I.

INTRODUCTION

A. Rationale

Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa), also known as calamondin, is a cornerstone citrus

fruit in the Philippines, celebrated for its culinary versatility, nutritional benefits,

and commercial value. It is a staple in Filipino cuisine and is increasingly in demand in both

domestic and export markets for fresh fruit and processed products such as juices,

concentrates, and extracts. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the

country produced approximately 164,900 metric tons of calamansi in 2023, making it the

leading calamansi producer in Southeast Asia. However, the industry remains dominated by

small-scale, labor-intensive farms, with traditional methods limiting productivity and

profitability.

Manual operations—ranging from land preparation and planting to pruning,

pest management, and harvesting—result in high labor costs and operational inefficiencies,

particularly during peak harvest periods. These challenges are compounded by rural labor

shortages and an aging agricultural workforce, which threaten the long-term viability of

calamansi farming.

Mechanization offers a transformative solution to these persistent challenges. By

adopting appropriate mechanization technologies, large-scale calamansi production can

achieve timely and efficient farm operations, reduce labor requirements by up to 50–60%,

and lower production costs by 20–30%. Mechanization also enables the adoption of

improved crop management practices—such as precision planting, efficient irrigation,

and integrated pest management—that are essential for maximizing yields and fruit quality.

Well-managed mechanized orchards can increase average yields from 10–15 metric

tons per hectare (traditional systems) to 18–22 metric tons per hectare, supporting greater

profitability and the ability to meet rising domestic and export demand.
 This study proposes the establishment of a 100-hectare mechanized calamansi

model farm in Milagros, Masbate, a location selected for its favorable climate, well-drained

upland soils, and access to infrastructure and markets. The 100-hectare scale is both

economically viable and manageable, enabling efficient mechanization while allowing

for phased expansion. This model farm aims to demonstrate the benefits of modern,

sustainable calamansi production and serve as a benchmark for future investments in the

sector.

B. Significance of the Study

Calamansi production in the Philippines has long been characterized by labor-

intensive practices, with manual operations demanding significant manpower for land

preparation, planting, orchard maintenance, pest and disease management, harvesting, and

postharvest handling. According to the Bureau of Plant Industry (2023), traditional calamansi

production typically requires between 120–160 man-days per hectare annually, leading to

high operating costs and logistical bottlenecks, especially during peak labor periods. Labor

shortages—most acute during critical operations like harvesting—often result in delayed

picking, increased postharvest losses, and diminished fruit quality, ultimately reducing farm

income and undermining market competitiveness.

The adoption of mechanization technologies offers a transformative and practical

solution to these persistent challenges. By deploying machinery for land preparation,

planting, crop care, and harvesting, labor requirements can be reduced by 50–60%,

lowering the total to as little as 60–80 man-days per hectare per year. This substantial

reduction in labor not only decreases production costs—potentially by 20–30%—but also

enables more timely and efficient execution of all farm operations. For example, mechanical

fruit pickers and mobile grading lines can halve the time required for harvesting and
postharvest sorting, minimizing fruit damage and preserving quality for both fresh and

processed markets.

Mechanization also empowers large-scale calamansi farms to achieve higher

cropping intensity and productivity. With timely and precise operations, average yields can

rise from 10–15 metric tons per hectare under traditional systems to 18–22 metric tons per

hectare in well-managed, mechanized orchards. This improvement supports greater

profitability and enhances the farm’s ability to meet rising domestic and export demand for

calamansi and its value-added products, such as juices, purees, and extracts. In 2023, the

Philippines produced approximately 164,900 metric tons of calamansi, but the country’s

share in the growing export market remains limited by inconsistent supply and quality—

challenges that mechanization directly addresses (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2024).

Beyond direct economic benefits, the significance of mechanized calamansi production

extends to several broader areas:

 Food Security and Rural Livelihoods: Calamansi is a staple in Filipino diets

and a vital source of income for thousands of rural households.

Mechanization sustains and expands employment by creating skilled jobs

(machine operators, technicians) and supporting ancillary industries

(machinery supply and maintenance). It also stabilizes supply and prices,

contributing to national food security.

 Industry Competitiveness and Export Potential: With global demand for

calamansi juice and extracts on the rise, mechanization enables Philippine

producers to meet stringent quality standards and fulfill large-volume orders,

strengthening the country’s position as a leading supplier in the Asia-Pacific

region.

 Sustainability and Resource Efficiency: Mechanized operations, especially

when integrated with drip irrigation and precision fertigation, promote more
 efficient use of water, fertilizers, and other inputs. This reduces environmental

impact, conserves resources, and supports the long-term sustainability of

calamansi orchards.

 Adaptation to Labor Scarcity and Demographic Change: The rural

workforce in the Philippines is aging, and migration to urban areas continues

to rise. Mechanization addresses these demographic shifts by reducing

dependence on manual labor and ensuring that large-scale calamansi

production remains viable despite workforce constraints.

Given these substantial benefits, this study aims to provide farm managers,

landowners, and potential investors with a comprehensive guide for establishing large-scale,

mechanized calamansi enterprises. By systematically evaluating the technical and economic

aspects of mechanized calamansi production for a 100-hectare model farm in Milagros,

Masbate, the study will identify the most effective strategies for reducing costs, increasing

yields, and ensuring the long-term sustainability of calamansi farming in the country. The

findings will support informed decision-making and promote the adoption of modern,

efficient, and sustainable practices in the Philippine calamansi sector.

C. Objectives

This study aims to develop a comprehensive mechanization and management plan for a

100-hectare calamansi farm in Milagros, Masbate. Specifically, it seeks to:

 Select appropriate mechanization technologies for each stage of calamansi

production.

 Determine the type and quantity of machines required to ensure efficient and timely

completion of all major farm operations.

 Calculate the operational capacity and coverage area of the different machines.
  Evaluate the economic viability and profitability of establishing a mechanized

calamansi enterprise at the 100-hectare scale.

II.METHODOLOGY

Several key assumptions were considered in designing the farm plan for a

mechanized calamansi production enterprise in Masbate. Rather than evaluating multiple

large farm sizes, a 100-hectare calamansi-based orchard system was selected as the

optimal scale for balancing operational manageability, mechanization efficiency, and

economic viability. This size is based on both regional land availability and industry

benchmarks for profitable, scalable citrus production.

The proposed 100-hectare farm is situated in a well-drained upland area of Masbate,

specifically in municipalities such as Mandaon or Milagros, which offer suitable soil,

topography, and access to water for supplemental irrigation. The site features sandy loam

soil with a pH of 5.5–6.5 and a gentle slope of 0–3%, ideal for calamansi and for the safe

operation of mechanized equipment.

The climate is characterized by a tropical monsoon pattern, with a dry season from

December to May and a wet season from June to November. The wettest months are July to

October, peaking in September. Annual rainfall averages 1,200 mm, distributed over roughly

200 rainy days per year. Monthly rainfall ranges from 30 mm in February to over 150 mm in

September and October, directly influencing the scheduling of field operations and irrigation

needs. Average temperatures range from 22°C to 33°C, with consistently high humidity.

These rainfall and temperature patterns inform the annual calendar of farm activities,

ensuring that critical operations—such as land preparation, planting, and harvesting—are

timed to avoid periods of excessive rainfall or drought stress. Supplemental drip irrigation is
planned during the dry months to maintain optimal soil moisture for calamansi growth and

fruit development.

Area (ha) 100ha

Location Upland Milagros
Type of Soil Well-drained sandy loam, pH 5.5–
6.5
Slope 0-3%
Major Crop Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa)
Variety High-yielding, disease-resistant
calamansi
Growth Duration 2–3 years; peak: 5 years
Yield Potential 18–22 mt/ha (mechanized, mature
orchard)
Cropping Pattern Monocrop calamansi or calamansi
intercropped with legumes
Cropping Intensity 1 cropping cycle per year (perennial
orchard)
Rainfall Pattern Tropical monsoon: wet season
(June–Feb), dry season (Sept–May)
Ecosystem Upland, well-drained, with
supplemental irrigation

The 100-hectare farm is divided into 1-hectare orchard blocks, each measuring

100m x 100m, laid out in a grid pattern with 4m x 4m tree spacing (625 trees/ha). This

configuration is designed to maximize accessibility for tractors, sprayers, and other

mechanized equipment. The main office, equipment shed, and packing area are clustered

near the main entrance for security and logistical efficiency, while machinery sheds are

distributed at intervals to minimize equipment travel time. A robust road network is

established, with an 8-meter-wide main road running through the center of the farm and 5-

meter-wide secondary roads providing direct access to each block. Drip irrigation lines and

drainage channels are integrated into the block layout, and buffer zones with windbreaks are

planted around the perimeter. Management practices, including mechanization technologies,

are aligned with the phenological growth stages of calamansi. The selected high-yielding,

disease-resistant variety begins to bear fruit at 2–3 years and reaches peak production by

year 5, with an average yield potential of 18–22 metric tons per hectare under good

management. All major farm operations—land preparation, planting, irrigation, crop care,

pruning, harvesting, and postharvest handling—are mechanized where feasible to ensure

operational efficiency and economic viability. Prevailing market prices of farm machinery and

equipment were used to estimate capital and operational costs. The choice and quantity of

machines are tailored to the 100-hectare scale, ensuring timely completion of all major

operations while optimizing labor and resource use.

Input Process Output

 Land and Location  Land Preparation Farm Mechanization

 Planting Materials  Planting and plan for a Calamansi
 Machinery and Orchard based farm with an
Equipment Establishments area of 100ha
 Labor and  Crop Maintenance
Management  Harvesting
 Agro-inputs  Post harvesting
 Water Resources Handling
 Financial  Processing and
Resources Storage
 Marketing

Figure1. Conceptual Framework of the Design of a Farm Mechanization plan

for a calamansi based plantation

Comments
 A. Integrated Crop Management (ICM)

The productivity and economic viability of calamansi farming are greatly influenced

by yield levels and the reduction of production costs. The yield and costs of calamansi

production are affected by several factors, including soil fertility, varietal selection, agro-

climatic conditions, cultural practices, and the adoption of mechanization technologies. The

success of the entire production system depends on the effective integration of crop

management technologies from orchard establishment to harvest and postharvest handling.

For instance, inadequate land preparation can lead to poor root development, uneven tree

growth, and difficulties in irrigation installation, which ultimately affect fruit yield and quality.

Similarly, improper spacing or poor varietal selection can hinder mechanized operations and

increase susceptibility to pests and diseases.

Given these challenges, there is a need to develop an integrated crop management

system for calamansi production that takes a holistic approach to orchard management. The

integrated crop management scheme for calamansi is designed to synchronize all major

farm operations-including land preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease

control, pruning, harvesting, and postharvest handling-with the phenological growth stages

of the calamansi tree, as it shown in the Figure 2.

Figure 2. Phenological growth stages of the calamansi tree

Each stage is managed with the goal of optimizing resource use, ensuring timely operations,

and maximizing fruit yield and quality, while also reducing labor requirements and

production costs through appropriate mechanization.

 This approach ensures that all cultural practices and mechanized operations are

aligned to support healthy tree establishment, efficient orchard maintenance, and high-

quality fruit production. By following an integrated crop management plan, large-scale

calamansi farms can achieve greater productivity, improved profitability, and long-term

sustainability.

B. Land Preparation

Land preparation is the critical first step in establishing a productive and sustainable 100-

hectare calamansi orchard. For a large-scale, mechanized operation in Masbate, this phase

is especially important as it lays the groundwork for uniform tree growth, high yields, and

efficient mechanized management throughout the orchard’s lifespan.

