> 2.1 Solids, liquids and gases Exercise 2.1A Sorting solids, liquids and gases Focus This exercise will help you to check that you understand the properties Of solids, liquids and gases. Zara makes a cake with icing for her family.2.1 Solids, liquids and gases Here are the items she needs, 1 Write the name of each item Zara needs in the correct column of the table. 2 > Here are some more items. Add their names to your table above. You need to add a column to the table for gases. Draw with a pencil and use a ruler + Give the new column a heading. + Make the column as wide as the others. water cooking pan — butane gas bumer —~2.1 Solids, liquids and gases 3 Arun thinks that material C is either a liquid or a gas Which one other test would you carry out to find out whieh it is? Explain your choice. 4 Arun thinks material D is a liquid. Is he correct? Explain the reason. for your answer. 6 — What test should he do to decide if material E is a liquid or a solid? Explain your answer,2 Materials and their structure > Exercise 2.1C Properties of solids, liquids and gases Challenge In this exercise, you will consider observations of some unusual behaviour of a solid, Then you will discuss and explain the reasons for these observations, Flour is a solid, but it is in powder form. When Marcus was baking, he observed that the flour had the properties shown here, A He pouredit. B He foundit tock the shave ofthe container © sol When he tapped the container of lout on the table, the flour took up ess space ‘The properties shown in diagrams A,B and C are not usually those of a solid. 1 Write down which state(s) of matter you would expect to have the property shown in: A B2 Materials and their structure » Exercise 2.1B Solid, liquid or gas? Practice In this exercise you will practise using and interpreting information from a table, ‘Aran has been asked to test five materials to see if they are solid, liquid or gas He has carried out some simple tests on some of the materials, He has not yet completed his tests. This is his results table, Material A yes yes B yes yes ic yes D yes yes E yes 1 Is material A a solid, a liquid or a gas? Explain your answer. 2 Is material B a solid, a liquid or a gas? Explain your answer.2.2 Changing state 2. Baplain why the flour has the property shown in: A > 2.2 Changing state Exercise 2.2 Marcus's water heating investigation In this exercise, you will practise drawing 4 table, then use it to record the results of an investigation and plot a graph. Focus Marcus carries out an experiment to investigate what happens to the temperature of water when it is heated He first measures the temperature of the water in the beaker (at 0 minutes) ‘Then he heats the water. ‘He measures the temperature every minute, He does this for ten minutes.2.2 Changing state 5 Use your table of results from the previous question to plot a graph. First label the axes with the units: time in minutes and temperature in °C. Then plot each point carefully, The first one has been done for you. Remember to use a pencil. Find the time on the horizontal axis. Go upwards until you come to the correct temperature. Mark with asmall cross, 70 60 50 30 20 J 10 Look carefully at the points you have plotted. Use your ruler to see whether they form a straight line. Draw a straight line that passes through as many points as possible. Write a sentence about what the graph shows.2 Materials and thelr structure 4 What salety precautions Marcus taking? 2 Draw atable below for Marcus to reeord his results, diagrams show Marcus's thermometer after different times. ‘yeite the temperatures in the spaces provided. Los 1 a | TS ie 4s, = oN 3 iter 3 ints the vemperatre's ‘After 4 nates the tempertureis 4 waite the results into your table. Remember, the results need to pein order of the timings. a> tae2.2 Changing state 9 Write a sentence to describe what the graph shows. Challenge 10 Explain what happens (o the temperature of the liquid as it is heated 41 Zara measured the volume of the liquid at the start and the end of the investigation a Doyou think the volume of liquid at the end was the same as at the beginning? b What is the reason for your answer?2 Materials and their structure > Practice 7 Zara, a student in Marcus’s class, has plotted her results on a graph. 100 o Temperate in°C 40. 20 7 2 3 4 5 6 ? 