levels,
with 11 respondents choosing level 10 and 9 for level 9. Conversely, a significant portion of

5
respondents were not optimistic, with 4 respondents placing the country's readiness at level 1,
the lowest score.
Proceeding to question 6 (App.2.1), the respondents listed a number of major obstacles to the
development of renewable energy in Kazakhstan. The most cited barrier was government not
supporting it, with 53 (26%) of the respondents listing it as a significant barrier. High
technology cost was a leading barrier as well, being chosen by 52 (25%) respondents.
Lobbying by the conventional energy industry was mentioned by 46 (22%), and lack of
public awareness was mentioned by 43 (21%).
The shortage of skilled professionals was considered a lesser issue, as it was cited as a major
barrier by merely 13 respondents (6%).
In question 7 (App.2.1), the respondents were inquired about the primary reasons why they
use renewable energy. The most frequent reason was the encouragement of innovative
technologies, selected by 52 respondents (27%). The second most frequent reason was energy
independence, supported by 43 respondents (22%). Electricity bill savings (30 respondents,
15%) and minimizing harm to the environment (29 respondents, 15%) were also significant
factors. A very conspicuous number of respondents (40 individuals, 21%).
Morover, both experts highlighted that the transformation of Kazakhstan to renewable power
is met with significant challenges in terms of legacy infrastructure, a reliance on coal, and
scarce funding (App3.1). They acknowledged that without modernization and better incentive
schemes for investors, progress would remain slow-moving.

However, they concurred with the prospect presented by the advancement of renewable
energy, especially in areas such as Kyzylorda, where there are over 300 sunny days annually
(App3.1). While they both concurred on the requirements of governmental assistance and the
investment by the private sector, one emphasized the presence of well-established policies
while the other proposed the matter of global cooperation.

Another point which was mentioned is regarding the social implications of this shift
(App.3.2). One of the experts stressed the importance of retooling of coal workers, whereas
the other one stressed the necessity of economic diversification of coal-reliant areas. They
both agreed, despite their difference of opinion regarding the pace of transition, that in the
absence of adequate social and economic measures, the renewable energy transition can
result in instability.

Analysis (500 words) Term 4

The survey results show that public perception of Kazakhstan's readiness to switch to
renewable energy sources is quite skeptical. An average score of 5.94 out of 10 indicates
restrained optimism. The majority of respondents chose levels 4 and 5, which indicates a
feeling that the state is halfway there, but is not showing steady progress.

This result supports the secondary research. The statement by Bekturganova and Imangali
(2024) that the transition is a "complex process" turned out to be true, the results confirm that
the public is aware of the barriers and does not perceive the country as fully prepared.

6
Respondents noted the lack of government support (26%) and the high cost of technology
(25%) as the most common problems. This reflects the concerns described in the GIZ (2021)
and World Bank (2022) sources regarding the need for policy incentives and investments.

The pressure of traditional energy was also frequently mentioned (22%) and the low level of
awareness (21%). These results complement the contextual statements of Yipeng Zhou
(2024) and Shakeeva et al. (2023), who emphasize the need to involve the population and
combat the influence of the coal lobby.

The main incentives to use renewable energy sources are support for innovation (27%) and
energy independence (22%). Economy and environmental reasons were slightly less
significant. This indicates a high level of motivation related to future opportunities and
development, not just current benefits. Bekturganova and Imangali (2024) correctly focused
on job creation and technological progress as motives — the data confirm this.

The next result of the primary research, that is, both experts confirmed the existence of
structural and financial constraints, including outdated infrastructure, dependence on coal and
weak investments. This is fully consistent with the theses expressed in the sources of IRENA
(2017) and J. & Shaikhutdinova (2020) on the need to modernize networks.

It was noted that Kazakhstan has great natural opportunities (for example, solar activity in
Kyzylorda), but progress depends on political will and international cooperation. One expert
optimistically noted the existence of a good policy, while another noted its lack. Secondary
research (GIZ (2021)) rightly highlights the potential of natural resources, but the presence of
discrepancies between experts indicates ambiguity in the perception of the quality of the
implementation of this policy.