The process begins with a comprehensive site assessment. Soil testing is conducted

across the 100-hectare area to determine pH, fertility, and texture. Calamansi thrives in well-

drained, slightly acidic to neutral soils (pH 5.5–6.5), so any necessary amendments—such

as lime to correct acidity or organic matter to improve soil structure—are incorporated at this

stage. This ensures the entire field is optimized for healthy root development and long-term

productivity. Transitioning from traditional manual land preparation to a fully mechanized

approach brings significant advantages in both speed and precision, which are essential for

a farm of this scale. The initial clearing of the land utilizes tractor-mounted brush cutters or

rotary slashers, quickly removing weeds, grasses, and crop residues across the expansive

area shown in the Figure 3. This mechanized clearing not only accelerates the process but

also ensures uniformity, which is vital for subsequent operations.

 Figure 3. Tractor-mounted brush cutter (CP560 Brush Cutters)

This is followed by primary tillage, where a 45–60 horsepower (hp) four-wheel tractor

equipped with a disc plow is used to invert the soil to a depth of 20–25 centimeters as it

shown in the Figure 4. This operation breaks up compacted layers, buries organic matter,

and helps control perennial weeds. The use of a disc plow ensures that the soil is turned

thoroughly and evenly, which is essential for the uniform establishment of calamansi trees.

Figure 4. Four-wheel tractor equipped with a disc plow (dp224f-hp2-disc-plow)

After primary tillage, secondary tillage is performed using a tractor-mounted rotavator

or harrow. This step further pulverizes the soil, creating a fine tilth suitable for young root

systems and facilitating the installation of drip irrigation lines, as shown in the Figure 5. The

rotavator also helps incorporate any additional fertilizers or soil amendments, ensuring even

distribution throughout the root zone. For large-scale orchards, the use of laser-guided or

GPS-enabled leveling equipment is recommended to achieve a uniformly graded field. This

is particularly important for calamansi, as it prevents waterlogging in low spots and ensures

the efficient operation of mechanized planters, sprayers, and harvesters in later stages.
 Figure 5. Tractor-mounted rotavator (shaktiman-rotavator)

Once the soil is adequately prepared, the orchard layout is marked using GPS or

laser-guided markers to establish precise planting spots at the recommended 4m x 4m

spacing. This precision is vital not only for optimal tree growth and canopy development but

also for allowing the free movement of tractors, sprayers, and other machinery between

rows during the orchard’s productive years.

As shown in Table 1, the sequence of land preparation activities, the machinery

required, and the estimated duration for each step in a 100-hectare mechanized calamansi

farm are clearly outlined. This table serves as a practical guide for planning and

implementing efficient and timely land preparation, ensuring the farm is optimally set up for

high-yielding, sustainable production. For a detailed breakdown of the calculations used to

determine the estimated capacities and durations presented in this table, please refer
to Appendix A, where the step-by-step methodology and assumptions are comprehensively

documented.

Total
Machinery Estimated Estimated
Activity Purpose Area Notes
Tools Rate/Capacity Duration
(100 ha)
Site Assess soil pH, Ensures soil
Assessment fertility, texture; Soil sampling kit, 1–2 days per 10 suitability and guides
100 ha 10–15 days
& Soil plan lab analysis ha amendment
Testing amendments application
Tractor-mounted
Remove Rapid, uniform
Land brush 3–5 units,
weeds, brush, 5–7 ha/day/unit 100 ha clearing for large
Clearing cutter/rotary 3–5 days
crop residues blocks
slasher
Invert soil, bury
Ensures deep, even
Primary organic matter, Tractor-mounted 4–5 units,
4–6 ha/day/unit 100 ha soil turning for root
Tillage break disc plow 4–6 days
development
compaction
Pulverize soil,
Prepares soil for
Secondary create fine tilth, Tractor-mounted 4–5 units,
4–6 ha/day/unit 100 ha planting and irrigation
Tillage incorporate rotavator/harrow 4–6 days
installation
amendments
Achieve
Critical for efficient
Laser/GPS uniform
Laser/GPS- 2 units, 5–7 irrigation and
Land grading, 8–10 ha/day/unit 100 ha
guided leveler days mechanized
Leveling prevent
operations
waterlogging
Ensures uniform
Mark precise GPS/laser-
Layout 10–15 2 teams, 4– spacing for
planting spots guided marker, 100 ha
Marking ha/day/team 6 days mechanization and
(4m x 4m) tape measure
canopy development
Mechanization
Planting Dig uniform reduces labor and
Tractor-mounted 400–600 62,500 2 units, 6–8
Hole holes for ensures consistency
auger holes/day/unit holes days
Preparation seedlings across all planting
holes

Table 1. Land Preparation Activities for a 100-Hectare Calamansi Orchard

As shown in Table 1, the sequence of land preparation activities, the machinery

required, and the estimated duration for each step in a 100-hectare mechanized calamansi

farm are clearly outlined. This table serves as a practical guide for planning and

implementing efficient and timely land preparation, ensuring the farm is optimally set up for

high-yielding, sustainable production.

C. Varietal Selection and Plant Material

The choice of calamansi variety is critical to the success of large-scale, mechanized

orchards. It is recommended to use high-yielding, disease-resistant calamansi varieties that

are well-adapted to the local agro-climatic conditions. In the Philippines, traditional

calamansi varieties typically yield 10–15 metric tons per hectare (mt/ha) under conventional

management. However, improved varieties-when combined with good management and

mechanization – can achieve yields of 18–22 mt/ha, representing a 40–60% increase in

productivity (Bureau of Plant Industry, 2023).

Figure 6. Citrus Canker (https://www.aphis.usda.gov/)

Disease-resistant varieties also reduce the incidence of common citrus diseases,

such as citrus canker and greening, by up to 30%, minimizing crop losses and reducing the

need for chemical interventions. The use of improved varieties ensures consistency in fruit

size and maturity, which is essential for efficient mechanized operations such as pruning,

spraying, and harvesting, and facilitates more cost-effective postharvest handling. To

maximize orchard productivity and minimize the risk of disease outbreaks, only certified,

disease-free calamansi seedlings should be sourced from reputable nurseries. Studies show

that the use of certified planting material can increase orchard survival rates by 15–20% and

reduce early-stage disease losses by up to 25% compared to non-certified sources (PSA,

2023). Uniform, healthy seedlings support even orchard establishment, which is crucial for

the success of subsequent mechanized operations.

 D. Orchard Establishment

The establishment of a large-scale mechanized calamansi orchard is a critical phase

that determines the long-term productivity, operational efficiency, and sustainability of the

enterprise, as the table 2 shown below and the calculation at the Appendix B. In the

Philippines, traditional orchard establishment is highly labor-intensive, often requiring up to

60–80 man-days per hectare just for hole digging, planting, and irrigation setup (Bureau of

Plant Industry, 2023). This manual approach is not only slow but also prone to

inconsistencies in tree spacing and planting depth, which can negatively affect tree growth

and yield uniformity.

Mechanized
Manual Labor Labor
Operation Operation (2 100 ha Farm
Needed Savings (%)
units/teams)
Planting Hole 1,250–1,563 man- 400–600
6–8 days 80–90%
Digging days holes/day/unit

Drip Irrigation
20–30 man-days/ha 5–10 ha/day/team 5–10 days 70–80%
Install

Table 2. Mechanization Requirements for a 100-Hectare Calamansi Orchard

Mechanization offers a transformative solution to this bottleneck. A 45–60

horsepower tractor equipped with a hydraulic auger can dig 400–600 holes per day. On a

100-hectare calamansi farm, deploying two tractor-auger units allows all planting holes to be

completed within approximately 6–8 days. This represents an 80–90% reduction in labor

requirements and ensures consistent hole depth and diameter, which are critical for uniform

root development and healthy tree establishment.

Drip irrigation with fertigation is essential for water and nutrient efficiency in large-

scale calamansi production. Tractor-drawn drip tape layers and pipe trenchers can install

irrigation systems at a rate of 5–10 hectares per day per team. For a 100-hectare farm, two
installation teams can complete the entire system in about 5–10 days, compared to several

weeks if done manually. This rapid installation ensures timely establishment of the orchard

and supports optimal growth during the critical early years (DA-BAR, 2022). Windbreaks are

also established along the orchard perimeter to reduce wind speed by up to 50%, thereby

minimizing fruit drop and physical damage. Tractor-mounted augers and planters enable

fast, uniform windbreak planting, further supporting orchard resilience and productivity

(PCARRD, 2021).

E. Water and Nutrient Management

In a mechanized calamansi orchard, the integration of drip irrigation and fertigation

transforms water and nutrient management from a labor-intensive, imprecise process into a

highly efficient, sustainable, and scalable operation. The use of drip irrigation ensures that

each tree receives a consistent supply of water, tailored to its developmental stage and the

prevailing weather conditions. This is particularly valuable in regions with distinct wet and

dry seasons, where supplemental irrigation during dry periods can sustain high yields and

fruit quality. By scheduling irrigation based on soil moisture data, farm managers avoid both

under- and over-watering, reducing water waste and preventing root diseases associated

with excess moisture. The precision of drip systems also limits weed growth, as only the root

zones are wetted, reducing the need for herbicides or manual weeding.

Fertilization practices are similarly enhanced by mechanization. Soil and leaf

analyses guide the formulation and timing of fertilizer applications, ensuring that nutrients

are supplied in the right amounts and at the right times. The use of fertigation equipment

allows nutrients to be delivered in solution directly to the active root zone, improving uptake

efficiency and supporting vigorous tree growth and high fruit yields as it shown in the Figure
X. This approach not only reduces fertilizer costs but also minimizes environmental impacts,

such as nutrient runoff into waterways.

Figure 6. Orchard Drip Irrigation Systems

(https://www.netafim.asia/products-and-solutions/orchards/)

To effectively implement such precise water and nutrient management, a reliable

and efficient water delivery system is essential. The solar-powered electric centrifugal water

pump setup is a key component in this system, designed to draw water efficiently from the

source and deliver it through the drip irrigation network to the calamansi trees.

Water is initially drawn from the source through a suction line equipped with a foot

valve and strainer, which prevents debris from entering the system and maintains the

pump’s prime. The suction pipe leads to an entrance valve that allows manual isolation of

the system during maintenance or inspection. As the water flows forward, it passes a low-

pressure gauge that monitors suction pressure, ensuring safe pump operation and alerting

operators to any blockages or supply issues. A reductor then regulates pressure and flow

rate before the water enters the main pump body.

At the heart of the system is the electric centrifugal pump, powered by a robust drive

motor supplied with electricity from a dedicated solar array. The solar power is managed

through an operation control panel and an interrupter switch, allowing safe and convenient

control. The pump increases water pressure, enabling it to travel efficiently through the

irrigation network. After pressurization, water flows through a priming pipe and expansor,
which help maintain consistent pressure and prevent air accumulation. A check valve

prevents backflow, ensuring unidirectional water movement and maintaining pump prime

even when the pump is off. The system includes monitoring devices such as a rotameter to

measure flow rate, air bleed valves to remove trapped air, and low- and high-pressure

gauges to safeguard against pressure fluctuations that could damage equipment or reduce

irrigation efficiency.

At the distribution end, a discharge valve provides precise control over water release to the

drip irrigation system, which delivers water directly to the root zones of the calamansi trees.

This ensures that each plant receives the optimal moisture necessary for healthy growth and

productivity.

