5 .

OSCILLATIONS

Theory:

1. Represent graphically the displacement, velocity and acceleration against time for a particle
performing linear S.H.M., when it starts from the mean position.
(March 2008, 2013, Oct. 2010)(3)

Consider a particle performing SHM, with amplitude 𝐴 and period I = 2𝜋/𝜔 starting from the mean
position towards the positive extreme position where co is the angular frequency. Its displacement from the
mean position ( 𝑥 ), velocity (𝑣) and acceleration (a) at any instant are as the initial phase 𝛼 = 0

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑥 = 𝐴sin⁡𝜔𝑡 = 𝐴sin⁡( 𝑡) ⁡ (∵ 𝜔 = )
𝑇 𝑇
𝑑𝑥 2𝜋
𝑣= = 𝜔𝐴cos⁡𝜔𝑡 = 𝜔𝐴cos⁡( 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑇
𝑑𝑣 2𝜋
𝑎= = −𝜔2 𝐴sin⁡𝜔𝑡 = −𝜔2 𝐴sin⁡( 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑇

Using these expressions, the values of 𝑥, 𝑣 and a at the end of every quarter of a period, starting from 𝑡 = 0,
are tabulated below

Graphs of displacement, and velocity and acceleration with time for a particle in SHM starting from the
mean position

Concluslons :

1 The displacement, velocity and acceleration of a particle performing linear SHM are periodic
(harmonic) functions of time. For a particle starting at the mean position, the 𝑥-t and a-t graph are
sine curves. The 𝑣-t graph is a cosine curve.
𝜋
2 There is a phase difference of 2 radians between 𝑥 and 𝑣, and between 𝑣 and a.

3 There is a phase difference of 𝑛 radians between 𝑥 and 𝑎.

2. Define an ideal simple pendulum. Show that the motion of a simple pendulum under certain conditions
is simple harmonic. Obtain an expression for its period.
(March 2010, 2013, July 2018)(3)
 Ideal simple pendulum is defined as a heavy point mass suspended from a rigid support by a weightless and
inextensible string and set oscillating under gravity through a small angle in a vertical plane.

Let a simple pendulum of length L suspended from a rigid support O. Let it is displaced by a small angle 𝜃 in
a vertical plane and released. Resolving mg into horizontal and vertical components at point B as mgcos⁡𝜃
and mgsin⁡𝜃 respectively.

We see that restoring force,

F = −mgsin⁡𝜃

If ' 𝜃 ' is small then

𝑥
sin⁡𝜃 = 𝜃 =
𝐿
𝐹 = −𝑚𝑔𝜃
𝑥
⁡ = −𝑚𝑔
𝐿
We see that F ∝ (−x)
Since F is directly proportional to negative of displacement so motion of a simple pendulum is in linear
S.H.M.

So

𝐹
acceleration⁡=
𝑚
−𝑔x
=
L

acceleration per unit displacement

𝑎 𝑔
| |=
𝑥 𝐿
2𝜋
T ⁡=
√ acceleration per unit displacement
2𝜋
⁡=
g
√
L
L
T ⁡= 2𝜋√
g

(Motion of a simple pendulum)

3. Derive an expression for the period of motion of a simple pendulum. On which factors does it
depend?(Oct 2013)(4)

a) Consider a simple pendulum of mass ' 𝑚 ' and length ' 𝐿 '.

𝐿 = 𝐼 + 𝑟,
 where I = length of string
𝑟 = radius of bob
b) Let 𝑂𝐴 be the initial position of pendulum and 𝑂𝐵, its instantaneous position when the the string makes
an angle 𝜃 with the vertical.