Both experts agreed that without retraining and economic diversification programs, the
transition could cause instability. One focused on personnel training, the other on the
development of the regions. This completely echoes the analysis of Yipeng Zhou (2024).

Thus, the analysis shows that, despite moderate public optimism and the presence of positive
motivations for the transition to renewable energy, Kazakhstan is facing a complex of
structural, financial and social problems. At the same time, both public opinion and expert
assessments emphasize the potential for sustainable development provided that government
support is strengthened, investments are attracted, infrastructure is modernized, and society is
actively involved in the energy transformation process.

Conclusion (300 words) Term 4

Kazakhstan's transition to renewable energy represents a critical challenge that requires
balanced solutions to ensure both environmental sustainability and socio-economic stability.
The current heavy reliance on fossil fuels, particularly coal which generates over 70% of
electricity, has led to severe environmental consequences. This energy model also poses long-
term risks to economic growth and public health. However, through strategic policy reforms,
infrastructure modernization, and inclusive social programs, Kazakhstan can successfully
transition to renewable energy sources while protecting vulnerable communities and
maintaining energy security. A just transition requires cooperation between government,
businesses, and civil society to create sustainable solutions benefiting both current and future
generations.

7
Research indicates that Kazakhstan's heavy reliance on fossil fuels, particularly coal, has led
to severe environmental degradation, with urban air pollution exceeding WHO standards by
up to 17 times (Bekturganova & Imangali, 2024). Studies highlight the country's vast
renewable energy potential, especially in solar and wind, which could reduce emissions and
create jobs (Shakeyeva et al., 2023). However, outdated infrastructure, financial constraints,
and resistance from traditional energy sectors remain significant barriers (Zh. &
Shaihutdinova, 2020). Experts emphasize the need for policy reforms, grid modernization,
and international cooperation to accelerate the transition (World Bank, 2022).

Survey data reveals cautious public optimism about Kazakhstan's energy transition, with
respondents rating national readiness . Key barriers identified include: lack of government
support , high technology costs, and traditional energy lobbying. Notably, most of all cited
innovation support as their primary motivation for adopting renewables, outweighing
environmental concerns. Expert interviews emphasized critical implementation gaps -
particularly in coal-dependent regions like Ekibastuz, where transition policies lack localized
adaptation strategies. Both experts stressed that without workforce retraining programs and
targeted infrastructure investments, rapid decarbonization risks leaving vulnerable
communities behind.

To accelerate Kazakhstan’s renewable energy transition, policymakers must prioritize grid

modernization, increase funding for solar and wind projects, implement workforce retraining
programs, and foster international This study's strengths include robust methodology and
insightful analysis, though limitations in sample diversity and source critique should be
noted.
A key strength of this research is the diversity of sources used, which significantly enhances
the reliability and comprehensiveness of the analysis. The study integrates primary data—a
survey of 80 respondents and an expert interview—with secondary materials such as
academic papers, reports from international organizations, and official documents. This
triangulation ensures a multidimensional perspective by incorporating views from the public,
experts, and global best practices. For instance, public concerns about weak government
support are echoed in expert opinions, reinforcing the validity of the findings.

Another strength lies in the nuanced interpretation of results. The research not only reports
data but contextualizes it within broader academic discourse. Public skepticism, for example,
is linked to theoretical insights from Bekturganova & Imangali (2024) regarding the
complexity of energy transitions. Similarly, contradictions among expert opinions are
interpreted as signs of real-world policy challenges, rather than inconsistencies. This critical
engagement adds analytical depth to the study.

However, a key limitation is the small survey sample size, which may limit the
generalizability of findings. While students and educators are included, expanding the sample
to include residents from coal-dependent regions like Ekibastuz could have enriched the
analysis with more localized concerns and experiences.

