Today i`m gonna talk about the space, I set about explain something.

1. What is big bang theory?

A widely accepted theory in astronomy for how the universe began. According to the big
bang theory, the entire universe was crammed into an infinitesimally small point that
suddenly expanded outward like an inflating ballon about 14 billion years ago., and
continues to expand today. The chaotic mix of energy and tiny subatomic particles coming
off of the initial explosion slowly cooled and came together as protons, neutrons, and
electrons, which formed the simplest atoms. Gravity pulled the atoms together to form
massive clouds in space, and from there the first stars and galaxies were born.
BLACK HOLE: An object in space that is so dense that anything that gets too close, even
light, cannot escape its gravity and gets sucked in. A stellar mass black hole is created when
a massive star collapses at the end of its lifetime. Supermassive black holes, which weigh
billions of times as much as the sun, are found in the centers of galaxies.
How big is a black hole?
Nobody knows! We can estimate the mass of a black hole, but there's no way to know its
actual size. A black hole could be the size of a city, or it could be smaller than a pinpoint in
space, but we have no way of knowing.
Okay then, how massive is a black hole?
Most black holes are one of two types: stellar black holes or supermassive black holes. A
stellar mass black hole is formed when a giant star goes supernova (p. 54) and its core
collapses into a sphere that weighs usually about 5-10 times as much as our sun. The
supermassive black holes in the center of galaxies normally weigh billions of times as much
as our sun. Nobody knows how supermassive black holes are formed. There's a big gap
between 10 times the mass of the sun and a billion times the mass of the sun, but we have
found very few black holes that fall into that intermediate range. Nobody knows how those
are formed.
If not even light can escape from a black hole, why do I see pictures of black holes giving
off light?
The black hole itself doesn't give off light. The black hole draws gas and dust into it, and as
that material gets closer to the black hole it gives off energy in the form of light. The closer
it gets the brighter it glows, and so the light you see is from material that is outside of the
black hole's event horizon. Once the gas and dust reach the event horizon, their light is
trapped by the black hole. The material could still be falling toward the black hole and
glowing brighter than ever, but that light never escapes the black hole, so nobody knows for
sure.
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE: A black hole that has a mass equal to that of millions or
billions of stars. Supermassive black holes are usually found in the centers of galaxies,
including the Milky Way. Scientists aren’t sure how supermassive black holes are formed,
but they think it might be by the collapse of gigantic clouds of dust and gas.
WORMHOLE: A theoretical shortcut through space. Einstein's theory of relativity says that
it's possible that two distant points in space could be connected by a tunnel through
spacetime that would allow you to get from one place to another almost instantly.
Wormholes are often used in science fiction stories as a way to travel great distances
through space, but so far no wormholes have ever been seen.
NOVA: A star that goes through cycles of being very bright and very dim. Often the dim
phase is not visible to the naked eye, so the bright phase looks like a new star in the sky.
The word nova is Latin for “new.”
SUPERNOVA: When a large dying star explodes at the end of its lifetime, that event is
called a supernova. The outer layers of the star are blown out into down into either a
neutron star or a black hole. The gases that are blown out from the exploding star form a
nebula or glowing cloud in space known as a supernova remnant. A supernova is the
biggest explosion ever seen in space.
SUPERNOVA REMNANT:
The cloud of gas that was expelled from a star that has gone supernova. Most supernova
remnants look a bit like giant soap bubbles in space, as they are hollow spheres of colorful
glowing hot gas that expand outward from the core of the star. If a supernova remnant is
large enough, it can become a nebula and new stars can form from the remains of the old
one.
I’m not crabbyl The Crab Nebula in the constellation Taurus is a supernova remnant from a
star that exploded in 1054 A.D. It doesn’t look anything like a crab, but William Parsons,
the 3rd Earl of Rosse, who discovered it in 1840, drew a picture of it that looked a little like
a crab, and the name stuck. You can’t see the Crab Nebula with the naked eye, but on a
clear night you can see it with good binoculars or a telescope. The star that exploded to
form the Crab Nebula was too small to become a black hole, and its core collapsed into a
pulsar (p. 48) in the center of the nebula.
