GEC 102

READINGS
IN
PHILIPPINE
Presented by: Ms. Cyndel M. Resubal
 HI! I’M

ms. cyndel m. resubal

 Class rules
1. Respectful Environment
2. Active Participation
3. On-Time Submissions are Key
4. Late Submissions Accepted with
Deduction
5. Communicate About Challenges
 COURSE
The course analyzes Philippine history in its deepest
descrIptIon
manner which concerns its implication in the
contemporary time. Primary sources are utilized to
provide learners with varied genres and discipline of
bases. The course is designed to give opportunities
for the learner to learn how to validate and critically
analyze past events in our history.
 COURSE
With the discussion of this course topics in our history will be
heavily tackled by
descrIptIon
the class and will be opened for some
thorough analysis. The skills that are likely to be shaped are
reading ability, communication, and critical thinking skills
which are pivotal for the learners of this century. The goal is
to transform students understanding and identity about our
roots as a Filipino and allow them to have relevant and
comprehensive knowledge of the past.
HISTO

RY
 module 1:
fundamentals of hIstory

This module consists of the

introductory lesson about Philippine
History and its analysis. This will
equip the learners to fully understand
the succeeding topic through the
content of this module which includes
fundamentals of history.
At the end of the lesson,
students should be able to:
learnIng outcomes:
• Define and explain the
general and contextual
meaning of history
• Describe the characteristics
of history.
• Analyze the different nature
and theories of history
• Display appreciation on the
significance of studying
 a. HIstory In DIfferent Levels of
EducatIon
ELEMENTARY: Basic Historical facts (What, Who,
Where, When)
HIGH SCHOOL: Historical Details (How)
COLLEGE: Historical Analysis (Why)
 HISTORY HISTORY

HISTORY is the study of the past History can take the form of a
– specifically the people, tremendous story, a rolling narrative filled

societies, events and problems of with great personalities and tales of

turmoil and triumph. Each generation
the past – as well as our attempts
adds its own chapters to history while
to understand them. It is a pursuit
reinterpreting and finding new things in
common to all human societies. those chapters already written.
 hISTORY
History teaches us what it means to be human,
highlighting the great achievements and
disastrous errors of the human race. History also
teaches us through example, offering hints about
how we can better organize and manage our
societies for the benefit of all.
 Here are some comments about history:

Napoleon Bonaparte Michael Crizhton

“If you don’t know history, then you don’t

“History is written by
know anything. You are a leaf that
the winners” doesn’t know it is a part of a tree”
 Here are some comments about
history:
George Santayana Mahatma Gandhi

“Those who cannot remember “If we are to make progress, we

the past are condemned to must not repeat histort but make

repeat it” new history”

 b. nature of history
[Link] Present from the Past
• Why things are the way they are now.
We look at the past to see how our
current world, our ideas, and our ways
of life were formed.
 nature of history
2. The Story of Man
• It's all about man. How people
lived, struggled, and changed
over time.
 nature of history
3. History is concerned with man in
time
• When things happened. Putting
events in order so we can see how
one thing led to another.
 nature of history
4. History is concerned with man in
space
• Where things happened. How where
people lived (their environment)
affected their lives and choices.
 nature of history
5. Objective record of
happenings
• Trying to be accurate and fair
about what really happened,
using evidence.
 nature of history
6. Multisided
• Not just wars or kings, but all
aspects of the life of a social
group—how people lived, worked,
played, and thought.
 nature of history
7. History is a dialogue between the
events of the past and progressively
emerging future ends.
• We look at the past to understand
today and plan for tomorrow.
 nature of history
8. Not only narration but also
analysis
• Finding out why things
happened, not just what
happened.
 nature of history
9. Continuity and coherence are
the necessary requisites of history
• It's a never-ending story that links
us to those who came before.
 nature of history
10. Relevant
• We focus on the past events
that help us understand our
lives right now.
 nature of history
11. Comprehensiveness
• It's about everyone,
everywhere, and all aspects of
human life.
 c. sources of history
I. PRIMARY SOURCES