In the displaced position, two forces are acting on the bob:

 Gravitational force (weight) ' mg ' in a downward direction

 Tension 𝑇 ′ in the string.
c) Weight ' 𝑚𝑔 ' can be resolved into two rectangular components:
 Radial component mg cos⁡𝜃 along 𝑂𝐵 and
 Tangential component mg sin⁡𝜃 perpendicular to 𝑂𝐵 and directed towards mean position.
 d) 𝑚𝑔cos⁡𝜃 is balanced by tension T ′ in the string, while mgsin⁡𝜃 provides restoring force
 ∴ F = −mgsin⁡𝜃
 where a negative sign shows that force and angular displacement are oppositely directed. Hence,
restoring force is proportional to sin⁡𝜃 instead of 𝜃. So, the resulting motion is not S.H.M.
e) If 𝜃 is very small then,
x
sin⁡𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 = L
x
⁡∴ F = −mg
L
F x
⁡∴ = −g
 m
ma
L
x
⁡∴ m
= −g L
⁡∴ "a" = −" g"/⁡′′ L""x "...(i)
g
⁡∴ a𝛼 − x⁡ … . . [∴ = constant ]
L
 f) In S.H.M,
 𝑎 = −𝜔2 𝑥.
 Comparing equations (i) and (ii), we get,

𝑔
𝜔2 =
L
2𝜋
But, 𝜔 =
T
2
2𝜋 g
⁡∴ ( ) =
T L
2𝜋 g
⁡∴ =√
T L
L
⁡∴ T = 2𝜋√ ⁡ ⋯ .
g

Equation (iii) represents time period of simple pendulum.

g) Thus period of a simple pendulum depends on the length of the pendulum and acceleration due to
gravity.

4. State an expression for K.E. (kinetic energy) and P. E. (potential energy) at displacement ' 𝒙 ' for a
particle performing linear S.H.M. Represent them graphically. Find the displacement at which K. E. is
equal to P. E.(Feb. 2014)(3)
1
=∴ 𝐾. 𝐸. = 2 𝑚𝑤 2 (𝐴2 − 𝑋 2 )

1
= P.E. = 𝑚𝑤 2 𝑋 2
2

=𝐾. 𝐸1 = 𝑃. 𝐸.
 1 1
𝐾(𝐴2 − 𝑋 2 ) = 𝐾𝑋 2
2 2

=∴ A2 = 2X 2

𝐴2
∴ 𝑋2 =
2
𝐴
∴𝑋=
√2

5. Obtain an expression for potential energy of a particle performing simple harmonic motion. Hence
evaluate the potential energy, (a) at mean position and (b) at extreme position.(Feb. 2015, March
2019)(4)
An oscillating particle possess both types of energies: Potential as well as kinetic. It possesses
potential energy on account of its displacement from the equilibrium position.

Potential energy : Consider a particle of mass mm executing S.H.M. Let 𝑥 be its displacement from
the equilibrium position at any instant t. Since in S.H.M. the force F acting upon the particle is
proportional to and opposite to the displacement 𝑥, we , have

𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥

Where, the constant 𝑘 gives the force per unit displacement 𝑥. The force can also be express in
terms of potential energy (P.E) of the particle as:

𝑑𝑤
𝐹=−
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑤
Thus, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥
On integrating, we get

1
P. 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2

Where 𝐶 is a constant. If we assume the potential energy zero in the equilibrium position, i.e, If
𝑃. 𝐸 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0, then 𝐶 = 0
1
Therefore, P.E = 2 𝑘𝑥 2
1
P.E = 2 𝑚𝑤 2 𝑥 2

Hence from here it is clear that the potential energy of a particle doing S.H.M. is directly
proportional to the square of the displacement (P.E. 𝛼𝑥 2 )
(a) Potential energy at mean position : At mean position, velocity of a particle executing S.H.M. is
maximum and displacement is minimum i.e, 𝑥 = 0
 1
P, E = 𝑚𝑤 2 𝑥 2 = 0
2

(b) Potential energy at extreme position : At extreme position, velocity of a particle executing
S.H.M. is minimum and displacement is maximum, i.e. 𝑥 = ±𝑎

1 1
P.E = 𝑘𝑎2 = 𝑚𝑤 2 𝑎2 ⁡ = 0
2 2

6. Discuss the composition of two S.H.M.s along the same path having same period. Find the resultant
amplitude and initial phase.(Oct. 2015) (4)

Analytical treatment:
i. Let the two linear S.H.M's be given by equations,

𝑥1 = 𝐴1 sin⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼1 )
𝑥2 = 𝐴2 sin⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼2 )

where 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 are amplitudes; 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 are initial phase angles and 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 are the displacement of two S.H.M's in
time ' 𝑡 '. 𝑤 is same for both S.H.M's.
ii. The resultant displacement of the two S.H.M's is given by,

𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2

iii. Using equations (1) and (2), equation (3) can be written as,

𝑥 ⁡= 𝐴1 sin⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼1 ) + 𝐴2 sin⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼2 )
⁡= 𝐴1 [sin⁡𝜔𝑡cos⁡𝛼1 + cos⁡𝜔𝑡sin⁡𝛼1 ] + 𝐴2 [sin⁡𝜔𝑡cos⁡𝛼2 + cos⁡𝜔𝑡sin⁡𝛼2 ]
⁡= 𝐴1 sin⁡𝜔𝑡cos⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴1 cos⁡𝜔𝑡sin⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 sin⁡𝜔𝑡cos⁡𝛼2 + 𝐴2 cos⁡𝜔𝑡sin⁡𝛼2
⁡= [𝐴1 sin⁡𝜔𝑡cos⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 sin⁡𝜔𝑡cos⁡𝛼2 ] + [𝐴1 cos⁡𝜔𝑡sin⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 cos⁡𝜔𝑡sin⁡𝛼2 ]
⁡∴ 𝑥 = sin⁡𝜔𝑡[𝐴1cos⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 cos⁡𝛼2 ] + cos⁡𝜔𝑡[𝐴1 sin⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 sin⁡𝛼2 ]

iv. Let 𝐴1 cos⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 cos⁡𝛼2 = 𝑅cos⁡𝛿

and 𝐴1 sin⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 sin⁡𝛼2 = 𝑅sin⁡𝛿

v. Using equations (5) and (6), equation (4) can be written as,

𝑥 ⁡= sin⁡𝜔𝑡 ⋅ 𝑅cos⁡𝛿 + cos⁡𝜔𝑡 ⋅ 𝑅sin⁡𝛿

⁡= 𝑅[sin⁡𝜔𝑡cos⁡𝛿 + cos⁡𝜔𝑡sin⁡𝛿]
∴𝑥 ⁡= 𝑅sin⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿)

Equation (7) represents linear S.H.M. of amplitude R and initial phase angle 𝛿 with same period.
Resultant amplitude (R):

(𝐴1 cos⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 cos⁡𝛼2 )2 + (𝐴1 sin⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 sin⁡𝛼2 )2 = 𝑅 2 cos2 ⁡𝛿 + 𝑅 2 sin2 ⁡𝛿

⁡∴ ⁡𝐴12 cos2 ⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴22 cos 2 ⁡𝛼2 + 2𝐴1 𝐴2 cos⁡𝛼1 cos⁡𝛼2 + 𝐴12 sin2 ⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴22 sin2 ⁡𝛼2 + 2𝐴1 𝐴2 sin⁡𝛼1 sin⁡𝛼2 = 𝑅 2 (cos2 ⁡𝛿 + sin2 ⁡𝛿)
⁡∴ ⁡𝐴12 (cos2 𝛼1 + sin2 𝛼1 ) + 𝐴22 (cos2 𝛼2 + sin2 𝛼2 ) + 2𝐴1 𝐴2 (cos 𝛼1 cos 𝛼2 + sin 𝛼1 sin 𝛼2 ) = 𝑅 2

Squaring and adding equations (v) and (vi) we get,

 ⁡∴ ⁡A21 + A22 + 2 A1 A2 cos⁡(𝛼1 − 𝛼2 ) = R2

⁡∴ ⁡R = ±√𝐴12 + 𝐴22 + 2𝐴1 𝐴2 cos⁡(𝛼1 − 𝛼2 )

Equation (8) represents resultant amplitude of two S.H.M's.

Resultant (intial) phase (𝛿) :
Dividing equation (6) by (5), we get

𝐴1 sin⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 sin⁡𝛼2 𝑅sin⁡𝛿

=
𝐴1 cos⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 cos⁡𝛼2 𝑅cos⁡𝛿
𝐴1 sin⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 sin⁡𝛼2
⁡∴ = tan⁡𝛿
𝐴1 cos⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 cos⁡𝛼2
𝐴1 sin⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 sin⁡𝛼2
⁡∴ 𝛿 = tan−1 ⁡[ ]
𝐴1 cos⁡𝛼1 + 𝐴2 cos⁡𝛼2

Equation (9) represents resultant or intial phase of two S.H.M.

