— |. Both "growth" "devel 1H : period of time. ||o Growth is quantitative and value neutral, meaning it can be positive Can increase) or negative (a decrease). natural disasters. volution the Human Deve opmel once > For many decades, a country's development level was solely measured by its economic growth; a larger economy was eguated with higher development, even if it didn't improve the lives of most people. > The understanding that the quality of life, opportunities, and freedoms are crucial aspects of development became prominent in the late 1980s and early 1990s.| This concept was significantly advanced by two South Asian | economists: Dr. Mahbub-ul-Hag and Prof. Amartya Sen. l 2 Dr. Mahbub-ul-Hag introduced the concept of human development, describing it as development that enlarges | people’s choices and improves their lives, placing people at the center of all development | These choices are dynamic and change over time. The basic | goal of development is to create conditions where people can || live meaningful lives. o A meaningful life_is defined as not just.a long one, but a | life with purpose, where people are healthy, can develop their || talents, , participate in society, and are free to to achieve their | || goals. Dr. Mahbub-ul-Hag, a Pakistani economist, created the Human Development Index CHDI) in 1990. . The United Nations Development Programme CUNDP) has l used his human development concept to publish the Human |_ Development Report annually since 1990. » Nobel Laureate Prof. Amartya Se Sen n emphasized an increase in | Freedom ‘Cra decrease in "unfreedom' n') as tl the primary | objective of di development, also noting it as an effective means | of achieving development. His work highlights the role of social |_and political institutions in increasing freedom. |o The contributions of both economists have been pivotal in | making people the focus of development discussions, » The most important aspects of human development are || leading a long and healthy life, acquiring knowledge, and | having sufficient means for a decent life, |. Therefore, access to resources, health, and education are the | key areas in human development.|| Limited Capabilities and Choices 2 People often lack the capability and freedom to make even || basic choices due to factors such as: _______ | = Inability to acguire knowledge. = Material poverty. | « Social discrimination, |= Inefficiency of institutions. » These limitations prevent individuals from living healthy li ive i havi qr lit > Building people’s capabilities in health, education, and access || to resources is.crucial for enlarging their.choices. > For example, an uneducated child's choice to become a | doctor is limited by their lack of education, and poor people's || choice to receive medical treatment is limited by their lack of resources, | Four Pillars of Human Development — || > The concept ncept of human development i is built upon four | foundational pillars: equity, sustainability, productivity, and | empowerment. | > Equity: Refers to ensuring equal access to opportunities for l| everyone, regardless of gender, race, income, or, in the Indian || context, caste. Disparities in access, such as high dropout rates |_among certain groups, indicate limited choices due to lack of | knowledge access. | > Sustainability: Means continuity in the availability of || opportunities for all generations. It requires using environmental, financial, and human resources responsibly, | keeping future generations in mind. For instance, neglecting | girls’ education in one generation limits their and futuregenerations’ opportunities. o Productivity: Pertains to human labor productivity, which must be continually enhanced by building people's capabilities. Investing in knowledge and health facilities ultimately leads to greater work efficiency, as people are considered the true wealth of nations. co Empowerment: Refers to having the power to make choices. This power is derived from increased freedom and capability. Good governance and-people-oriented policies are essential for empowering individuals, especially. socially.and economically disadvantaged groups.|= Capabilities Approach: Associated with Prof. Amartya Sen, | this approach emphasizes building human capabilities in health, || education, and access to resources as the key to increasing | human development. It is considered a non-income measure. 1 Measuring Human Development . The Human Development Index CHDI) ranks countries based ||_on their performance in three key areas; health, education, and ____|| access to resources || 2 Countries are assigned a score between.0 and |, with scores closer to lindicating_a higher level of human-development. || o Health is assessed by life expectancy at birth. |» Education is represented by the adult literacy rate and the | gross enrolment ratio. 2 Access to resources is measured in terms of purchasing |_power Cin U.S. dollars). || 2 Each of these three dimensions is given a weight of 1/3 in | the HDI calculation Se Wee ||» While HDI_measures attainments, it does not provide | information about the distribution of these attainments within a country, making it not the most reliable sole measure. || measures the shortfall_in human development. | o HPI takes into account factors such as the probability of |_not_surviving until age 40, the adult illiteracy rate, the number __of people without access to clean water, and the number of underweight small children. 2 The HPI is often more revealing than the HDI in showing ciencies i s Looking at both HDI and HPI together provides a more| accurate picture of a country's human development situation. |. Methods for measuring human development are continuously \ refined, with research exploring links between human | development levels and factors like corruption or political | Freedom. o Since 1990, the United Nations Development Programme | (UNDP) publishes the Human Development Report annually, | using the HDI and HPI to rank member countries. || ¢ Bhutan is unique_in officially proclaiming Gross National Happiness (GNH) as its measure of progress, prioritizing || spiritual, non-material, and qualitative aspects of development l over material and technological progress. _ TT interna "in Development capita Mame gee eae with human | development levels. | Often, smaller or relatively poorer countries achieve higher I human development ranks than larger or richer ones. For |_example, Sri.Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago have higher HDI ranks || than India despite smaller economies, and within India, Kerala || lower per capita income. _o Countries are categorized into four groups based on their |_HDI scores: = Very High Human Development: Scores above 0.800 (67 | countries). This group includes countries like Switzerland, | Norway, Iceland, Hong Kong, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Treland, Singapore, Australia, and Netherlands. These countries|| often have high investment in the social sector, good governance, are generally industrialized Western nations || @hough non-European countries are also on the list), and tend | to have lower social diversity. |= High Human Development: Scores between 0.700 and 0.799 | C9 countries). Providing education and healthcare is a significant government priority in these nations, characterized | by higher investment in people and good governance. = Medium Human Development: Scores between 0.550 and || 0.699 G42 countries), forming the largest. group. Many emerged after World War Il, some were former colonies. Many l in this group have experienced political instability and social uprisings but are rapidly improving their scores through people- | oriented policies and reduced social discrimination. They often exhibit higher social diversity. «Low Human Development: Scores below 0.550 (33 countries). | A large proportion are small nations affected by political turmoil, civil war, famine, or high incidence of diseases, indicating an urgent need for r targeted hun human n development policies. > It is misleading to attribute low human development to | cultural or religious factors, Instead, it is crucial to examine the pattern of government expenditure on the social sector, | the political environment, and the degree of freedom people have. |. Countries with high human development typically invest || more in social sectors, enjoy political stability, and have more | equitable resource distribution, » Conversely, places with low human development often spend more on defense than social sectors, are located in areas of [| political instability, and struggle to achieve accelerated economic development.