10 Time nminutes a One of the points on the graph docs not fit the pattern Draw a around it b Suggest what Zara should do about this result 8 — Look at the graph Zara drew. Carefully look at the pattern the points make on the graph. Can you see that they follow a curve? Using sharp peneil, draw a smooth line ‘The line does not need to go through cvery approximately (he same number of points al of best fit. that follows this curve. point, There should be bove your curve as below it,2.3. Explaining changes of state 5 Draw e@ieB)around the comreet word or words in these sentences Fora solid to melt, the particles must gain / lose energy. ‘The particles vibrate less / more. The particles have enough energy to escape the strong / weak forces holding them in their places, ‘The particles can now move away from | past each other: The solid has changed state and become a liquid / gas. 6 — Write one of these words in each of the spaces on the diagram to name the change that is taking place, melting freezing condensing _ boiling Niquie Exercise 2.3B Particle theory and change of state Practice This exercise will help you to understand and remember particle theory. Remember that ‘oxplaining’ something means that you have to say not only what happens, but also how or why it happens! 1 Explain, in terms of particle theory, what happens when ice is heated and melts to form water.2. Materials and their ructure > 2.3 Explaining changes of state Exercise 2.3A Change of state Focus In this exercise, you will explain what happens when a liquid and a solid change state, Diagram A shows the particles in a liquid. 4 Complete this sentence. If the particles in diagram A lose enough energy, the liquid will change state and become a. 2 Inbox B below, draw the particles after this change of state. Complete the heading AParticles in aliquid B: Particles ina : Particles ina .. 3 Complete this sentence. Tf the particles in diagram A gain enough energy, the liquid will change state and become a .. 4 Inbox C, draw the particles after this change of state. Complete the heading.2.3 Explaining changes of state Exercise 2.3C Explaining changes of state Challenge This exercise gives you practice in using particle theory to explain changes of state. Use the correct scientific vocabulary in your explanations. 1 Use particle theory to explain what happens when a solid is heated and it changes into a liquid. 2 Use particle theory to explain what happens when a gas reaches a cold surface and it changes into a liquid. article theory to explain what happens when a liquid is heated and it changes into a gas.2. Materials and their structure = ‘When the solid iron bar in the diagram is heated, it no longer fits the holder, von bar Use particle theory to explain why this happens. ‘Use the terms below to match each of the statements a to g, Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all. boil compressed condensation evaporation gas heat liquid freeze solid vibrate melting — move a Astate of matter where the particles do not touch each other: b When a gasis cooled to form a liquid: ¢ Particles in solids, liquids and gases do this: Solid changing to a liquid! .. @ Whena liquid changes into a gas: + The particles in liquids and gases ean do this: g The state of matter that can be compressed:4 Look back at your answers and think about the scientific words you have used. Are there any more that you should have included? > 2.4 The water cycle Exercise 2.4 The water cycle In this exercise, you will label a diagram of the water cycle and explain some of the processes involved. Focus Precipitation Evaporation strearvion water Groundwater fw2. Materials and their structure s | Challenge 6 Explain what is meant by precipitation. What forms can precipitation take? What conditions are needed for these different forms of | precipitation to occur? > 2.5 Atoms, elements and | the Periodic Table | Exercise 2.5 Atoms, elements and the | Periodic Table “This exercise will give you practice in using the symbols for elements and help you to remember facts about the Periodic Table Focus 1 Give the symbols for these elements. a sodium .. b magnesium ...... ¢ boron cali asssessssestsee e potassium | 32 >2.4 The water cycle 4 Write the names of the stages that are labelled a to don the diagram. 