7. Define linear S.H.M. Show that S.H.M. is a projection of U.C.M. on any diameter. (Feb. 2016)(2)
Linear S.H.M is defined as the linear periodic motion of a body, in which the restoring force (or
acceleration) is always directed towards the mean position and its magnitude is directly
proportional to the displacement from the mean position.

Consider a particle ' 𝑃 ' moving along the circumference of a circle of radius ' 𝐴 ' with constant
angular speed ' 𝜔 ' in anticlockwise direction.

At any instant 𝑡 = 0, particle 𝑃 has its projection at point 𝑀 as shown in the figure (a). Particle 𝑃 is
called as reference particle and the circle on which it moves is called as reference circle.

As reference particle 𝑃 revolves, its projection moves back and forth about centre 𝑂 along the
diameter BC.

The 𝑥-component of the displacement, velocity and acceleration of 𝑃 is always same as the displacement,
velocity and acceleration of 𝑀.

Suppose that the particle P starts from an initial position with initial phase ' 𝛼 '. In time ' 𝑡 ', the angle
between OP and 𝑋-axis is (𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼) as shown in the figure (b).
𝑥
In figure (𝑏), cos⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎) = 𝐴
where 𝑥 = displacement from mean position.
∴ x = Acos⁡(𝜔t + 𝛼)
Equation (1) represents displacement of projection of 𝑃 at time ' 𝑡 '.
The velocity of particle is the time rate of change of displacement.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
V= = [ Acos⁡(𝜔t + 𝛼)]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∴ 𝑣 = −𝐴𝜔sin⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)
Equation (2) represents velocity of projection of 𝑃 at time ' 𝑡 '.
The acceleration of particle is the time rate of change of velocity.
 𝑑𝑣 𝑑
𝑎= = [−𝐴𝜔sin⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
⁡∴ 𝑎 = −𝐴𝜔2 cos⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)
⁡∴ 𝑎 = 𝜔2 𝑥⁡ … . . [∵ 𝑥 = 𝐴cos⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)]
⁡∴ 𝑎 = 𝜔2 𝑥⁡ … . . . (3)

Equation (3) represents acceleration of projection of 𝑃 at time ' 𝑡 '.

From equation (3),
𝑎 ∝ −𝑥 [∵ 𝜔2 = constant quantity ]

As acceleration of projection of P is directly proportional to its displacement and its direction is opposite to
that of displacement, thus projection of particle 𝑃 performs simple harmonic motion. But M is projection of
particle P performing U.C.M. Hence, S.H.M is the projection of U.C.M along a diameter of circle.

8. Define practical simple pendulum. Show that motion of bob of pendulum with small amplitude is linear
S.H.M. Hence obtain an expression for its period. What are the factors on which its period depends?
(July 2016)(5)

To show that the motion of the bob of the simple pendulum is S.H.M

1)Consider a simple pendulum of mass 𝑚 and length 𝐿

L=l+r

where l = length of string and r is the radius of the bob.

2) Let OA be the initial position of pendulum and OB, be its instantaneous position when the string makes
an angle 𝜃 with the vertical.

In displaced position, two forces are acting on the bob:

a)Gravitational force(weight)mg in the downward direction.
b) Tension T ′ in the string.
3) Weight mg can be resolved in to two rectangular components:
a) Radial component 𝑚𝑔cos⁡𝜃 along OB and
b)Tangential component mg sin⁡𝜃 perpendicular to OB and directed towards mean position.
4) mgcos⁡𝜃 is balanced by tension T ′ in the string,while mgsin⁡𝜃 provides restoring force.