Primary sources provide firsthand,

original, and unfiltered information.
They are created by someone who
was a direct witness to an event, or
who experienced it themselves.
Think of them as direct evidence
 TYPES OF PRIMARY
Autobiographie
SOURCES:

s
An account of a person’s life
written by that person.
(Example: Mga Tala ng
Aking Buhay written by
Gregoria de Jesus)
 Memoirs

A history or record composed

from personal observation
and experience. (Example:
La Revolucion Filipina by
Apolinario Mabini)
 Diaries

A form of
autobiographical writing
which is a regularly kept
record of the diarist’s
Personal Letters

A type of informal
composition that usually
concerns personal
matters and is sent from
Correspondence
s
• A body of letters or
communications.
 Interviews

•A conversation
where questions
are asked, and
answers are given.
 Surveys

• A list of questions
aimed at extracting
specific data from a
particular group of
 Fieldworks/Field
Researches

• The collection of
information outside a
laboratory, library, or
workplace setting.
Photographs and Posters

• Often considered
primary sources
because they can
illustrate past events
Works of Art and Literature

• Often considered
primary sources
because they can
illustrate past events
 II. Secondary Sources

Secondary sources are Created by

someone who was not a direct witness
to an event, but who obtained
descriptions of an event from someone
else. These sources analyze, interpret,
or summarize information from primary
sources or other secondary sources.
 Bibliographies

An organized list of
sources, each of which
is followed by a brief
note or annotation.
 Biographical Works

A description of a real
person’s life, including factual
details as well as stories from
the person’s life. (Example:
Father of the Philippine
 Periodicals

This category includes

Newspapers, Magazines,
and Journals. (When they
report on events from the
past, based on other
Can We Trust All Historical
Sources?

In general, can we
trust all historical
sources? No.
Every source is biased in some way.
This means the creator of the source
might have a particular viewpoint,
opinion, or purpose that influences
the information they provide.
As a result, historians must read
sources skeptically and critically.
They don't just accept information
at face value; they question it and
look for deeper understanding.
 Rules on how to verify historical sources
Rule No. 1: Time and Place
• This rule says the closer in time and place a
source and its creator were to an event in the past,
the better the source will be. Information from
someone who was right there at the moment an
event happened is generally more reliable than a
description written much later.
Rule No. 2: Bias
• This rule says every source is biased in some way.
Documents tell us only what the creator of the
document thought happened, or perhaps only what
the creator wants us to think happened. Therefore,
it's crucial to compare and analyze sources. By
looking at multiple sources, historians can identify
different perspectives and get a more complete and
balanced understanding of the past.
 [Link] of History
1. Cyclical View of History - History undergoes
recurring cycles (Ex. Rise and Fall of
Civilizations).
2. Linear View of History - History is
progressive and moving forward.
3. Great God View of History - History based
on theological theories that God shapes our
history.
4. Great Man View of History - Dominant
personalities determine the course of
history.
5. Best People View of History - Only the
best race, the elites, and the ruling class
make history.
6. Ideas or Great Mind View of History -
The driving force of History is the people’s
ideas. “Reason governs the world”.
7. Human Nature View of History -
History is determined by the qualities of
human nature, good or bad.
8. Economic View of History - Economic
factors are the determinant of history. (Karl
Marx).
9. Gender History - Looks from the past
on the perspective of gender.
10. Post-Modern View of History - It
views history as “What we make of it”
11. Other Views of History
Other theories that attempts to explain history
includes the ff:
- Geographic Factors
- Wars
- Religion
- Race
- Climate
 E.
• HistoricalMethodology
Research
The techniques and guidelines by which
historians use sources and evidences, to
research and then to write histories in the
form of accounts of the past.
 • Purpose of Historical Research
To describe and examine events of
the past to understand the present
and anticipate potential future
effects.
 Steps in Conducting Historical
Research
1. Identify a topic/subject and
defining the problem or
hypothesis to be investigated.
2. Searching for sources of data and
other relevant source materials.

3. Summarizing and evaluating the

sources the researcher is able to
locate.
4. Analyzing, synthesizing, and
interpreting the evidence obtained
and then drawing conclusions
about the problem or hypothesis.