LEED Green Associate
Prep. Course
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Chapter 6
Energy & Atmosphere
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Course Contents
• Chapter 1: Introduction to Green Buildings and LEED Credentials
• Chapter 2: Introduction to LEED Rating Systems
• Chapter 3: Location and Transportation
• Chapter 4: Sustainable Sites
• Chapter 5: Water Efficiency Category with highest
• Chapter 6: Energy & Atmosphere number of points
• Chapter 7: Materials & Resources
• Chapter 8: Indoor Environmental Quality
• Chapter 9: Integrative Process
• Chapter 10: Bonus Categories
• Chapter 11: More about USGBC & LEED
• Chapter 12 : Value of Sustainable: Cost Vs Benefit
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Objectives/Factors under Energy and
• Fundamental Commissioning and Verification
• Minimum Energy Performance
• Building-Level Energy Metering
• Fundamental Refrigerant Management
• Enhanced Commissioning
• Optimize Energy Performance
• Advanced Energy Metering
• Demand Response
• Renewable Energy Production
• Enhanced Refrigerant Management
• Green Power and Carbon Offsets
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End use energy Use Distribution for Commercial
Buildings in US
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Minimum* & Optimize Energy Performance
*Prerequisite
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Minimum and Optimize Energy
Performance
Prerequisite – Credit –
• At least 5% better performance • Improve the energy performance
over baseline energy beyond prerequisite (ASHRAE 90.1
2010)
consumption(ASHRAE 90.1
2010) • •Has the highest number of
possible points
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Significance
• Energy directly related to Global warming
• Pollution to air, water and soil
• Depletion of resources
• Contributes to acid rain & smog
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Strategies & Implementation
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Proper orientation of the building
• Optimize day light and heat
gain/heat loss
• Glazing in appropriate direction to
maximize day light and minimize
heat gain/loss
• Consider passive technologies like
Natural ventilation, day lighting,
night venting etc
• Utilize shading of adjacent
structures
• Optimize window the wall ratio
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Optimized Building Envelope
• Optimize U(heat transfer coefficient)
value for windows, external wall and
roof
• Optimize Solar Heat Gain
Coefficient of the glazing
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Efficient HVAC Equipment, pumping system &
Lighting
• Select HVAC equipment higher
Coefficient of
Performance(COP)/Energy
Efficiency Ratio(EER)
• Efficient Lighting–LPD not to exceed
ASHRAE90.1-2010
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Efficient Controls
• Occupancy sensors
• Daylight sensors
• Demand control ventilation
• Shading controls
• Programmable thermostats
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Demand Control Ventilation
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Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power
Cogeneration or combined heat and power(CHP) is the use of a heat
engine or power station to simultaneously generate electricity and
useful heat.
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Energy Modeling –tool for evaluating Energy
Efficiency options
• Use Energy modeling in
predesigned phase
• Perform base case and design case
simulation
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EPA Energy star target finder: Set Energy
Efficiency targets
• No-cost online tool that enables architects and building owners to set
energy targets during design stage
• Projects that earn a score of 75 or higher may be eligible for ENERGY
STAR certification
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EPA Energy star Portfolio Manager: Manage
buildings energy usage
• Interactive online tool to record and track the energy and water
consumption of a building or group of buildings.
• Portfolio Manager can help Facility Managers/ Building owners
identify underperforming buildings and make investment decisions
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HERs: Evaluating energy efficiency in homes
• The Home Energy Rating System
(HERS) Index developed by
RESNET(Residential Energy
Services Network) is the INDUSTRY
STANDARD by which a home's
energy efficiency is measured.
• Lower the index better the efficiency
• HERS Index 65 means the home is
35 % more efficient compared to a
new standard home
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Renewable Energy Production
Green Power and Carbon Offset
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Various Renewable Energy Sources
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Renewable Energy
Green Power & Carbon
Production –
Offset
Generated on site
Open Market Closed Market
Subscribe for renewable energy Purchase Renewable Energy
from utility provider Certificate
• Green E or equivalent certified
• Contracted for min 2 years 26
Carbon Offset
• Carbon offsets allow buildings or companies to fund activities that
decrease carbon emissions or remove carbon from the atmosphere.
• Carbon offset projects include reforestation, carbon sequestration,
energy efficiency projects, and land-use changes.