Finally, the study relies heavily on secondary data from international organizations such as
the World Bank and IRENA, but does not sufficiently critique their potential biases. These
sources may reflect global agendas that don’t always align with Kazakhstan’s local priorities.
Incorporating more peer-reviewed literature could strengthen the study’s objectivity and
depth.

8
This paper can guide policymakers, educators, and energy experts in Kazakhstan to design
reforms, raise awareness, and plan retraining programs, making it valuable for advancing a
just energy transition.
partnerships to ensure a just and sustainable shift away from fossil fuels.

Evaluation and further research (400 words) Term 4

Bibliography and Appendices

Sources:

1. International Renewable Energy Agency. (2017). Understanding the socio-economics of

the transition to renewable energy. IRENA.
[Link]
transition-to-renewable-energy
[Link]
IRENA_Understanding_Socio_Economics_2017.pdf?
hash=C430B7EF772BA0E631190A75F7243B992211F102&la=en&utm_source=

2. Broka, S., Giertz, Å., Christensen, G., Rasmussen, D., Morgounov, A., Fileccia, T., &
Rubaiza, R. (2016). Kazakhstan agricultural sector risk assessment. World Bank Group.
Retrieved from [Link]
d658-5433-a0b6-e8749c34d591/content

3. World Bank. (2022). Kazakhstan Country Climate and Development Report: Executive
Summary. World Bank. Retrieved from
9
[Link]
564bf3d6117c/content

4. Eurasian Development Bank & Global Energy Association. (2021). Green technologies for
Eurasia’s sustainable future (E. Vinokurov, Ed.). Moscow: Eurasian Development Bank,
Global Energy Association. Retrieved from

SSRN Document

5. Zhunussova, G. Zh., Ratner, S. V., Zhunussova, G. Zh., Nurmukhanova, G. Zh., &

Shaihutdinova, A. K. (2020). Renewable energy in Kazakhstan: Challenges and prospects.
International Energy Journal [Link]

6. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. (2021).

Adaptation in the energy sector: Economy-wide effects in Kazakhstan. GIZ. Retrieved from
[Link]
[Link]

7. Center for Sustainable Development. (n.d.). Kazakhstan's legislation on renewable energy

sources. [Link]
[Link]?

8. Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (n.d.). Development of renewable

energy sources. [Link]

9. World Bank. (2024, January 5). Empowering the future of Kazakhstan's energy sector.
[Link]
kazakhstans-energy-sector?

10. [Link]. (2024, August 15). Renewable energy in Kazakhstan: Is there life after oil?
[Link]

11. Official site of Ortcom Communications. (2024, January 10). 2024 in renewable energy:
Key projects and achievements in Kazakhstan. [Link]

12. Imangali, Zh., & Bekturganova, M. (2024). Sustainable growth in Kazakhstan: Green
economy, decarbonization and energy transition. Technoeconomics, 3(1), 14–25.
[Link]

13. Shakeyev, S., Baineyeva, P., Kosherbayeva, A., Yessenova, G., & Zhanseitov, A. (2023).
Enhancing the Green Energy Revolution: Analyzing the Impact of Financial and Investment
Processes on Renewable Energy Projects in Kazakhstan. Economics, 11(Special 1), 165–182.
[Link]

14. Yipeng Zhou. (2024). Kazakhstan's growing role in the global energy transition may
come at a cost to local communities. Newlines Magazine.
[Link]
transition-may-come-at-a-cost-to-local-communities

Appendices

10
Appendix 1.1. Research Instruments. Survey

Greeting Good afternoon! My name is Miras, and my project focuses on the question: "How can
Kazakhstan successfully transition to renewable energy while ensuring economic and social
stability?"
This survey aims to explore the barriers and opportunities for implementing renewable energy
in Kazakhstan, including its socio-economic impacts and potential strategies for a smooth
transition.
The survey is anonymous and will take only 5 minutes of your time. Your responses will help
us better understand this issue and develop effective solutions.