The entire system is constructed from durable materials, including PVC or HDPE

piping, stainless steel or cast iron pump components, and weather-resistant electrical

enclosures, ensuring longevity and reliability. The integration of solar power not only

enhances sustainability and cost-effectiveness but also allows the system to operate

independently of the grid, making it ideal for remote or off-grid calamansi orchards.
 Figure X. Solar-Powered Electric Centrifugal Water Pump Setup for Calamansi Orchard Irrigation

F. Weed, Pest, and Disease Management

Effective weed, pest, and disease management is essential in large-scale calamansi

orchards to ensure healthy tree growth, maximize fruit yield, and maintain high fruit quality.

In a mechanized production system, modern equipment and integrated crop management

practices work together to address these challenges efficiently, reduce labor dependence,

and promote sustainability.

In the early stages of orchard establishment and throughout the productive life of the

calamansi trees, weeds pose a significant threat by competing for water, nutrients, and light.

On a large scale, the use of mechanical weeders —either tractor-mounted or self-propelled

—becomes indispensable as it shown the figure X. These machines efficiently clear weeds

between rows, minimizing labor and reducing the risk of root disturbance near the trees.

Figure 6. Mechanical weeder

(https://www.grainews.ca/features/comparing-mechanical-weed-control-options/)

For areas where mechanical weeding is less effective or for broader weed

suppression, mulching is applied between rows using mechanized mulchers or spreaders.

This not only suppresses weed growth but also conserves soil moisture and improves soil

health. Additionally, for large blocks where chemical weed control is necessary, tractor-

mounted boom sprayers are utilize. These sprayers deliver herbicides evenly and accurately

across wide swaths, ensuring effective weed suppression while minimizing chemical use

and environmental impact.

Figure 6. Tractor-mounted Mulcher (https://www.agriexpo.online/)

G. Canopy Management and Pruning

Effective canopy management and pruning are essential for maintaining high

productivity, fruit quality, and operational efficiency in a 100-hectare mechanized calamansi

orchard. On this scale, traditional manual pruning methods are impractical due to high labor

requirements and time constraints. Mechanized and semi-mechanized approaches,

combined with strategic scheduling and skilled supervision, are critical to ensure timely and

uniform canopy management across the entire farm, as the table 3 shown below and the

calculation at the Appendix C.

Table 3. Canopy Management for a 100-Hectare Calamansi Orchard

Operation Manual Labor Mechanized Labor (100 ha) Time Labor Savings
(100 ha) Required (%)
Formative 2,000–2,500
6–8 teams × 10–15 days 2–3 weeks 50–60%
Pruning man-days
 Maintenance 1,500–2,000
6–8 teams × 10–15 days 2–3 weeks 50–60%
Pruning man-days

Proper pruning opens the canopy, allowing sunlight to reach all parts of the tree,

which enhances photosynthesis and fruit development (BPI, 2023). Maintaining a uniform

canopy structure and appropriate tree height (typically 2.5–3 meters) ensures that tractors,

sprayers, and harvesters can move efficiently between rows without obstruction. Pruning

removes diseased, dead, or overcrowded branches, improving air circulation and reducing

the incidence of pests and fungal diseases (PCARRD, 2021).

After planting in its Establishment Phase (Years 1–3), formative pruning is done to

establish a strong, open center or modified leader structure. This is performed annually at

the end of the rainy season. Use battery-powered or pneumatic pruners for efficiency and to

reduce worker fatigue as it shown in the Figure X. Teams of 4–6 workers, each equipped

with mechanized pruners, can cover 1–2 hectares per day (DA-BAR, 2022). Remove weak

shoots, crossing branches, and encourage 3–4 main scaffold limbs per tree.

Figure 6. pneumatic pruners (https://www.ebay.com.au/itm/384781607261)

Annual or biennial pruning is scheduled after harvest to remove water sprouts, dead

wood, and to maintain the desired canopy height and shape. For a 100-hectare block,
deploy 6–8 pruning teams, each with mechanized pruners and mobile platforms or tractor-

mounted lifts for higher branches. This setup enables the entire orchard to be pruned within

2–3 weeks, minimizing disruption to other operations. Pruned material is collected using

tractor-pulled trailers and either chipped for composting or removed from the field to reduce

disease risk.

H. Harvesting and Postharvest Handling

Harvesting represents one of the most labor-intensive stages in calamansi

production, and this is particularly true for a 100-hectare commercial orchard where fruit

maturity is often synchronized to meet market or processing schedules. In traditional

systems, harvesting is performed entirely by hand, requiring a large workforce and extended

periods to complete. This reliance on manual labor often results in delays, increased

postharvest losses, and a reduction in fruit quality, as highlighted by the Bureau of Plant

Industry (2023) and further detailed in the referenced feasibility study, as the table 4 shown

below and calculation at the Appendix D.

Table 4. Labor and Mechanization Requirements for Harvesting and Postharvest Handling for a 100-Hectare Calamansi
Orchard
Operation Traditional System Mechanized/Semi- Time Labor Loss
(100 ha) Mechanized (100 ha) Required Savings (%) Reduction
(%)
6,000–8,000 man-
Harvesting 2,000–3,000 man-days 10–14 days 60–70% 60–75%
days
Sorting & Mobile/centralized grading Real-time/1
Manual, slow 50–60% 50–60%
Grading lines day
Packing & Semi-automated conveyors,
Manual, laborious 1–2 days 40–50% 50–70%
Storage cold rooms

To address these challenges, a 100-hectare mechanized calamansi farm employs a

combination of semi-mechanized harvesting teams and mobile platforms. Workers are

equipped with Fruit Tree Shaker, which, when used alongside mobile harvest carts or tractor-

drawn trailers, enable rapid and efficient fruit collection as it shown in the Figure X.
 Figure 6. Fruit Tree Shaker (https://jagoda.com.pl/fruit-shakers/)

Each semi-mechanized team, typically composed of eight to ten workers using these

advanced picking tools and mobile bins, can harvest between 1.5 and 2 metric tons per day

—this is approximately triple the output of traditional manual picking.

The difference in labor requirements between traditional and mechanized approaches

is substantial. Under manual methods, harvesting demands between 60 and 80 man-days

per hectare for each harvest cycle. For a 100-hectare orchard, this equates to 6,000 to 8,000

man-days per harvest. In contrast, with mechanized or semi-mechanized operations, the

requirement drops to just 20 to 30 man-days per hectare, or 2,000 to 3,000 man-days for the

entire farm. This shift results in a labor savings of 60 to 70 percent, a finding supported by

both the Bureau of Plant Industry and the feasibility study. With the deployment of ten semi-

mechanized teams, the entire 100-hectare orchard can be harvested within ten to fourteen

days, ensuring that fruit is picked at its optimal maturity and minimizing losses due to over-

ripening or weather events.

Efficient postharvest handling is equally critical to preserving fruit quality, reducing

losses, and maximizing returns, especially at this scale. On-farm sorting and grading are

conducted immediately after harvest, with mobile grading lines stationed at field edges or

central collection points. Fruits are sorted by size and quality using conveyor-based graders

or vibrating screens, which reduces manual sorting time by 50 to 60 percent. The use of field
bins throughout the process minimizes handling and bruising, allowing fruit to be directly

loaded onto transport vehicles as it shown in the Figure X.

Figure 6. Small fruit Conveyor-based graders (https://free-market.en.made-in-china.com/)

Once sorted, harvested calamansi is transported from the field to a centralized packing

house using tractor-drawn trailers or farm trucks. The packing house is equipped with

washing tanks, air-drying tunnels, and packing tables to ensure cleanliness and quality.

Packing operations are further streamlined through the use of semi-automated conveyors

and packing stations, enabling rapid throughput and consistent product quality. For fruit

destined for the fresh market and export, a portion of the harvest is stored in on-farm cold

rooms maintained at 10 to 12 degrees Celsius as it shown in the figure X.

Figure 6. Cold Room (https://coldroomcn.en.made-in-china.com/)

This controlled environment extends shelf life and preserves fruit quality. Calamansi

intended for processing is delivered directly to processors or juicing facilities within 24 hours

of harvest, minimizing postharvest deterioration and ensuring optimal product quality. The

adoption of mechanized and semi-mechanized systems has a profound effect on

postharvest loss reduction and quality assurance. These systems reduce fruit damage and

postharvest losses from the traditional rate of 15 to 20 percent down to just 5 to 8 percent,

as documented in the feasibility study and DA-BAR (2022). The rapid transition from field to

packing and storage preserves fruit freshness and ensures that both domestic and export

quality standards are consistently met.

 IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Farm Layout

As the Philippine calamansi industry modernizes and scales up, the shift from

traditional, labor-intensive practices to fully mechanized systems has become both timely

and essential. This transition is particularly significant for large-scale operations, such as a

100-hectare calamansi farm, where efficiency, productivity, and sustainability are

paramount. For a 100-hectare mechanized calamansi enterprise, the farm layout begins with

meticulous site planning, tailored to maximize operational efficiency and support the

requirements of modern orchard management. The 100-hectare farm is ideally configured as

a 500-meter by 2,000-meter rectangle, depending on land availability and topography of the

selected area, which is the between the Barangay of Paraiso (Potot) and Narangasan,

Milagros shown in the Figure X.

Figure X. Geographical Map of Barangay Paraiso (Left) and Narangasan (Right)

As with larger farm models, the main office, equipment depot, and packing house are

strategically clustered near the main entrance. This arrangement enhances security,
streamlines inventory management, and minimizes the cost and complexity of extending

utilities such as electricity and water to key infrastructure.

The core of the 100-hectare farm consists of a grid of 1-hectare orchard blocks, each

measuring 100 meters by 100 meters. Using a standard 4-meter by 4-meter planting

distance, each block accommodates approximately 625 calamansi trees, resulting in a total

of 62,500 trees across the farm.

This configuration is specifically chosen to facilitate the smooth operation of tractors,

sprayers, and mechanical harvesters, ensuring that every part of the orchard is accessible

for efficient crop care and harvesting. The rectangular and uniform design of each block also

simplifies the scheduling and execution of mechanized tasks—from land preparation and

planting to pruning, harvesting, and postharvest handling.

Blocks are arranged in clusters with minimal separation, optimizing irrigation layouts

and reducing the travel time required for both workers and machinery. A robust road network

is integral to the design: an 8-meter-wide main road runs through the center of the farm,

connecting the entrance and infrastructure area to the farthest blocks. Secondary roads,

each 5 meters wide, branch off from the main road, providing direct access to every orchard

block. This network supports two-way traffic for large vehicles on the main road and one-way

movement for smaller machinery on the secondary roads, all while limiting road area to just

3–5% of the total farm, thus maximizing productive land.

Recognizing the operational scale, machinery sheds are strategically distributed—

one for every 50 hectares—ensuring that tractors, sprayers, and harvesters are always

within easy reach of the blocks they serve. For a 100-hectare farm, two sheds are typically

provided. These facilities double as shelters for workers during adverse weather and as

secure storage for spare parts and supplies.

Water management is a cornerstone of the layout. Each block is equipped with drip

irrigation lines, fed by a network of main and lateral pipes. Drainage channels run along the
perimeter and between blocks to prevent waterlogging and to ensure healthy root

development. Around the entire farm, buffer strips and windbreaks are established using

fast-growing trees or shrubs, protecting the orchard from wind damage and reducing pest

pressure. Service areas for composting, waste management, and equipment washing are

located at the rear of the farm, away from the main entrance but easily accessible via the

road network. T

This integrated approach to farm layout and mechanization enables the 100-hectare

calamansi farm to overcome the limitations of traditional, labor-intensive production.

Mechanization reduces labor requirements by up to 50–60% (Bureau of Plant Industry,

2023), lowers production costs, and ensures the timely completion of all major operations.