3 The process that takes place at d needs energy. Where does the energy come from? 4 Use patticle theory to explain bow water from the ocean reaches the cloudsials and their structure Challenge 7 > Name an element that has atoms with a mass greater than those of aluminium, ‘Name an element that has atoms with a mass smaller than nitrogen but larger than beryllium, 2.6 Compounds and formulae Exercise 2.6 Compounds and formulae ‘This exercise will help you to sort out facts about compounds and practise using formulae. Focus 4 Write true or false next to each of these statements. a Fach element is made of only one type of atom. b Oxygen isa compound. . ¢ Calcium is an element. .. d= Water is an element. ......... e This diagram shows an atom of sulfur. sulfur2.5 Atoms, elements and the Periodic Table 2 Give the names of the elements with these symbols, 3 Groups go up and down a Complete this sentence: The area shaded light grey contains elements that are b Circle in red the group that contains the clement magnesium. ¢ Circle in blue the period that contains the element oxygen. Practice 4 Circle in green a group that contains both a metal and a non-metal. 5 Namea gasin the same period as carbon. 6 Name an element in the same group as calcium,2.6 Compounds and formulae f This diagram shows a compourd of nao. e g A compound is made up of more than one type of atom, Neon 2 a Which ciements are in potassium chloride? b Which is the metal in potassium chloride? ¢ — Which elements are in magnesium oxide? 4 Suggest the name of the compound that contains copper and oxygen. Practice 3 What is the name of the compound formed when these elements are combined together? a sodium and oxygen... b calcium, carbon and oxygen .. © potassium, nitrogen and oxygen ........ potassium and nitrogen .....++ @ hydrogen and fluorine.2.6 Compounds and formulae Challenge 7 These formulae are written incorrectly: Rewrite them correctly, NAsCOs d 02... b CaCl e KCo, c Caco’. 8 a The formula for the sugar maltose is CysH2:0; What does this tell you about what the particle is made of? b Suggest what 2C,,H,,0,; means 9 a Mg(OH); is the formula for which compound? b How many oxygen atoms are there in this particle? ¢ How many hydrogen atoms are there in this particle? 410° Write the name and formula for a compound of calcium that contains oxygen and hydrogen atoms,2. Materials and their structure > 4 Which elements are found in these compounds? a carbon dioxide b coppersulfate ......... ¢ aluminiumehloride... sodium sulfide . e calcium chlorate, 5 The formula for potassium hydroxide is KOH. Which elements does it contain? 6 — Complete this table. Chemicalname | Formula ‘What the compound contains MgO sulfur dioxide ne sullur atom bonded to two oxygen atoms aluminium chloride ‘one aluminium atom bonded to three chlorine atoms ‘calcium sulfide ‘one calcium atom bonded to one sulfur atom MgCO;2.7 Compounds and mixtures At the end of Sofia’s experiment, something in Sofia's test tube is attracted to a magnet At the end of Sofia’s experiment the test Lube contains compound. At the end of Marcus's experiment the beaker contains a compound At the end of the experiment the atoms in Marcus's beaker ook like this, ORte kon atoms. sulfur ators At the end of the experiment the atoms in Sofia’s test tube look like this 5 % Compounds have the same properties as the elements they are made from. Oo Oo2. Materials and their structure > > 2.7 Compounds and mixtures Exercise 2.7 Compounds and mixtures ‘This exercise helps you to distinguish (tell the difference) between mixtures and compounds. Focus In a compound, two or more elements are bonded together to make a new product. Ina mixture, (wo or more clements are mixed together, but they do not form a new product, Marcus mixes ion flings and sulfur in @ beakes Ho stirs t unt the two substances are comaletely seed powder together 1 Tick (V7) all the correct statements. a b Sofia produces a new product Marcus produces a new product. Iron is magnetic. Something in Mareus’s beaker is attracted to a magnet. Sofia heate iran flings and sulfur2.7 Compounds and mixtures Challenge 5 Which box contains a mixture of element 6 — Which box contains a mixture of compounds? 7 a Give an example of 2 compound made from two elements and an example of a mixture of the same two elements, b Explain the difference between a compound made of two elements and a mixture of the same two elements, ¢ Explain how the properties of the compound are different from the properties of the wo elements. Explain how the properties of the mixture are different from those of the compound.2. Materials and their structure S Practice Look at these particle diagrams Use the diagrams to answer the questions. A 8 “>