Survey Name: Возобновляемая энергия в Казахстане / Renewable energy in Kazakhstan

Passport questions (2- 1. Ваш возраст: / Your age:

3)
До 18 лет / Under 18

18-25

26-35

36+

2.Каков ваш текущий статус? / What is your current status?

Мектеп оқушысы / Ученик школы

Студент

Білім беру саласы / Сфера образования

Медицина

Гуманитарлық бағыт / Гуманитарное направление

Жаратылыстану ғылымдары / Естественные науки

Безработный / Жұмыссыз

Қызмет көрсету саласы / Сфера услуг, обслуживания

3.Укажите ваш пол / Specify your gender

Mужчина / Male

Женщина / Female

General questions (6- 4. Как бы вы оценили экологическую ситуацию в Казахстане? (1 – очень плохо, 10 –
7) отлично) / How would you rate the environmental situation in Kazakhstan? (1 – very poor, 10 –
excellent)

5. Насколько, по вашему мнению, Казахстан готов к переходу на возобновляемую

энергию? / How prepared do you think Kazakhstan is for transitioning to renewable energy?

6. Какие основные барьеры существуют для развития возобновляемой энергетики в

Казахстане? / What are the main barriers to the development of renewable energy in

11
 Kazakhstan?

Высокая стоимость технологий / High cost of technology

Отсутствие государственной поддержки / Lack of government support

Лоббирование традиционной энергетики / Lobbying by the traditional energy sector

Низкая информированность населения / Low public awareness

Недостаток квалифицированных специалистов / Shortage of qualified specialists

7. Как, по вашему мнению, переход на возобновляемую энергию повлияет на экономику

Казахстана? / How do you think the transition to renewable energy will impact Kazakhstan’s
economy?

Улучшит экономику и создаст новые рабочие места / Improve the economy and create new
jobs

Негативно повлияет на отрасли и занятость / Negatively impact industries and jobs

Не окажет значительного влияния / Have little to no effect

8. Какие источники возобновляемой энергии наиболее перспективны для Казахстана? /

Which renewable energy sources are the most promising for Kazakhstan?
(Выберите до 2 вариантов / Select up to 2 options)

Солнечная энергия / Solar energy

Ветровая энергия / Wind energy

Гидроэнергетика / Hydropower

Биотопливо / Bioenergy

Геотермальная энергия / Geothermal energy

9. Какой главный мотив для вас в использовании возобновляемой энергии? (Если вы за) /
What is your main motivation for using renewable energy? (If you are in favor)

Снижение вреда окружающей среде / Reducing environmental harm

Экономия на счетах за электричество / Saving on electricity bills

Энергетическая независимость / Energy independence

Поддержка инновационных технологий / Supporting innovative technologies

Против / Disagree

Specific questions (1-

2)
12. Какие шаги должны предпринять правительство и бизнес для ускоренного перехода к
устойчивой энергетике? /
What steps should the government and businesses take to accelerate the transition to sustainable
energy?

11. Какие факторы могли бы повлиять на ваше личное решение использовать

возобновляемую энергию в повседневной жизни? / What factors could influence your
personal decision to use renewable energy in daily life?

Distribution

12
 [Link]
id=yVLbOR7jwkKAg3U1W3KN4z9N44qWUQtOo2bB_H12OkNUMVVaQjJPU1FaTk9EVlZBQTlSR05HR0lO
My4u

Appendix 1.2. Research Instruments. Interview

1. What are the main challenges facing the region in transitioning to renewable energy
2. What are the prospects for renewable energy development in the region?
3. What measures are being taken to ensure social stability during the transition to renewable energy?
4. How can regional authorities accelerate the adoption of renewable energy?
5. How do you envision the energy future of the region in 20-30 years?

Appendix 2.1. Question:

Насколько, по вашему мнению, Казахстан готов к переходу на
возобновляемую энергию? / How prepared do you think Kazakhstan is
for transitioning to renewable energy?

Appendix 2.2. Question:

Какие основные барьеры существуют для развития возобновляемой
энергетики в Казахстане? / What are the main barriers to the
development of renewable energy in Kazakhstan?