With improved efficiency, average yields can increase from 10–15 metric tons per hectare

under conventional systems to 18–22 metric tons per hectare with mechanized

management. This positions the 100-hectare farm to meet rising domestic and export

demand for calamansi and its value-added products, while also supporting food security,

rural livelihoods, and the long-term sustainability of the Philippine calamansi industry
B. Cropping Calendar

After considering the integrated crop management practices recommended for large-

scale calamansi orchards and referencing the rainfall and climate data of Milagros,

Masbate, the cropping calendar for the proposed 100-hectare mechanized calamansi farm

was developed. The calendar aligns with the region’s distinct wet (June–November) and dry

(December–May) seasons, ensuring that critical farm operations are scheduled to optimize

soil moisture, minimize weather-related risks, and maximize operational efficiency. The

cropping calendar outlines the timing and duration of each major farm operation, from land

preparation and planting to orchard maintenance, crop protection, harvesting, and

postharvest handling as it shown in the Table 5.

Table 5.Cropping Calendar for the Proposed 100ha Calamansi

Orchard Farm for One Cropping Season

Each operation is carefully timed to avoid periods of excessive rainfall or drought

stress, with supplemental drip irrigation planned during the driest months to maintain

optimal soil moisture for calamansi growth and fruit development. For calamansi, which is a

perennial crop, the calendar focuses on the establishment phase (Year 1) and the recurring

annual maintenance and production activities (Years 2 and onward). The calendar below

depicts the first year of establishment, which is the most labor- and machinery-intensive,

and then summarizes the annual cycle for mature orchards.

 Month Operation(s) Days
Allotted
January
Pruning (maintenance), Fertilization, Pest & Disease Monitoring 14

February
Land Preparation (for new blocks), Fertilization, Irrigation System Check 14

March
Planting (if new blocks), Irrigation, Weed Control 14

April
Planting (continued), Fertilization, Irrigation, Pest & Disease Control 14
May
Irrigation, Mulching, Pest & Disease Control 14
June Canopy Management, Fertilization, Begin Wet Season Pest & Disease
Monitoring 14
July
Weed Control, Fertilization, Pest & Disease Control 14
August
Fruit Thinning, Fertilization, Pest & Disease Control 14
September
Fruit Development, Pest & Disease Control, Begin Harvest Preparation 14
October
Main Harvest (peak), Sorting & Grading, Packing, Postharvest Handling 21
November Harvest (continued), Postharvest Handling, Begin Pruning (post-harvest
blocks) 14
December Pruning (maintenance), Fertilization, Land Preparation (for new blocks),
Infrastructure Maintenance 14

Table 6. Average Number of Days Allotted in Every Cropping Season for Every Farm

Operation

As it is shown in Table 6, the cropping calendar outlines the sequence and timing of

all key operations—from soil inversion and land preparation to planting, orchard

maintenance, crop protection, harvesting, and postharvest handling. Each activity is

carefully timed to avoid periods of excessive rainfall or drought stress, with supplemental

drip irrigation planned during the driest months to maintain ideal soil moisture for calamansi

growth and fruit development. The calendar also highlights how mechanization enables

timely completion of these tasks across the entire 100 hectares, supporting uniform orchard

establishment and sustained productivity.

C. Machine Selection and Machine Coverage Area

After finalizing the cropping calendar and determining the operational requirements

for each phase of calamansi production, the appropriate machinery and equipment were

selected to support land preparation, orchard establishment, crop maintenance, and

harvesting activities. Land preparation will be conducted using a four-wheel tractor

operating eight hours daily, equipped with implements including a brush cutter, disc plow,

rotavator, and laser-guided land leveler. This mechanized approach facilitates uniform soil

tillage and precise grading, thereby enhancing efficiency and ensuring timely completion

across the 100-hectare orchard. The integration of GPS-guided layout markers will further

optimize planting alignment, supporting effective orchard management and mechanized

field operations in subsequent production cycles.

Planting operations will employ a tractor-mounted auger capable of boring 400 to 600

uniform planting holes per day, which promotes consistent spacing and appropriate hole

depth. The integration of GPS-guided layout markers will further optimize planting

alignment, supporting effective orchard management and mechanized field operations in

subsequent production cycles.

For pest and disease control, a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with a five-meter

working width will be utilized to deliver pesticides and foliar fertilizers uniformly and

efficiently. This method reduces chemical waste and application time while ensuring

comprehensive protection of orchard blocks. Concurrently, nutrient and water management

will be addressed through the installation of drip irrigation systems using a tractor-drawn

drip tape layer, capable of covering five to ten hectares daily. This system delivers water

precisely to the root zone, enhancing water use efficiency and promoting consistent fruit

development, particularly during dry periods.

Canopy management and pruning, critical for maintaining fruit quality and tree

productivity, will be performed by mechanized pruning teams equipped with pneumatic

pruners. Scheduled after the rainy season and postharvest, these operations facilitate the

removal of dead or overcrowded branches and ensure uniform canopy shaping, thereby

improving light penetration and overall tree health.

Harvesting will be mechanized using fruit tree shakers in combination with mobile

harvest bins, significantly reducing manual labor requirements and accelerating fruit

collection during peak season. Subsequently, harvested calamansi fruits will be sorted

using conveyor-based grading equipment capable of classifying produce by size and

quality, minimizing postharvest losses. Finally, farm trucks with a five-ton capacity will

transport the sorted fruits to a central packing and storage facility, ensuring efficient

logistics throughout the harvest period.

A comprehensive list of all machines and equipment required for the proposed

calamansi orchard—including specifications and operational roles—is provided in Table 7.

Table 7. List of Machines and Equipment Needed for the Proposed Calamansi Orchard

AGRICULTURAL COST OF THE

FARM NUMBER UNIT PRICE
EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES
OPERATION OF UNITS (PhP)
MACHINERY (PHP)

Four-Wheel
2 2,000,000 4,000,000
Tractor (45 – 60 Hp)
Tractor-mounted
2 150,000 300,00
brush cutter
Tractor-mounted
Land
Disc plow (3-bottom, 2 300,000 600,000
Preparation
1.2m)
Tractor-mounted
2 300,000 600,000
Rotavator
Tractor-mounted
1 120,000 120,000
Auger
Tractor-mounted boom
1 200,000 200,000
Crop sprayer
Protection
Pneumatic pruners 10 12,000 120,000

Fruit Tree Shaker 1 1,000,000 1,000,000

Harvesting
Mobile Bin 3 100,000 300,000
 Post
Conveyor Grader 1 800,000 800,000
Harvesting
Tractor-drawn trailers or
Transport 2 150,000 300,000
farm trucks.

TOTAL 8,040,000

In agricultural operations, understanding the efficiency and productivity of machinery is

essential for effective farm management and planning. Two important concepts in this

context are Theoretical Field Capacity and Actual Field Capacity.

Actual field capacity:

This refers to the effective rate at which a machine a machine performs its intended

task in the field, typically expressed in acres per hour (ac/hr) or hectares per hour (ha/hr). It

accounts for various operational inefficiencies and delays that occur during real-world use,

such as turning, overlapping and equipment adjustments.

To calculate the Actual Field Capacity, the following formula is often used:

0.006 A e Eq.1
FC A =
t
(PAES:1
Where:

C is the actual field capacity, ha/h

t is the time used during the operation, min

0.006 is a conversion factor to turn m²/min into ha/hr

Theoretical Field Capacity

It represents the maximum area a machine can cover under ideal conditions,

calculated based on the equipment's working width and operating speed. It assumes

continuous operation without any interruptions or inefficiencies.

To calculate the Theoretical Field Capacity, the following formula is often used:

Wc S Eq.2
FC T =
100
(PAES:16
Where:

FCT is the theoretical field capacity, ha/h

 WC is the cutting width, m

S is the operating speed, km/h

The formulas for calculating these capacities are fundamental tools for estimating the

effective working rates of agricultural equipment. They help farmers and farm managers

optimize machinery use, schedule operations, and estimate the time needed to complete

specific tasks.

The following data and calculations is at the Appendix E, illustrate the actual and

theoretical field capacities of different agricultural machines used in various farm operations,

along with their daily coverage rates are presented on the table 8.

Table 8. Farm Operations on its Different Field Capacities

FIELD CAPACITY DAILY COVERED AREA

Field Efficiency (%)

Actual field Capacity

Net Working Hours

New Work Rate (%)
Working hours per
Working width (m)

AGRICULTURAL
Operating speed

Theoretical field
capacity (ha/hr)

Daily capacity
FARM

day (hr/day)
EQUIPMENT AND

(hr/day)
(ha/hr)
OPERARTION

(ha/hr)
MACHINERY
(Kph)

Tractor-
mounted 5.0 1.5 0.075 70.0 0.0525 8.00 0.42 7.00 100
brush cutter
Tractor-
Four-Wheel

mounted 6.0 1.2 0.072 75.0 0.054 8.00 0.43 7.00 100
Tractor

Land Disc plow

Preparation Tractor-
mounted 7.0 2.5 0.175 80.0 0.14 8.00 1.12 7.00 100
Rotavator
Tractor-
mounted 2.0 0.4 0.008 60.0 0.0048 8.00 0.038 7.00 100
Auger
Crop Tractor-mounted boom
6.0 12.0 0.96 65.0 0.624 8.00 4.99 7.00 100
Protection sprayer

Fruit Tree Shaker 2.0 1.0 0.02 55.0 0.011 8.00 0.088 7.00 100
Harvesting
Mobile Bin 5.0 1.2 0.06 90.0 0.054 8.00 0.43 7.00 100

Post
Conveyor Grader 1.0 0.5 0.005 95.0 0.00475 8.00 0.038 7.00 100
Harvesting
 Tractor-drawn trailers or
Transport 10.0 2.5 0.25 90.0 0.225 8.00 1.80 7.00 100
farm trucks.

D. Water Pump Selection and Coverage Area

Water pumps and drip irrigation systems are not included in the computation of daily

field capacity since their performance is measured by the rate of water delivery rather than

by area. Instead, the required discharge capacity, area covered per hour, and overall system

capacity are determined by the total water requirement of the crop and the available

irrigation time, in accordance with the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES

116:2000 – Pumps – Specification and Methods of Test, and PAES 223:2004 – Drip

Irrigation System – Specifications and Methods of Test)1. For a 100-hectare calamansi

orchard in Masbate, the system is designed to adapt to the region’s Type 2 climate,

characterized by extended rainy periods and dry spells with temperatures reaching up to

45–50°C.

The daily water requirement is estimated at 10 mm per hectare, or 100 m³/ha,

resulting in a total daily demand of 10,000 m³ for the entire area. However, rather than

operating on a fixed daily schedule, the irrigation system is structured for dynamic operation

based on soil moisture conditions, flowering inducement protocols, and seasonal climate

variations. During the rainy season (June to December), when rainfall is abundant, irrigation

is scheduled once per week per 10-hectare zone, with each session lasting 18 hours. This

reduced frequency is intended to prevent waterlogging and maintain optimal soil moisture

levels between 55% and 60%. In contrast, during the dry season (January to May), when

high temperatures and evapotranspiration rates prevail, the system shifts to twice-weekly

irrigation per zone, with each session lasting 12 hours. The total weekly water volume is

increased by approximately 30% (from 7,000 m³ to 9,100 m³ per zone) to compensate for

greater moisture loss and to support flowering inducement protocols.