I wanna see one! Well, you might get to. A galaxy like ours has about one supernova every
50 years, but we haven’t seen one in the Milky Way for more than 300 years, so we’re way
overdue. If a star in our galaxy does go supernova, it might be bright enough to see during
the day. The daytime star would last about a month, and the supernova would remain
visible at night for 6 months to a year. After that you would need a telescope to see it.
ANDROMEDA GALAXY: The closest galaxy to the Milky Way. It is a spiral with the
naked eye. It appears to us as a dim star in the constellation Andromeda galaxy 2.3 million
light-years away, and is the most distant thing that can be seen and is best seen on moonless
nights. The Andromeda galaxy has about three times as many stars as the Milky Way.
Hey, watch where you’re going! The Andromeda Galaxy is on a collision course with the
Milky Way. In about 4 billion years, the two galaxies will collide and become one massive
elliptical galaxy.
MILKY WAY: The spiral galaxy that contains our solar system. The Milky Way is
estimated to contain about 200-400 billion stars, although it may contain as many as one
trillion stars. Our sun is located on one of the spiral arms about halfway out from the center
of the Milky Way. In the center of the Milky Way is a supermassive black hole that weighs
more than four million times as much as our sun.
Why don’t we know? The reason it’s so hard to know exactly how many stars are in the
Milky Way is that most stars are red dwarfs (p. 49), which give off very little light and also
have very little mass, and therefore very little gravity. This makes them hard to detect when
they’re far away. The Milky Way could contain hundreds of millions of red dwarfs that we
don’t know about.
STAR: A large ball of plasma mostly made of hydrogen. A star is so dense in the center that
hydrogen is fused into helium, releasing a massive amount of energy. A star's mass, color,
lifespan, and temperature are all directly related: A more massive star will be brighter,
hotter, bluer, and will burn out faster. Our sun is a type of star known as a yellow dwarf.
PLASMA: Normally on Earth we encounter matter as either a solid, a liquid, or a gas, but
at extremely high temperatures, atoms can be stripped of some or all of their electrons. The
result of this is a hot swirl of negatively charged electrons and positively charged particles
called ions. This mixture of ions and electrons is called plasma. Most of the observable
matter of the universe, including the outer layers of stars, is in the form of plasma.
Hot blooded? Blood contains a liquid that is also called plasma, but don’t let the name
confuse you. Blood plasma is mostly water with some dissolved proteins and minerals in it
and is nothing at all like the plasma in space.
SOLAR SYSTEM: The sun and all of the celestial bodies that are caught within the sun’s
gravitational pull. In addition to the sun, the eight planets, and their moons, our solar
system includes asteroids, comets, and meteoroids. The solar system is usually considered
to end at the heliopause (the point where the solar wind from the sun ends), which occurs
past the Kuiper belt but before the Oort cloud. The Oort cloud is still bound by the sun’s
gravity but is also affected by the gravity of objects passing by outside of our solar system.
SOLAR WIND: A stream of high-energy, electrically charged particles (mostly protons and
electrons) that flows outward from the sun in all directions at speeds of more than a million
miles per hour. The solar wind is what causes comet tails to point away from the sun. When
the solar wind reaches Earth it causes the northern and southern lights.
Solar system formation.
(1) Solar nebula
(2) Gravity draws the solar nebula into a flat, rotating disk, bringing dust particles
closer together.
(3) Dust grains collide and stick together, forming larger clumps of matter. Through
repeated collisions, moon-sized. Planetesimals are formed-the solar system is a
chaotic swirl of countless small bodies in a cloud of gas.