Appendix 2.3. Question: Какой главный мотив для вас в использовании

возобновляемой энергии? (Если вы за) / What is your main motivation
for using renewable energy? (If you are in favor)

13
Appendix 3.1. Research Instruments. Interview

Transcript (Interview 1):

Interviewer:

Mr. Daribaev, Kazakhstan has committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. What are the main challenges facing the region in
transitioning to renewable energy?

Aidos Daribaev:

The main challenge is infrastructure and climatic conditions. In the Kyzylorda region, summers can be extremely hot, while winters bring
sudden temperature drops, requiring a stable energy supply. Currently, most electricity is generated from coal and gas, and integrating
renewable sources requires modernizing the energy system.

Another issue is financing. Solar and wind energy projects require significant investment. The government already provides incentives for
green projects, but this is not enough. We need new support mechanisms to encourage private investors to actively participate in renewable
energy development.

Interviewer:

What are the prospects for renewable energy development in the region?

Aidos Daribaev:

Kyzylorda has enormous potential for solar energy. We have more than 300 sunny days per year, making the region ideal for building solar
power plants. Several projects are already underway, including the construction of a 100 MW solar power plant. We are also exploring
opportunities for wind energy, although this resource is less stable than solar.

Despite this potential, renewable sources still make up only a small percentage of our energy mix. Our goal is to increase this share to 15-
20% by 2030. It is an ambitious but achievable target, provided we have consistent support from both the government and businesses.

Interviewer:

What measures are being taken to ensure social stability during the transition to renewable energy?

Aidos Daribaev:

The transition to green energy is not just about technology; it’s also about people. Many residents in our region work in traditional energy
sectors, particularly in gas and coal industries. We understand their concerns about job security, which is why we are developing programs
for workforce retraining. Workers in the coal sector will have the opportunity to learn new skills and transition into renewable energy jobs.

Additionally, the expansion of green energy will create new employment opportunities. We will need engineers, electricians, and operators
for solar and wind farms. Many companies are already reporting a shortage of specialists, which presents a great opportunity for people to
enter a growing industry.

It is crucial to understand that this transition must be gradual. We cannot simply shut down all coal-fired power plants overnight and switch
entirely to solar and wind. A step-by-step reduction in dependence on traditional energy sources is necessary to avoid economic shocks.

Interviewer:

How can regional authorities accelerate the adoption of renewable energy?

Aidos Daribaev:

The key factors are government support and investment attraction. There are already tax incentives and subsidies, but they need to be
expanded. Investors often face bureaucratic obstacles, so it is important to create transparent and straightforward conditions for
implementing green projects.

Modernizing the energy system is also essential. Our power grid was built for traditional power plants, and it needs to be adapted to
accommodate solar and wind sources. Without this modernization, the transition will be difficult and unstable.

We are also considering international cooperation opportunities. Many countries have already undergone this transition, and we should learn
from their experiences. If we can attract foreign technologies and experts, the process will move much faster.

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Interviewer:

How do you envision the energy future of the region in 20-30 years?

Aidos Daribaev:

I am confident that in 20-30 years, Kyzylorda will be a leader in solar energy in Kazakhstan. We have all the necessary conditions – a
favorable climate, investor interest, and government support.

In the future, we will rely less on fossil fuels, with the majority of energy coming from renewable sources. This will improve the
environmental situation, reduce air pollution, and ensure sustainable regional development.

The most important thing is that the transition must be well-planned. We need to develop not only new technologies but also consider
economic and social aspects. If we do this correctly, the shift to renewable energy will bring maximum benefits to everyone.

Interviewer:

Thank you, Mr. Daribaev, for this insightful conversation. Your ideas provide a clear vision of how Kazakhstan can ensure a sustainable
transition to green energy!

Transcript (Interview 2):

Interviewer:

Mr. Mazhitov, Kazakhstan has committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. From your perspective, what are the key challenges the
country faces in transitioning to renewable energy?