 To optimize coverage and reliability, the orchard is divided into 10 zones of 10

hectares each, with a dedicated solar-powered centrifugal pump servicing each zone. The

required discharge capacity per pump is calculated based on the seasonal irrigation

schedule: during the rainy season, each pump must deliver approximately 389 m³/hr (7,000

m³ over 18 hours), while in the dry season, each pump delivers about 379 m³/hr (9,100 m³

over two 12-hour sessions) as it shown in the table 9. This approach ensures that the

system can meet the orchard’s water demands efficiently, regardless of seasonal variation1.

To optimize coverage and reliability, the irrigation system will utilize 10 solar-powered

pump units, with each pump servicing a dedicated 10-ha zone (total: 100 ha). The required

discharge capacity, area to cover per hour, and number of pumps are calculated as follows:

Weekly Water Requirement per 10ha:

Base: 1,000 m³ / day × 7 days = 7,000 m³/week Eq.2

Dry Season Adjustment: 7,000 m³/week × 1.3 = 9,100 m³ / week (PAES:16

Discharge Capacity (m³/hr):

Total Water Needed per Day Eq.3

Discharge Capacity =
Irrigation Hours per Day
(PAES:16
Rainy Season (1x/week, 18-hour session):

7,000 m³/week
Discharge Capacity = =388.89 m³/hr
18 hr

Dry Season Adjustment: (2x/week, 12-hour session):

9,100 m³/week
Discharge Capacity = =379.17 m³/hr
2 × 12 hr

Table 9. Daily Capacity of the Water Pumps

TYPE OF WATER ZONE/UNIT DISCHARGE AREA TO DAILY
 CAPACITY COVER CAPACITY
PUMPS
(m3/hr) (ha/hr) (ha/day)*
1 per 10 ha 388.89 (Rainy) 3.89 (Rainy) 10 (full zone
Electric centrifugal
zone (10 covered per
(6–8" discharge) 379.17 (Dry) 3.79 (Dry)
total) session)

To meet the total discharge requirements and ensure reliable irrigation across the 100-

hectare calamansi orchard, ten high-capacity solar-powered centrifugal pumps are

recommended, each dedicated to a 10-hectare zone. This zonal approach aligns with the

Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES 116:2000 and PAES 223:2004). The

selected pumps are industrial-grade electric centrifugal models, such as the Grundfos NB

400-380 or KSB Etanorm series, chosen for their robust performance and compatibility with

precision drip irrigation. Each pump is designed to deliver approximately 389 m³/hr during

the rainy season and 379 m³/hr during the dry season. This capacity enables full irrigation of

a 10-hectare zone within scheduled sessions—either one 18-hour session per week in the

rainy season or two 12-hour sessions per week in the dry season, when evapotranspiration

and crop water demand peak.

E. Solar Power System Requirements and Coverage Area

On the large-scale calamansi orchard where grid electricity may not be available or

where sustainability is a priority, an off-grid solar power system is recommended as the

primary source of electrical energy for critical farm operations. This solar power system is

designed to supply the energy needs of the irrigation system, particularly the ten solar-

powered centrifugal pumps required for drip irrigation, as well as to provide power for

postharvest facilities such as the cold storage room, packing house, and other essential

farm establishments.

To accurately estimate the power requirements for each pump, it is essential first to

assess the hydraulic power needed to deliver the required volume of water against the total
dynamic head, which accounts for both elevation differences and friction losses. This

assessment is performed using standard hydraulic power calculation methods:

ρ × g ×Q × H
P=
η

Where:
3
 ρ=1000 kg/m (density of water)
2
 g=9.81 m/s (gravity)
3
 Q=0.108 m /s (389 m³/hr converted to m³/s)

 H=50 m (total dynamic head)

 η=0.7 (overall pump and motor efficiency)

where water density ρ is 1000 kg/m³, gravitational acceleration gg is 9.81 m/s², flow

rate Q is approximately 0.108 m³/s (389 m³/hr), total dynamic head HH is assumed at 50 m,

and overall pump efficiency η is 0.7, the hydraulic power calculates to approximately

calculated below.

1000 ×9.81 × 0.108× 50

P= ≈ 75,600 W=75.6 kW
0.7

This represents the theoretical hydraulic power; actual electrical power input will be

higher due to motor and inverter efficiencies. However, this value assumed its head is

relatively large. Practical design often assumes a lower effective head of 15–20 m, which

significantly reduces power demand. For example, Assuming a more typical head of 20 m:

1000 ×9.81 × 0.108× 20

P= ≈ 30,200 W=30.2 kW
0.7

The power requirement drops to about 30.2 kW. To meet this power demand, the solar

array for each pump is sized at approximately 17 kW, achieved by installing 24

monocrystalline 700 W solar panels per pump. This sizing accounts for system losses,
shading, and seasonal solar irradiance variability, ensuring reliable operation throughout the

year as it shown in table 10.

Table 10. Estimated Power and Economical Requirements for Solar Powered Water Pump System
Parameter Weather Adaptive System
Irrigated Area 10 hectares
Daily Water Requirement 1,000 m³/day
Weekly Water Volume (Rainy) 7,000 m³
Weekly Water Volume (Dry) 9,100 m³
Pump Discharge Capacity (m³/hr) 379–389 m³/hr
Power Demand per Pump (kW) ~17 kW
Inverter Size per Pump (kW) 20
Total Solar Capacity per Pump (kW) 16.8 (rounded to 17)
Battery Bank per Pump 48V, 600Ah (2-day autonomy)
Number of Solar Panels per Pump 16.8 kW (24 × 700 W panels)
Estimated System Cost ₱620,000 – ₱885,000
EXPENTANCY

Solar Panels 25–30 years

Pump Motor (Brushless) 15–20 years (up to 25+)

LIFE

Pump Controller ~10 years

Battery Bank 5–10 years

Each pump services a dedicated 10-hectare zone, resulting in a total of 10 identical

pump units for the entire 100-hectare orchard. This modular configuration offers significant

operational flexibility, allowing irrigation schedules to be adjusted individually for each zone

based on soil moisture readings and weather conditions. By optimizing water use and

energy consumption on a per-zone basis, the system enhances overall efficiency.

Each solar array is paired with a high-capacity inverter and battery storage to ensure

uninterrupted operation during periods of low sunlight or peak demand. Importantly, having

10 independent pump systems rather than one or two centralized units reduces operational

risk; if one system experiences technical issues, it does not disrupt irrigation across the
entire orchard. This decentralization supports continuous farm operations and simplifies

maintenance without compromising overall productivity. The modular design also enables

pumps and zones to operate independently or in coordination, allowing simultaneous or

staggered irrigation to meet crop water requirements while completing farm tasks within

designated timeframes. This approach minimizes capital expenditure by avoiding oversizing

and enhances system resilience. Detailed irrigation schedules, zone assignments, and

operational protocols are provided in Appendix F.

In addition to the irrigation systems, a separate solar power system is dedicated

exclusively to supporting postharvest facilities, including the cold room, storage house, and

farm office. These facilities are essential for the temporary storage and handling of

harvested calamansi. It is important to note that only about 50 to 75 percent of the total

harvested fruit will be stored in these facilities at any given time, reflecting the continuous

harvest and distribution process that maintains a steady flow of produce to market or

processing.

By designing the system based on this partial storage capacity, the power

requirements for the cold room and storage house can be optimized. A small-scale

agricultural cold room with a storage volume of 50 to 100 cubic meters, equipped with

modern insulation and refrigeration technology, typically requires a consistent 10 kilowatts of

power depending on ambient temperature and cooling load. Operating continuously for 24

hours, this equates to approximately 240 kilowatt-hours of energy consumption per day (10

kW × 24 hours). Additional farm facilities such as the packing house, lighting, and office

equipment collectively consume an estimated 10 kilowatt-hours per day.

Table 11 summarizes the estimated power requirements for this facilities-focused solar

power system, detailing the energy consumption of each component. This dedicated system

ensures reliable, uninterrupted power supply for critical postharvest operations without

impacting the irrigation pump systems.

Table 11. Estimated Power Requirements for Facilities/Equipment-integrated Solar Powered System
POWER DAILY ENERGY
NO. OF SOLAR FACILITY AND OPERATING
RATING (kW) HOURS/DAY CONSUMPTION
SYSTEM EQUIPMENT UTILIZE (kWh)
Cold Room 8 24 192 – 240
1 Storage House 2 8 16
Farm Office 1 10 10
Total 218 – 266

Following this discussion, the expenses and specifications of the solar power systems

for each pump and the combined facilities system are summarized in the table 12, providing

a clear overview of the investment required. Additionally, the materials and equipment

specifications necessary for the implementation of the three-phase solar power systems—

including solar panels, inverters, battery storage, and associated components—are detailed

to guide procurement and system design.

Table 12. Estimated Expenses for Facilities and Equipment for Solar Powered System and Water Pumps

POWER
ESTIMATED COST TOTAL ESTIMATED
FARM OPERATION QUANTITY CAPACITY PER
PER UNIT (₱) COST (₱)
UNIT (KW)

Solar Pump System 10 set 17 620,000 – 885,000 6,200,000 – 8,850,000

Combined
1 set 10 – 12 1,200,000 – 1,500,000 1,200,000 – 1,500,000
Facilities System
7,400,000 –
Total
10,350,000

F. Economic Analysis of the Proposed Project

The prices of the machines together with the infrastructures that will be built in the

farm will composed the investment cost of the enterprise. In essence, the enterprise must

be profitable in order to push through. The revenue must be enough to cover the fixed and

variable cost and also have a certain margin for profit. Included also in the economic

analysis of the project are other farm inputs needed for rice production such as seeds,
fertilizers and herbicides are included. Table 13 shows the result of the economic analysis

of the calamansi orchard for 100 ha. The different assumptions that were used in the

computations of the economic viability off the project and its cost-return analysis were

shown in details in the appendice X.

Table 13. Basic Assumptions for the 100 ha Proposed Calamansi Orchard

ITEMS Value
1. Service Area 100 hectares
2. Capacity of Each Equipment/Machine
a. Four-wheel tractor (45–60 hp) 4–6 ha/day/unit
b. Brush cutter / rotary slasher 5–7 ha/day/unit
c. Disc plow (primary tillage) 4–6 ha/day/unit
d. Rotavator / harrow (secondary tillage) 4–6 ha/day/unit
e. GPS/Laser-guided leveler 8–10 ha/day/unit
f. GPS marker + tape measure 10–15 ha/day/team
g. Tractor-mounted auger (hole digging) 400–600 holes/day/unit
h. Boom sprayer (tractor-mounted) 5 m width / ~5 ha/day
i. Pneumatic pruners (manual-powered) 1–2 ha/day/team
j. Fruit tree shaker 1.5–2 tons/day
k. Mobile harvest bins (collection & handling) 500–800 kg capacity
l. Conveyor grader (postharvest sorting) ~2 tons/hour (batch mode)
m. Farm trucks/trailers 2–3 tons per trip
n. Solar panel system 17 kW, supports water pumping & lighting
o. Water pump system 2–3 hp submersible + overhead tank
network
3. Cost of Equipment and Tools
a. Four-wheel tractors (2 units) ₱4,000,000
b. Brush cutter / slasher (2 units) ₱300,000
c. Disc plow (2 units) ₱600,000
d. Rotavator (2 units) ₱600,000
e. Tractor-mounted auger (1 unit) ₱120,000
f. Boom sprayer (1 unit) ₱200,000
g. Pneumatic pruners (10 units) ₱120,000
h. Fruit tree shaker (1 unit) ₱1,000,000
i. Mobile harvest bins (3 units) ₱300,000