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Fundamental* & Enhanced Refrigerant
Management
*Prerequisite
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Stratospheric Ozone depletion
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Global Warming
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Natural Refrigerants
• Air, CO2, H20, ammonia(NH3) and
Hydrocarbons (Propane, butane etc)
• Environmentally good
Disadvantages:
• Air, CO2, H20-poor refrigerant
properties
• Ammonia- toxic in nature
• Hydrocarbons- explosive
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Chloro Flouro Carbons - CFC
Example R11,R12
• Excellent refrigerant properties
• Very high Ozone depleting potential
• Not produced in US since 1995
• Completely phase-out by 2010 by Montreal protocol
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Hydro Chloro Flouro Carbons - HCFC
Example R22,R123
• Reduced Chlorine, Reduced ODP
• 2020: 99.5% of HCFC phase-out in US
• 2030– HCFC to be completed phased out Montreal Protocol
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Hydro Flouro Carbons - HFC
Example R134a, R407c, R410a
• Zero Chlorine, Zero ODP
• Higher Global warming potential
• Energy inefficient compared to CFC/HCFC based equipments
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Environmentally preferable of Refrigerants
• No refrigerants at all (Natural Ventilation)
• Natural Refrigerants
• HFC
• HCFC
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Fundamental Refrigerant Management
New Buildings:
• No CFCs
Major Renovation:
• No CFCs or
• Phase-out CFC before completion of the project
Existing Buildings O&M:
• No CFCs or Phase-out within 5years or
• Prove that replacement of CFC’s are commercially not feasible and
Reduce the leakage rate of CFC based refrigerants to 5% or less
using EPA Clean Air Act procedures
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Enhanced Refrigerant Management
• Reduce overall environmental impact caused by refrigerants
• Select Refrigerant which has lesser ODP & GWP
• Select equipment which can operate at lower pressure
• Reduce the leakage rate of refrigerants
• Select equipment with higher life
• No hallons, CFC and HCFC in fire suppression system
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Fundamental* & Enhanced Commissioning
*Prerequisite
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Commissioning(Cx): The process of verifying and documenting that a
building and all of its systems and assemblies are planned, designed,
installed, tested, operated and maintained to meet the owner’s
project requirements(OPR).
Fundamental Vs Enhanced Commissioning:
• Fundamental commissioning starts late and ends early
• Enhanced commissioning starts early and ends late
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Fundamental & Enhanced Commissioning
Pre-design
Design
Construction Documents
Bidding
Enhanced
Construction Commissioning
Fundamental Performance Testing
Commissioning
Occupancy
Operation & Maintenance
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Systems to be Commissioned
The following are the minimum energy related systems that should be
included in commissioning
• HVAC equipment and its associated controls
• Lighting and day lighting controls.
• Domestic hot water systems.
• Renewable energy systems(e.g. wind, solar)
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Building Level* & Advanced Metering
*Prerequisite
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Building level and Advanced Metering
Prerequisite – Credit –
• Metering system to provide Advanced metering system to
building level energy • Provide end use energy distribution
consumption for all energy types • Log data on hourly basis
like electricity, gas, chilled water • Monitor demand
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Demand Response
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Demand Side Management and its significance
• Electricity demand is not uniform through out the year.
• Peak demand occurs at extreme weather conditions
• Utility companies need to have generation capacity and grid infrastructure to meet the peak
demand.
• At peak demand, generation plants have to run at full load including the inefficient ones
• Developing generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure is called supply side
management.
• Developing plans and strategies to reduce the peak demand is called as Demand Side
Management
• Demand side management is much more economical compared to developing infrastructures
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Demand Side Management Strategies
• Utilities implement a number of DSM strategies to reduce the peak
demand. Few of them
• Higher electricity price at peak hours of the day
–Higher demand charges: Many utilities bill separate charges for
peak demand in addition to consumption
–Thermal Storage system: Chillers with thermal storage system run
at off peak hours and stores thermal energy in thermal storage
system. Stored thermal energy is then used during peak hours of
the day.
–Demand Response
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Demand Response
• A change in electricity use by demand-side resources from their
normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the price of
electricity or to incentive payments designed to induce lower
electricity use at times of high wholesale market prices or when
system reliability is jeopardized
• In Demand Response programs, the end user reduces his electricity
demand when there is a trigger from the utility provider
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Demand Response: LEED Requirements
• The project should have software and hardware infrastructure to
participate in Demand response program.
• The project should participate in Demand Response program if
available
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Thank you!
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