Ilyas Mazhitov:

The biggest challenge is our dependence on coal, which still generates over 70% of the country’s electricity. Our infrastructure was designed
for fossil fuels, so integrating renewables requires significant grid modernization. There’s also an economic risk—many jobs depend on the
coal industry, and a rapid transition could lead to financial instability in coal-dependent regions.

Interviewer:

What role do you see for coal in Kazakhstan’s energy mix in the coming decades?

Ilyas Mazhitov:

Coal will remain an essential part of our energy system for at least the next two to three decades. However, we are looking at hybrid
solutions, such as combining renewable energy with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. This approach will allow us to reduce
emissions while maintaining energy security and economic stability.

Interviewer:

What are the prospects for expanding renewable energy sources, and how can Kazakhstan accelerate their adoption?

Ilyas Mazhitov:

Kazakhstan has strong potential for solar and wind energy, but scaling up requires investment and infrastructure upgrades. We need to
modernize the energy grid, develop energy storage solutions, and create better incentives for investors. With the right policies, we can
gradually increase the share of renewables while ensuring a stable energy supply.

Interviewer:

What social and economic measures are necessary to ensure a just transition for workers in the coal industry?

Ilyas Mazhitov:

We need retraining programs to help coal workers transition into new jobs in the renewable energy sector. Additionally, economic
diversification in coal-dependent regions will be essential to provide alternative employment opportunities. If managed carefully, the
transition can create new jobs while minimizing social disruption.

Interviewer:

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What lessons can Kazakhstan learn from other countries that have successfully transitioned to renewable energy?

Ilyas Mazhitov:

Countries like Germany and Denmark have successfully reduced their reliance on fossil fuels through strong government policies and
investment in renewables. Their experience shows that a gradual transition, combined with workforce support programs, is key to long-term
success. Kazakhstan must adapt these strategies to our specific economic and geographic conditions.

Interviewer:

How do you envision Kazakhstan’s energy sector in 20-30 years?

Ilyas Mazhitov:

In the future, Kazakhstan will rely much more on renewables, with solar and wind playing a major role in electricity production. Coal’s
share will decrease, but cleaner technologies like CCS will help reduce its environmental impact. With the right policies and investments,
we can achieve a balanced and sustainable energy system.

Interviewer:

Thank you, Mr. Mazhitov, for this insightful discussion. Your perspective provides a valuable understanding of Kazakhstan’s energy
transition challenges and opportunities.

Appendix 3.2:

Mr. Daribaev, Kazakhstan has committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. What are
the main challenges facing the region in transitioning to renewable energy?
Aidos Daribaev:
The main challenge is infrastructure and climatic conditions. In the Kyzylorda region,
summers can be extremely hot, while winters bring sudden temperature drops, requiring a
stable energy supply. Currently, most electricity is generated from coal and gas, and
integrating renewable sources requires modernizing the energy system.
Another issue is financing. Solar and wind energy projects require significant investment.
The government already provides incentives for green projects, but this is not enough. We
need new support mechanisms to encourage private investors to actively participate in
renewable energy development.

Appendix 3.3:
What are the prospects for renewable energy development in the region?
Aidos Daribaev:
Kyzylorda has enormous potential for solar energy. We have more than 300 sunny days per year,
making the region ideal for building solar power plants. Several projects are already underway,
including the construction of a 100 MW solar power plant. We are also exploring opportunities for
wind energy, although this resource is less stable than solar.
Despite this potential, renewable sources still make up only a small percentage of our energy mix. Our
goal is to increase this share to 15-20% by 2030. It is an ambitious but achievable target, provided we
have consistent support from both the government and businesses.

Appendix 3.4:
What social and economic measures are necessary to ensure a just transition for workers in
the coal industry?

16
Ilyas Mazhitov:

We need retraining programs to help coal workers transition into new jobs in the renewable
energy sector. Additionally, economic diversification in coal-dependent regions will be
essential to provide alternative employment opportunities. If managed carefully, the transition
can create new jobs while minimizing social disruption.

17