∴ F = −mgsin⁡𝜃

where negative sign shows that force and angular displacement are oppositely directed. Hence, restoring
force is proportional to sin⁡𝜃 instead of 𝜃.So, the resulting motion is not S.H.M.
5) If 𝜃 is very small then
x
sin⁡𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 =
L
x
⁡∴ F = −mg
L
ma −gx
⁡∴ =
m L
−gx
⁡∴ a = ⁡ … . . (1)
L
g
⁡∴ a ∝ −x since = constant
L
Hence, the motion of the bob of a simple pendulum is simple harmonic.
Expression for the time period:
In S.H.M
 a = −𝜔2 x

Comparing equations (1) and (2)

𝑔
𝜔2 =
𝐿
2𝜋
But 𝜔 = T

2𝜋 2 g
( ) =
T L
2𝜋 g
=√
T L
g
T = 2𝜋√
L

Equation (3) represents the time period of the simple [Link], the period of a simple pendulum
depends on the length of the pendulum and acceleration due to gravity.

9. Obtain the differential equaton of linear simple harmonic motion . (March 2017)(2)

Differential equation of linear S.H.M:

a. Let a particle of mass ' 𝑚 ' undergo S.H.M about its mean position 𝑂. At any instant ' 𝑡 displacement of
the particle be ' 𝑥 ' as shown in the following figure.

b. By definition, 𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥 ..(1)

where 𝑘 is force constant

c. The acceleration of the particle is given by,

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) 𝑑2 𝑥
𝑎= = = 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

d. According to Newton's second law of motion,

 F ⁡= ma
𝑑2 𝑥
∴𝐹 ⁡= 𝑚 ( ).
𝑑𝑡 2

e. From equations (1) and (2),

𝑑2 𝑥
𝑚 ( 2 ) = −𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑘
⁡∴ 2 = − 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑘
⁡∴ 2 + 𝑥 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(3)
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑘
where, = 𝜔2 = contsant
𝑚
𝑑2 𝑥
⁡∴ 2 + 𝜔2 𝑥 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(4)
𝑑𝑡

f. Equations (3) and (4) represent differential equation of linear S.H.M.

10. Prove the law of conservation of energy for a particle performing simple harmonic motion. Hence
graphically show the variation of kinetic energy and potential energy w. r. t. instantaneous
displacement. (March 2017) (4)
Let the particle be at the mean position initially.
Thus it's displacement can be written as x = Asin⁡wt
1
Potential energy of the particle performing SHM P.E = 2 kx 2
1
Kinetic energy of the particle K. E = 2 mv 2
1 2 1
Or K. E = 2 m(w√A2 − x 2 ) = 2 mw 2 ( A2 − x 2 )
1
Using k = mw 2, we get K ⋅ E = 2 k(A2 − x 2 )
Total energy of the particle T. E = K. E + P. E

1 1
⁡∴ T ⋅ E = k(A2 − x 2 ) + kx 2
2 2
1 2
⁡⇒ T ⋅ E = kA = Constant
2
Hence total energy of the particle performing SHM is conserved

11. Define linear simple harmonic motion. Assuming the expression for displacement of a particle starting
from extreme position, explain graphically the variation of velocity and acceleration w.r.t. time. (July
2016)(4)
Which the restoring force (or acceleration) is always directed towards the mean position and its
magnitude is directly proportional to the displacement from the mean position.
 Particle performing S.H.M. starting from extreme position :
Equation of displacement is 𝑥 = 𝑎cos⁡𝜔𝑡
At extreme position, 𝛼 = 𝜋/2.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
∴ Velocity of particle is 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡 (𝑎cos⁡𝜔𝑡)
And 𝑣 = −𝑎𝜔sin⁡𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑣
acceleration of a particle =
𝑑𝑡

𝑑
⁡= = (−𝑎𝜔sin⁡𝜔𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
⁡= −𝑎𝜔2 cos⁡𝜔𝑡

Substiuting 𝜔 = 2𝜋/𝑇 in above equaitons

(i) Displacement, velocity and acceleration of S.H.M. are periodic functions of time.
(ii) Displacement-time curve and acceleration-time curve are cosine curve and velocity-time
curve is a since curve.
𝜋
(iii) Phase difference between displacement and velocity is radian.
2
𝜋
(iv) Phase difference between velocity and acceleration is 2 radian.
(v) Phase difference between displacement and acceleration is 𝜋 radian.
(vi) At extreme position, displacement and acceleration is maximum while velocity is minimum.
(vii) After the phase of 2𝜋 radian, all curves repeat the same path.