 (4) Solar wind from the newly-forming sun in the center blows the gases away into
space. Some planetesimals are thrown out of the system by collisions and gravity,
some find a stable orbit around the sun, and others continue to grow, forming
planets and moons.
ASTEROID: A rocky object in space that’s anywhere from about 30 feet to 620 miles (10
meters to 1,000 kilometers) across. Objects smaller than this are called meteoroids, and
objects larger than this are dwarf planets or planets. Asteroids are also called planetoids or
minor planets.
ASTEROID BELT: The asteroid belt is a region of space in the solar system
Between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where many of the asteroids in our solar system are
found. There are more than a million irregularly shaped asteroids in the asteroid belt, along
with millions of smaller bodies down to the size of dust particles. The largest object in the
asteroid belt is the dwarf planet Ceres, which has a diameter of about 598 miles (963
kilometers). The asteroid belt is also called the main belt.
Is the asteroid belt an exploded planet?
No. If all of the material in the asteroid belt were gathered together it would only be about
4% of the size of the moon.
Asteroid, or aster-void?
In science,fiction movies, asteroid belts are usually chaotic regions of space filled with
hurling boulders, but in real life the asteroid belt is mostly empty space. The average
distance between main belt asteroids is about 5 million miles-more than 10 times farther
apart than the Earth and the moon. When the Galileo space probe passed through the
asteroid belt, the problem wasn’t avoiding the asteroids, it was finding one close enough to
study.
COMET: A mass of icy rock that has a highly elliptical orbit around a star. When the comet
is far away from the star, it looks a lot like a small asteroid-this is the comet’s nucleus. As
the comet gets closer to the star, it heats up and its surface begins to vaporize. This cloud of
gas and dust coming off the nucleus shows up as the comet’s coma and a tail, with the tail
always pointed away from the star. As the comet moves away from the star again, the coma
and tail die down and the nucleus continues its orbit until its next apparition.
COMET NUCLEUS: The central part of a comet made mostly of dust and ice, usually a
few miles across.
Asteroid or comet? A comet’s nucleus and an asteroid are made up of almost the exact same
material. They are both composed mostly of rock with some ice, and are sometimes
described as dirty snowballs or icy dirtballs.
Orbit in peace. Each trip past the sun burns away a little more of the comet’s nucleus, until
eventually everything that can be vaporized away is gone and only a large rock remains.
This is called a dead comet.
Kuiper Belt
Is a circumstellar disc in the outer solar system, extending from the orbit of Neptune. The
Kuiper belt is home to most of the objects that astronomers generally accept as dwarf
planets: PLUTO, MAKEMAKE, ERIS.
Why did Pluto stop being a planet?
Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union
(IAU) because it didn't meet the criteria to be a major planet. Specifically, it hadn't "cleared
its neighborhood" of other objects in its orbit, unlike the eight recognized planets.
 Definition of a Planet:
Prior to 2006, the term "planet" didn't have a strict, universally agreed-upon definition. The
IAU established a formal definition that included three criteria.
 IAU's Definition:
 Orbiting the Sun: It must orbit the Sun directly (not another planet or
moon).
 Hydrostatic Equilibrium: It must be massive enough for its own gravity to
pull it into a nearly round shape.
 Clearing the Neighborhood: It must have gravitationally dominated its
orbit, meaning it has cleared away any other objects of a similar size near its
orbit.
 Pluto's Case:
Pluto meets the first two criteria, but not the third. It shares its orbital space with numerous
other objects in the Kuiper Belt, a region of icy bodies beyond Neptune.
 Dwarf Planet Classification:
Because Pluto doesn't meet all three criteria, it was reclassified as a dwarf planet. This
means it's a celestial body that orbits the Sun, is nearly round, and has not cleared its orbital
neighborhood.
 Other Dwarf Planets:
Pluto is not alone in this category. Other dwarf planets include Ceres (located in the
asteroid belt) and Eris, Makemake, and Haumea (also in the Kuiper Belt).