ITEMS Value
j. Conveyor-based grader (1 unit) ₱800,000
k. Farm trailers/trucks (2 units) ₱300,000
l. GPS layout marker + laser leveler ₱150,000
m. Soil sampling kit + lab analysis ₱50,000
n. Solar panel system ₱7,400,000
o. Water pump system ₱620,000
Total Initial Cost .₱16,560,000
4. Life of Equipment 7 years
5. Fuel Consumption
a. 2 Tractors (main use) 7,200 L/year
b. Fruit Tree Shaker 1,200 L/year
 c. Farm Trucks (2 units) 4,000 L/year
Estimated Used .12,400 liters/year = ₱452,600/year
6. Oil Consumption
a. 2 Tractors (main use) 160 L ₱160.00 ₱25,600
b. Fruit Tree Shaker 40 L ₱160.00 ₱6,400
c. Farm Trucks (2 units) 160 L ₱160.00 ₱25,600
Total .360 liters/year = ₱57,600/year
7. Price of Diesel ₱60.00/liter
8. Price of Oil ₱65.00/liter
9. Custom Fee Charges Not applicable (owner-operated model)
10. Wages
a. General Field Labor ₱40,000
b. Semi-mechanized Harvesting ₱1,050,000
c. Sorting & Packing Labor ₱150,000
d. Irrigation & Maintenance ₱100,000
Total Wages .₱1,340,000/year
11. Average yield 18–22 mt/ha
12. Cropping per year 1 cropping cycle per year (perennial orchard)
13. Price of Calamansi (₱30/kg) P 500.00
14. Repair and Maintenance cost 10% of initial cost
15. Salvage Value 10 % of initial cost
16. Tax & Insurance Not applicable
17. Interest Rate 24%

Table 13 outlines the foundational assumptions that support the economic evaluation

of the proposed 100-hectare calamansi orchard. It establishes the basic parameters utilized

in determining the project's financial feasibility. These assumptions encompass various

factors, including the service area (100 hectares) and the capacity of each equipment type

(e.g., four-wheel tractors, brush cutters, etc. stated in hectares per day or holes per day), as

well as the cost of each equipment, equipment lifespan, fuel and oil consumption rates,

labor costs, average yield (in metric tons per hectare), the calamansi price, and

maintenance and repair expenses. Importantly, it also outlines the expected interest rate,

which is an essential element in determining the overall financial viability of the project. This

table essentially supplies the fundamental data and key parameters that underpin all later

economic evaluations, such as cost-return analysis, calculations of payback periods, and

assessments of break-even points.

Table 14. Cost and Return Analysis for the 100 ha Proposed Calamansi Orchard
ITEMS Value
 P/ha P/year
1. FIXED COSTS
a. Depreciation 2,857,143
b. Interest on Investment 1,600,000
c. Tax and Insurance 0.00
d. Repair and Maintenance 2,000,000
TOTAL FIXED COST 7,350,000

2. VARIABLE COSTS
a. Fuel 7,440 744,000
b. Oil 234 23,400
c. Wages (labor) 400 40,000
d. Wages (harvest) 10,500 1,050,000
e. Wages (picking) 1,500 150,000
f. Wages (Irrig. & Maintenance) 1,000 100,000
TOTAL VARIABLE COST 21,074 2,107,400

3. RETURNS
Calamansi Sales 315,000 31,500,000
TOTAL RETURNS 315,000 31,500,000

Table 14 presents a cost-benefit assessment for the suggested 100-hectare

mechanized calamansi orchard. It outlines both fixed expenses (depreciation, interest,

taxes, insurance, and upkeep) and variable expenses (fuel, oil, labor for different tasks, and

additional resources). These expenses are estimated on a yearly basis, offering an annual

financial overview of the business. The evaluation subsequently compares these expenses

with the anticipated income from calamansi sales, derived from estimated outputs and

market rates. The annual net profit or loss is the result of subtracting total costs (both fixed

and variable) from total revenue

 The payback period, illustrated in Table 15, determines the duration needed for the total net benefits (profits) to match or
surpass the original investment expense. In this situation, the evaluation reveals a payback duration of roughly 1.61 years. This
fairly brief payback period indicates a robust return on investment, rendering the project financially appealing. Table 16 displays the
calculation for the break-even point. This establishes the lowest amount of calamansi production (in hectares) required to meet all
expenses (both fixed and variable). The determined break-even point of 16.39 hectares annually indicates that the project is
expected to be lucrative even if just part of the orchard achieves full production.

Table 15. Payback Period Calculations for the 100 ha Proposed Calamansi Orchard
Yrs
Investment Fixed Total Total Gross Net
Year (Cumulative Net
Cost Cost* Variable Cost Cost Benefits Benefits
Benefits)
1. 20,000,000 4,857,143 2,157,400 26,707,343 31,500,000 4,792,657 4,792,657
2. 0 4,857,143 2,157,400 6,707,343 31,500,000 24,792,657 29,585,314
3. 0 4,857,143 2,157,400 6,707,343 31,500,000 24,792,657 54,377,971
4. 0 4,857,143 2,157,400 6,707,343 31,500,000 24,792,657 79,170,628
5. 0 4,857,143 2,157,400 6,707,343 31,500,000 24,792,657 103,963,285
6. 0 4,857,143 2,157,400 6,707,343 31,500,000 24,792,657 128,755,942
7. 0 4,857,143 2,157,400 6,707,343 31,500,000 24,792,657 153,548,599
Salvage Value at end of 7 yrs ₱2,000,000
Total Benefits (7 yrs) ₱220,500,000
Average annual net benefits ₱21,935,514
Payback Period 1.61 years

Table 16. Break Even Point Calculations for the 100 ha Proposed Calamansi Orchard

ITEMS Value
ITEM
Fixed cost (P/yr) 4,857,143
Varible cost (P/ha) 18,502
Benefits (P/ha) 315,000
Break-even point (ha/yr) 16.39
Table 17. Benefit-cost and net present value calculations for the 100 ha Proposed Calamansi Orchard
YEARS
ITEMS TOTAL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cash Inflow 31,500,000 31,500,000 31,500,000 31,500,000 31,500,000 31,500,000 33,500,000
Cash Outflow 20,000,000 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343
Equipment shed 20,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Operating cost 0 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343
Amortization 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Cash Outflow 20,000,000 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343 6,707,343 ₱41,746,297
Net Cash Flow -
24,792,657 24,792,657 24,792,657 24,792,657 24,792,657 24,792,657 24,792,657 ₱24,792,657
20,000,000
Discount factor (24%) 1.000 0.806 0.650 0.524 0.423 0.341 0.275 0.222
Present value benefits 0 25,389,000 20,475,000 16,506,000 13,324,500 10,756,500 8,662,500 7,437,000 ₱102,550,500
Present value cost 20,000,000 5,409,119 4,359,773 3,515,046 2,839,806 2,288,204 1,844,518 1,489,831 ₱60,805,203
Net present value -
19,980,881 16,115,227 12,990,954 10,484,694 8,468,296 6,817,982 5,947,169 ₱60,805,203
20,000,000
Benefit/cost ratio 2.46

Table 18. Internal Rate of Return Calculations for the 100 ha Proposed Calamansi Orchard
YEARS
ITEMS TOTAL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cash Inflow 31,500,000 31,500,000 31,500,000 31,500,000 31,500,000 31,500,000 31,500,000 222,500,000
Cash Outflow 7,014,543 7,014,543 7,014,543 7,014,543 7,014,543 7,014,543 7,014,543 7,014,543 59,101,801

First Trial
Discount Factor (53%) 1.0000 0.6536 0.4272 0.2792 0.1825 0.1193 0.0780 0.0510
Present Value Benefits 0 20,588,400 13,456,800 8,795,000 5,748,750 3,757,950 2,457,000 1,708,500 56,512,400
Present Value Cost 20,000,000 4,584,800 2,996,800 1,958,700 1,280,200 837,000 547,100 357,700 32,562,300

Second Trial
Discount Factor (54%) 1.0000 0.6494 0.4217 0.2738 0.1778 0.1155 0.0750 0.0487
Present Value Benefits 0 20,454,600 13,282,050 8,624,700 5,600,700 3,636,250 2,362,500 1,631,450 55,592,250
Present Value Cost 20,000,000 4,558,350 2,957,750 1,920,700 1,247,300 809,900 526,100 341,600 32,361,700
Net present value 23,230,550
Table 19. Calculated Assumptions for the 100 ha Proposed Calamansi Orchard

ITEMS Value
Capital Investment for the equipment & shed 20,000,000
Total Fixed Cost (P/year) 7,014,543
Total Variable Cost (P/year) ~18,485,457
Total Returns (P/year) 31,500,000
Payback Period (Years) ~1.75 years
Break-even point (ha/year) ~35 hectares
Benefit Cost Ratio 1.72
Internal Rate of Return 53% ~ 54%

Table 17 details the cost-return analysis over seven years, discounting future cash

flows to their present value using a 24% discount rate. It shows a positive NPV, further

supporting the project's profitability. The benefit-cost ratio of 2.46 indicates that for every

peso invested, the project is expected to generate ₱2.46 in benefits.

The final results of the economic analysis (summarized in Table 19) strongly support

the feasibility of establishing the 100-hectare mechanized calamansi orchard. The high IRR,

positive NPV, and favorable benefit-cost ratio, all derived from the detailed cost-return

analysis, demonstrate the project's significant financial potential. The relatively short

payback period (approximately 1.75 years) and low break-even point (approximately 35

hectares) further reinforce the project's financial robustness and resilience against potential

risks. The study concludes that the mechanized approach offers a compelling economic

proposition for large-scale calamansi production, promising substantial returns and

contributing to the growth of the Philippine calamansi industry.

 IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This feasibility study outlines a proposal to evaluate the potential of

establishing a 100-hectare mechanized calamansi orchard in Milagros, Masbate, with

a focus on assessing its technical, operational, and financial viability.

Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) is a high-demand crop in the Philippines,

widely used in domestic and international markets for fresh fruit, juices, and extracts.

However, the industry remains dominated by traditional, small-scale farms with high

labor costs and inconsistent output. This study proposes a mechanized model as a

strategic solution to improve efficiency, productivity, and long-term sustainability.

Mechanization is central to the proposed system. It includes the use of tractors with

mounted tools for land preparation, GPS-based layout for planting, tractor-mounted

augers, solar-powered electric centrifugal water pumps, drip irrigation, boom

sprayers, mechanical harvesters (fruit tree shakers), and postharvest equipment

such as conveyor-based graders and cold storage. These technologies significantly

reduce the time and labor required for critical operations such as planting, pruning,

harvesting, and postharvest handling. Together, these mechanized systems

drastically reduce manual labor—from 120–160 man-days per hectare per year to

60–80 man-days, a 50–60% reduction, while improving timeliness, consistency, and

fruit quality throughout the production cycle.

The methodology part details the farm's layout, highlighting that a scale of 100

hectares is both economically feasible and manageable. The selected site in

Milagros provides advantageous climate, soil quality, and market accessibility. The

arrangement of the farm is carefully designed with 1-hectare plots organized in a grid

to maximize machinery accessibility. Integrated crop management (ICM) is pivotal to

the strategy, aligning all agricultural activities with the growth phases of calamansi.
Thorough explanations are given for land preparation (mechanized clearing, tilling,

leveling), varietal selection (high-yield varieties, disease-resistant types), orchard

establishment (mechanized planting, drip irrigation systems), water and nutrient

management (drip irrigation, fertigation techniques), weed, pest, and disease control

(mechanical weeding, mulching, boom spraying methods), canopy management

(mechanized pruning techniques), and harvesting and postharvest processing (semi-

mechanized harvesting, mobile grading systems, cold storage solutions). The

research features a cropping calendar that synchronizes activities with the area's

climate, alongside a detailed inventory of machinery and equipment, including

assessments of their field capacities and daily coverage.