12. State the differential equation of linear simple harmonic motion. Hence obtain the expression for
acceleration, velocity and displacement of a particle performing linear S.H.M.(March 2018)(4)

In any SHM, there always exists a restoring force which tries to bring the object back to mean position.

This force causes acceleration in the object.

Hence F = −kx. Here F is the restoring force, x is the displacement of the object from the mean position,
and k is the force per unit displacement. The −−v e sign indicates that the force is opposite to the
displacement. Only then can the object be brought back after displacement.
 F
We know that by Newton's 2nd law of motion, F = ma⁡ ∴ a = m

k
Applying this, we get a = − m x

k
Let m be 𝜔2 ------ 𝜔 is angular frequency.
Hence we have 𝑎 = −𝜔2 x
expression for acceleration

d2 x
In calculus a = dt2
----------the double derivative of displacement with respect to time.

d2 x
+ 𝜔2 x = 0
dt 2
The differential equation
dv
We can also write a = dt -----derivative of velocity w.r.t. time is acceleration.

dv
⁡∴ = −𝜔2 x
dt
dv dv dx dv dx
= × =v ⁡∵ =v
dt dx dt dx dt
dv
⁡∴ v = −𝜔2 x
dx
𝑣 ⋅ dv = −𝜔2 x ⋅ dx

Integrating both sides we get

∫ ⁡ v ⋅ dv = − ∫ ⁡ 𝜔2 x ⋅ dx

v2 𝜔2 x 2
=− +C
2 2

In the above equation, when displacement is maximum, x = A and at extreme, V = O

𝜔2 A2 𝜔2 A2
O=− + C⁡ ∴ C =
2 2

Substituting, we get

v2 𝜔2 x 2 𝜔2 A2
=− +
2 2 2

v 2 = 𝜔2 ( A2 − x 2 )

Taking root on both sides, 𝑣 = ±𝜔√(𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 )⁡ expression for velocity

The ± indicates that the object can move towards positive direction or negative.

For obtaining the expression for displacement, let us consider only the magnitude of velocity v =
𝜔√(A2 − x 2 )

𝑑𝑥
= 𝜔√(𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= 𝜔𝑑𝑡
√(A2 − 𝑥 2 )

integrating both sides, we get

 𝑑𝑥
⁡∫ ⁡ = ∫ ⁡ 𝜔dt
√(A2 − x 2 )
x
sin−1 ⁡( ) = 𝜔t + 𝛼
A
⁡∴ x = Asin⁡(𝜔t + 𝛼)

here 𝛼 is the constant of integration

∴ x = 𝐴sin⁡(𝜔t + 𝛼)

expression for displacement

𝛼 is the initial phase angle called as epoch. It depends on initial condition.

13. From differential equation of linear S.H.M., obtain an expression for acceleration, velocity and
displacement of a particle performing S.H.M.(March 2019)(3)

The differential equation of linear SHM is

𝑑2 𝑥 𝑘
+ 𝑥=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚

where 𝑚 = mass of the particle performing SHM,

𝑑2 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 2
= acceleration of the particle when its displacement from the mean position is x and k = force constant.

𝑑2 𝑥 𝑘
+ 𝑥=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚
𝑘
Let 𝑚 = 𝜔2

𝑑2 𝑥
∴ + 𝜔2 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑥
∴ Acceleration, 𝑎 = 𝑑𝑡 2
= −𝜔2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The minus sign shows that the acceleration and the displacement have opposite directions. Writing 𝜈 = 𝑑𝑡
as the velocity of the particle.

𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝜈 𝑑𝜈 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜈 𝑑𝜈
𝑎= 2
= = ⋅ = ⋅𝜈 =𝜈
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Hence, Eq.(1) can be written as

𝑑𝜈
𝜈 = −𝜔2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⁡∴ 𝜈𝑑𝜈 = −𝜔2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Integrating this expression, we get

𝜈 2 −𝜔2 𝑥 2
= +𝑐
2 2

where the constant of integration C is found from a boundary condition.

 At an extreme position (a turning point of the motion), the velocity of the particle is zero. Thus, v = 0 when
𝑥 = ±𝐴, where A is the amplitude.