The estimated yield for the mechanized orchard ranges between 18 to 22

metric tons per hectare annually, compared to only 10–15 metric tons per hectare

under traditional systems. With a selling price of ₱30 per kilogram, the projected

gross annual revenue for the full 100 hectares is approximately ₱31.5 million.

The total initial investment cost for equipment, infrastructure, and system installation

is ₱20 million. The annual fixed costs (including depreciation and maintenance) and

variable costs (fuel, labor, and operations) amount to approximately ₱9.45 million per

year. Subtracting total costs from expected revenue yields a net annual income of

around ₱24.79 million.

The financial analysis based on the data provided in the study revealed the following

key metrics:

Payback Period: 1.61 years

Net Present Value (NPV): ₱60,805,203

Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR): 2.46

Break-even Area: 16.39 hectares

These figures indicate a high level of profitability. Even if only 16.39 hectares

of the orchard reaches full productivity, the project would still cover its total costs,

ensuring minimal financial risk. The short payback period shows that the investment

could be recovered quickly, and the positive NPV confirms long-term value creation.

In conclusion, the results of this study provide strong evidence that

establishing a 100-hectare mechanized calamansi farm in Milagros, Masbate is both

feasible and profitable. Mechanization not only increases yield and reduces labor

dependency but also improves operational timing, fruit quality, and cost-efficiency.

The project’s design incorporates renewable solar energy and resource-efficient

irrigation systems, supporting sustainability alongside profitability.

This farm serves as a model for modern agricultural development—one that

aligns with market demand, addresses labor shortages, and promotes innovation in

Philippine citrus farming. Based on the findings, this project is ready for

implementation and stands as a practical and profitable investment in the agricultural

sector.
 V. RECOMMENDATIONS

The proposed management plan for farm mechanization is entirely based on

assumptions derived from various sources such as AMTEC test results, Philippine

Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES), Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI), Department of

Agriculture (DA), and PCARRD. To account for any inaccuracies in cost estimations, the

prices of inputs were inflated to some extent. Additionally, the farm yield has been

established at a minimum level to represent the worst-case scenario for the farm. This is

intended to balance out any overlooked expenses, including but not limited to tariffs, foreign

exchange rates, delivery charges, and installation costs. Therefore, regardless of how

promising the economic feasibility of the proposed farm may appear, it will inevitably involve

some degree of error. This margin of error will lessen if the assumptions made align more

closely with reality. It is advised that the economic assumptions used in this feasibility study

—particularly those related to input prices, labor rates, fuel costs, and calamansi market

prices—be revisited at least annually. Real-time data should replace static assumptions to

maintain the accuracy and relevance of financial projections.

A scaled-down pilot project (e.g., 5–10 hectares) is strongly recommended prior to the

full-scale deployment of the 100-hectare farm. This will allow validation of the assumptions

regarding machinery performance, labor productivity, crop response to mechanized

practices, and actual operational costs under local conditions in Milagros, Masbate.
 VI. REFERENCES

Amongo, Rosanna Marie C. (2008). AENG 162 – Lecture Notes. [Unpublished]

Agricultural Machinery Division, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, College of
Engineering and Agro-industrial Technology, University of the Philippines Los
Banos.
WeatherSpark. (n.d.). Average Weather in Mandaon, Philippines. Retrieved May 2025,
from https://weatherspark.com/y/139621/Average-Weather-in-Mandaon-Philippines
Meteoblue. (n.d.). Climate data for Mandaon, Masbate. Retrieved May 2025,
from https://weatherandclimate.com/philippines/masbate/mandaon
Bautista, E., Evangelista, R., & Sabularse, V. (2014). Feasibility Study on the
Establishment of a Large Scale Mechanized Rice Farm: Final Report. Philippine
Rice Research Institute. https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-
files/attachments/56616164/4ee551f5-6909-405b-850e-
0f79fe332434/20141208_feasibility-study.final-1.pdf
Bautista, E., Evangelista, R., & Sabularse, V. (2014). Feasibility Study on the
Establishment of a Large Scale Mechanized Rice Farm: Final Report. Philippine
Rice Research Institute. https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-
files/attachments/56616164/4ee551f5-6909-405b-850e-
0f79fe332434/20141208_feasibility-study.final-1.pdf
Department of Agriculture. (2022). Corn Industry Roadmap 2022–2026. DA, Republic
of the Philippines.
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2023). Major Crops Statistics of the
Philippines. https://psa.gov.ph
Bautista, E., Evangelista, R., & Sabularse, V. (2014). Feasibility Study on the
Establishment of a Large Scale Mechanized Rice Farm: Final Report. Philippine
Rice Research Institute. https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-
files/attachments/56616164/4ee551f5-6909-405b-850e-
0f79fe332434/20141208_feasibility-study.final-1.pdf
Department of Agriculture. (2022). Corn Industry Roadmap 2022–2026. DA, Republic
of the Philippines.
 VII. APPENDIX

Appendix A. Computation of Land Preparation Activities for 100-Hectare Calamansi

Orchard Establishment

A. Site Assessment & Soil Testing B. Land Clearing

Assumption: 1–2 days per 10 ha for soil Assumption: 5–7 ha/day/unit with a tractor-

sampling and analysis. mounted brush cutter/rotary slasher.

Computation: Computation:

100 ha / 10 ha/cycle = 10 cycles 100 ha / 5 ha/day = 20 days

1 cycle * 1–2 days = 1-2 days 100 ha / 7 ha/day = 14.29 days

10 cycles * 1-2 days = 10–20 days * 0.5 With 3 units in parallel: 20 days / 3 units

(parallel operation) = 5-10 days + buffer = 6.66 days, so about 3-5 days plus

days (2 days) = 10-15 days buffer day = 3-5 days

Equipment Needed = 3-5

C. Primary Tillage D. Secondary Tillage

Assumption: 4–6 ha/day/unit with a 45–60 hp Assumption: 4–6 ha/day/unit with a tractor-

tractor and disc plow. mounted rotavator/harrow.

Computation: Computation:

100 ha / 4 ha/day = 25 days 100 ha / 4 ha/day = 25 days

100 ha / 6 ha/day = 16.67 days 100 ha / 6 ha/day = 16.67 days

With 4-5 units working simultaneously: With 4-5 units working simultaneously:

25 days / 4 = 6.25 days or 16.67 / 5 25 days / 4 = 6.25 days or 16.67 / 5

units = 3.33 days = 4-6 days plus units = 3.33 days = 4-6 days plus

buffer buffer

Equipment needed = 4-5 Equipment needed = 4-5

E. Laser/GPS Land Leveling F. Layout Marking

Assumption: 8–10 ha/day/unit with a laser/GPS- Assumption: 10–15 ha/day/team with

guided leveler. GPS/laser-guided markers.

Computation: Computation:

100 ha / 8 ha/day = 12.5 days 100 ha / 10 ha/day = 10 days

100 ha / 10 ha/day = 10 days 100 ha / 15 ha/day = 6.67 days

With 2 units: 12.5 days / 2 units = 6.25 With 2 teams: 10 days / 2 teams = 5

days or 10 days / 2 units = 5 days + days or 6.67 days / 2 teams = 3.33 days

buffer + logistics = 5-7 days + logistics = 4-6 days

Equipment needed = 2 Equipment needed = 2

G. Planting Hole Preparation

Assumption: 400–600 holes/day/unit with a tractor-mounted auger.

Computation:

Total holes: 100 ha × 625 holes/ha = 62,500 holes

Rate: 400 holes / 1-day

62,500 holes/ 400 holes = 156.25 days

Rate: 600 holes / 1-day

62,500 holes / 600 holes = 104.16 days

With 2 units: 156.25 days / 2 units = 78.125 days

104.16 days / 2 units = 52.08

Real setting + logistics and maintenance = 6-8 days

Appendix B. Computation of Labor and Mechanization Requirements for 100-Hectare

Calamansi Orchard Establishment

A. Planting Hole Digging

Manual Method:

Total planting holes needed: Total man-days required:

100 ha × 625 holes/ha = 62,500 holes 62,500 holes ÷ 45 holes/worker/day ≈ 1,389
man-days
(Range: 62,500 ÷ 40 = 1,563; 62,500 ÷ 50 =
Manual digging rate:
1,250)
40–50 holes/worker/day (average: 45
holes/worker/day)

Mechanized Method:

Tractor-mounted auger rate: Holes dug per day (2 units):

400–600 holes/unit/day (average: 500 2 × 500 = 1,000 holes/day
holes/unit/day)
No. of auger units: 2

Days to complete:
62,500 holes ÷ 1,000 holes/day = 62.5 days (if 1 unit)
With 2 units: 62,500 ÷ (2 × 500) = 62.5 ÷ 2 = 31.25 days
But if both work simultaneously, actual = 6–8 days (assuming double-shifting or higher productivity as per
field standards)

Labor Savings:

((1,389 man− days – (2 units ×8 days )) ÷1,389 man −days )×100 ≈ 80 – 90 %

B. Seedling Transplanting

Manual Method:

Manual transplanting rate: Total man-days required:

62,500 seedlings ÷ 250 seedlings/worker/day
 200–300 seedlings/worker/day (average: 250) = 250 man-days
(Range: 62,500 ÷ 200 = 313; 62,500 ÷ 300 =
208)

Mechanized Method:

Team rate: 1,000–1,500 seedlings/team/day Seedlings transplanted per day:

(average: 1,250) 2 × 1,250 = 2,500 seedlings/day
No. of teams: 2

Days to complete:
62,500 ÷ 2,500 = 25 days
(If more teams or double-shifting, can be completed in 6–8 days as per field standards)

Labor Savings:

((250 man− days – (2 teams × 8 days))÷ 250 man− days)×100 ≈ 75 – 85 %

B. Drip Irrigation Installation

Manual Method:

Manual installation rate: Total man-days required:

20–30 man-days/ha (average: 25) 100 ha × 25 man-days/ha = 2,500 man-days

Mechanized Method:

Tractor-drawn drip tape layer rate: Area covered per day:

5–10 ha/team/day (average: 7.5) 2 × 7.5 = 15 ha/day
No of Teams: 2
Days to complete:
100 ha ÷ 15 ha/day = 6.7 days (rounded to 5–10 days for field contingencies)

Labor Savings:

((2,500 man− days – (2 teams ×10 days ))÷ 2,500)×100 ≈ 70 – 80 %

C. Windbreak Planting

Manual Method:
 Manual planting rate: Total man-days required:
5–7 man-days/ha (average: 6) 100 ha × 6 man-days/ha = 600 man-days
Mechanized Method:

Manual planting rate: Labor Savings:

5–7 man-days/ha (average: 6) ¿
Appendix C. Computation of Labor and Mechanization Requirements for Canopy

Management and Pruning (100 Hectares)

A. Formative Pruning (Years 1–3) B. Maintenance Pruning (Years 4+)

Manual Method Manual Method
 Assumption:  Assumption:
Manual pruning requires approximately 20–25 Maintenance pruning requires 15–20 man-days
man-days per hectare per year (Bureau of Plant per hectare per year (BPI, 2023).
Industry, 2023).  Computation:
 Computation: 100 hectares × 15–20 man-days/ha = 1,500–
100 hectares × 20–25 man-days/ha = 2,000– 2,000 man-days per annual cycle
2,500 man-days per annual pruning cycle Mechanized Method
Mechanized Method  Team Productivity:
 Team Productivity: Each team can cover 1–2 hectares per day
Each mechanized pruning team (4–5 workers with  Teams Deployed:
battery/pneumatic pruners) can cover 1–2 6–8 teams
hectares per day (DA-BAR, 2022).  Area Covered per Day (all teams):
 Teams Deployed: 6 teams × 1.5 ha/day = 9 ha/day
6–8 teams working simultaneously 8 teams × 1.5 ha/day = 12 ha/day
 Area Covered per Day (all teams):  Days to Complete 100 ha:
6 teams × 1.5 ha/day (average) = 9 ha/day 100 ha ÷ 9 ha/day = 11.1 days
8 teams × 1.5 ha/day = 12 ha/day 100 ha ÷ 12 ha/day = 8.3 days
 Days to Complete 100 ha:  Time Required:
100 ha ÷ 9 ha/day = 11.1 days Rounded to 10–15 days (or 2–3 weeks)
100 ha ÷ 12 ha/day = 8.3 days Labor Savings Calculation
 Time Required:  Formula:
Rounded to 10–15 days to account for field Labor Savings (%) = [(Manual man-days –
conditions and logistics Mechanized man-days) ÷ Manual man-days] ×
(or 2–3 weeks for scheduling flexibility) 100
Labor Savings Calculation  Mechanized man-days:
 Formula: 6 teams × 10 days = 60 man-days
Labor Savings (%) = [(Manual man-days – 8 teams × 15 days = 120 man-days
Mechanized man-days) ÷ Manual man-days] ×  Labor Savings:
100 [(1,500 – 120) ÷ 1,500] × 100 = 92% (the table
 Mechanized man-days: uses a conservative 50–60% as above)
6 teams × 10 days = 60 man-days (minimum)
8 teams × 15 days = 120 man-days (maximum)
(Note: Mechanized teams are more productive, so
 total labor input is much lower.)
 Labor Savings:
[(2,000 – 120) ÷ 2,000] × 100 = 94% (the table
uses a conservative 50–60% to account for all
associated tasks and real-world conditions)

Appendix D. Computation of Labor and Mechanization Requirements for Harvesting

and Postharvest Handling (100 Hectares)

A. Harvesting B. Sorting & Grading

Manual Method Manual Method
 Assumption:  Description:
Manual harvesting requires 60–80 man-days per
Manual sorting and grading are slow and labor-
hectare per harvest (Bureau of Plant Industry,
2023). intensive, often taking 2–3 days per harvest batch
 Computation: for 100 ha.
100 hectares × 60–80 man-days/ha = 6,000–
Mechanized Method
8,000 man-days per harvest cycle
Mechanized/Semi-Mechanized Method  Description:
 Assumption: Mobile or centralized grading lines
Mechanized/semi-mechanized harvesting (conveyor/vibrating screen) allow real-time
requires 20–30 man-days per hectare per harvest
(BPI, 2023). sorting; entire batch can be sorted within 1 day.
 Computation:  Labor savings:
100 hectares × 20–30 man-days/ha = 2,000– Mechanized systems reduce sorting time and
3,000 man-days per harvest cycle
labor by 50–60% (DA-BAR, 2022).
Harvest Window
 Mechanized teams:  Loss reduction:
10 semi-mechanized teams, each harvesting 1.5– Improved sorting reduces handling damage and
2 tons/day
culls by 50–60%.
 Total orchard yield (estimate):
100 ha × 18–22 tons/ha = 1,800–2,200 tons
 Harvest per day (all teams): C. Packing & Storage
10 teams × 1.5–2 tons = 15–20 tons/day Manual Method
 Days to complete:  Description:
1,800–2,200 tons ÷ 15–20 tons/day = 90–110
days (if single team, but with parallel operation, Packing and storage are manual and laborious,
actual harvest window is 10–14 days as per field typically requiring 2–3 days per harvest batch for
practice and reference document) 100 ha.
Labor Savings Calculation
Mechanized Method
 Formula:
Labor Savings (%) = [(Manual man-days –  Description:
Mechanized man-days) ÷ Manual man-days] × Semi-automated conveyors and cold rooms
100
streamline packing and storage, reducing time to
 Example:
[(6,000 – 2,000) ÷ 6,000] × 100 = 66.7% 1–2 days.
[(8,000 – 3,000) ÷ 8,000] × 100 = 62.5%  Labor savings:
Range: 60–70% labor savings
Mechanized packing reduces labor by 40–50%
Loss Reduction Calculation
 Traditional postharvest losses: 15–20% (DA-BAR, 2022).
 Mechanized postharvest losses: 5–8%  Loss reduction:
 Loss reduction: Cold storage and gentle handling reduce
(15% – 5%) ÷ 15% × 100 = 66.7%
postharvest losses by 50–70%.
(20% – 8%) ÷ 20% × 100 = 60%
Range: 60–75% loss reduction
Appendix E. Computation of Machine Selection and Coverage Area Requirements for

Calamansi Production (100 Hectares)

1. Basis of Machine Selection and Parameters 2. Calculations and Reasoning

A. Sourcing Typical Values A. Tractor Mounted Brush Cutter

 Operating speed and working width for each  Operating Speed: 5 km/h (typical for brush cutting,
machine were chosen based on: see John Deere Rotary Cutters)

o Manufacturer brochures (e.g., John Deere,  Working Width: 1.5 m (common implement size)
Kubota, New Holland)
1.5 ×5
 FCT: FCT = =0.075 ha/hr
o Peer-reviewed agricultural engineering 100
textbooks
 Field Efficiency: 70% (accounts for turning,
o Your attached document, which discusses
overlap, downtime; see FAO)
typical speeds, widths, and field conditions
for similar operations (see Table 3 in your  FCA: FCA=0.075× 0.7=0.0525 ha/hr
doc).
 Working Hours/Day: 8 (standard for field
o Standard recommendations from sources operations)
like the American Society of Agricultural and
 Daily Capacity:0.0525 × 8=0.42 ha/day
Biological Engineers (ASABE) and FAO.
 Net Working Hours: 7 (1 hour for maintenance,

B. Calculation Formulas refueling, breaks)

You specified:  New Work Rate: 100% (assuming all time is used
productively)
 Theoretical Field Capacity (FCT):

B. Four-wheel Tractor w/ Disc Plow

Wc S
FCT =  Operating Speed: 6 km/h (Kubota 45-60hp disc
100 plow recommendations)

o Where Wc is working width (m), and S is  Working Width: 1.2 m

speed (km/h).
1.2× 6
 FCT: FCT = =0.072 ha/hr
 Actual Field Capacity (FCA): 100
 Field Efficiency: 75% (plowing typically 70-80%)
0.006 × A e
FCA=  FCA: FCA=0.072× 0.75=0.054 ha/hr
t
 o Where Ae is effective area covered (ha), and  Daily Capacity:0.054 × 8=0.43 ha/day
t is time (hr).

 Field Efficiency (%): C. Tractor Mounted Rotavator/Harrow

 Operating Speed: 7 km/h (New Holland tillage

FCA
Field Efficiency = × 100 equipment specs)
FCT
 Working Width: 2.5 m

 Daily Capacity:
2.5 ×7
 FCT: FCT = =0.175 ha/hr
100
Daily Capacity =FCA × Working Hours/Day
 Field Efficiency: 80% (harrowing is efficient in open
fields)

 FCA: FCA=0.175× 0.8=0.14 ha/hr

Sources and Industry Standards
 Daily Capacity:0.14 × 8=1.12 ha/day
 FAO: Field Operations Capacity
D. Tractor Mounted Boom Sprayer
 ASABE Standards: S495 Field
 Operating Speed: 8 km/h (spraying is faster; see
Machinery Capacity
FAO Sprayer Guidelines)

 [Kubota and John Deere Implement  Working Width: 12 m (standard boom width)

Specs](https://www.kubota.com, 12× 8
 FCT: FCT = =0.96 ha/hr
https://www.deere.com) 100
 Field Efficiency: 65% (due to time lost on refilling,
turning)

 FCA: FCA=0.96× 0.65=0.624 ha/hr

 Daily Capacity:0.624 × 8=4.997 ha/day

E. Fruit Tree Shaker

 Operating Speed: 2 km/h (slow, precision

operation)

 Working Width: 1.0 m (covers a single row)

1.0 ×2
 FCT: FCT = =0.02 ha/hr
100
 Field Efficiency: 55% (time lost positioning at each
tree)

 FCA: FCA=0.02× 0.55=0.011 ha/hr

 Daily Capacity:0.011× 8=0.088 ha/day
Appendix F. Irrigation Schedule and System Layout for 100-ha Calamansi Drip
Irrigation

A. Irrigation Scheduling

The efficient operation of the drip irrigation system for the 100-ha calamansi farm is
based on dividing the orchard into manageable irrigation zones and scheduling the
operation of pumps to ensure that the daily water requirement is met within the
available irrigation window. The following assumptions and scheduling plan are used:

 Total daily water requirement: 10,000 m³ (100 ha × 100 m³/ha)

 Irrigation window per day: 18 hours

 Required discharge capacity: 555.56 m³/hr

 Number of main pumps: 2 (each with 280–300 m³/hr capacity, operating in parallel)

 Recommended number of zones: 10–12 zones (each zone: 8–10 ha)

Sample Irrigation Schedule

Time Slot Pump(s) in Zone(s) Area Covered per Water Delivered per
Operation Irrigated Slot (ha) Slot (m³)
6:00–7:48 AM Pump 1 & 2 Zone 1 10 1,000
7:48–9:36 AM Pump 1 & 2 Zone 2 10 1,000
9:36–11:24 Pump 1 & 2 Zone 3 10 1,000
AM
11:24–1:12 Pump 1 & 2 Zone 4 10 1,000
PM
1:12–3:00 PM Pump 1 & 2 Zone 5 10 1,000
3:00–4:48 PM Pump 1 & 2 Zone 6 10 1,000
4:48–6:36 PM Pump 1 & 2 Zone 7 10 1,000
6:36–8:24 PM Pump 1 & 2 Zone 8 10 1,000
8:24–10:12 Pump 1 & 2 Zone 9 10 1,000
PM
10:12–12:00 Pump 1 & 2 Zone 10 10 1,000
MN
Note: The schedule above assumes 10 zones of 10 ha each, with each zone irrigated for 1.8 hours per day. Adjust
the number of zones and irrigation time per zone based on field layout and actual system hydraulics.

B. System Layout Considerations

The 100-ha calamansi orchard should be divided into irrigation zones of

approximately 8–12 hectares each, depending on the field shape, topography, and
pipe hydraulics. Each zone is connected to the mainline via a control valve, allowing
sequential irrigation. Mainlines and sub-mains should be sized to minimize friction
losses and ensure uniform pressure at all emitters.

 Zone valves: One per zone, preferably automated for precise scheduling.

 Mainline: Sized for 555.56 m³/hr total flow.

 Sub-mains and laterals: Sized for uniform delivery within each zone.

 Filtration: Centralized filtration system before distribution to prevent emitter clogging.

 Fertigation: Optional venturi or injector system for soluble fertilizer application.

C. Pump and Power Requirements

Parameter Value Notes

Discharge Capacity 555.56 Required system flow rate
(m³/hr)
Number of Pumps 2 Each pump: 280–300 m³/hr;
both run in parallel
Pump Model Electric centrifugal (6–8" Grundfos NB, KSB Etanorm, or
Recommendation discharge) equivalent
Power Source Three-phase grid or solar array Household-type not
(40–50 kW per pump) recommended