−𝜔2 𝐴2 𝜔2 𝐴2
⁡∴ 0 = + 𝐶⁡ ∴ 𝐶 =
2 2
𝜈 2 −𝜔2 𝑥 2 𝜔2 𝐴2
⁡∴ = +
2 2 2
⁡∴ 𝜈 2 = 𝜔2 (𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 )
⁡∴ 𝜈 = ±𝜔√𝐴2 − 𝑋 2

This euation gives the velocity of the particle in terms of the displacement, 𝑥. The velocity towards right is
taken to be positive and toward left as negative. Since, 𝜈 = 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 we can write Eq. (2) as follows :

𝑑𝑥
= 𝜔√𝐴2 − 𝑋 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
⁡∴ = 𝜔𝑑𝑡
√𝐴2 − 𝑋 2

Integrating this expression, we get,

𝑥
sin−1 ⁡( ) = 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼
𝐴

where the constant of integration, 𝛼, is found from the initial conditions, i.e., the displacement and the
velocity of the particle at time t = 0

From equation (3), we have

𝑥
= sin⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)
𝐴

∴ Displacement as a function of time is,

𝑥 = 𝐴sin⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)

14. Define epoch of S.H.M. State the factors on which the total energy of a particle performing S.H.M.
depends.(July 2019)(2)
An epoch, in physics, refers to the displacement acquired by an oscillating body when the time is, t = 0. It is
thus measured in standard length units of m or cm.

Explanation:

 The total energy of the particle is four times Its potential energy. Simple harmonic motion (SHM): It
is a type of oscillatory motion In which the restoring force is proportional to the displacement of the
system from Its average position.
 The total energy of a particle performing SHM is the sum of Its kinetic and potential energies.
 Since mass remaining parts consistent during movement, so the absolute energy relles upon the
adequacy and the time span.
 The absolute energy of a straight symphonlous oscillator is straight forwardly corresponding to the
square of Its plentlfulness.

15. At which position, the total energy of a particle executing linear S. H. M. is purely potential? (March
2020)(1)M
 The total energy of a particle is purely potential at both extreme points of its motion because, at the extreme
position, the velocity of the particle executing SHM will be zero. So, the kinetic energy of the particle becomes
zero at extreme positions and the whole energy is in the form of potential energy.

16. At which position the restoring force acting on a particle executing linear SHM is maximum? (Oct.
2021)(1)
The acceleration of the particle is maximum at the equilibrium position.

17. Derive an expression for period of a simple pendulum. (Oct. 2021)(3)

Time period T = time required to complete one oscillation.

At equilibrium T0 = mg.
For small displacement 𝜃
Restoring force = −mgsin⁡𝜃
for small 𝜃sin⁡𝜃 ≈ 𝜃
x
⇒ fe = −mg𝜃 = −mg ( )
l
fe −g
acceleration a = m = l ⋅ x
We know for SHM, 𝑎 = −𝑤 2 x
g
⇒ On comparing we get w = √
l
2Π g
∴ Time period of oscillation T = w
= 2Π√ l

18. Write the differential equation for angular S. H. M. (March 2022)(1)

d2 𝜃
+ c𝜃 = 0
dt 2

19. Define second's pendulum. Derive a formula for the length of second pendulum . ⁡(March 2022)(2)

A pendulum with the time period of oscillation equal to two seconds is known as a seconds pendulum.
OR
"A pendulum which has a time period of two seconds is called seconds' pendulum"

∴ For second's pendulum,

Ls
2 = 2𝜋√
g

Where 𝐿𝑠 is the length of seconds pendulum having period

T=2s
g
⁡∴ Ls =
p2
 This is a formula for the length of second's pendulum.

20. What is perfectly black body? (July 2022)(1)

A perfectly black body which absorbs all the energy incident on it. The coefficient of absorption of lamp
black is 98%.

21. Discuss analytically the composition of two linear SHMs having same period and along the same path.
Obtain the expression for resultant amplitude. Find the resultant amplitude when the phase difference
is:
𝝅
(i) zero radians (ii) 𝟐 radians.(July 2022)(4)
Ans. Consider a particle subjected to two linear SHMs having the same period and along same path, but of
different amplitude and initial phases. The resultant displacement at any instant is equal to the vector sum
of its displacement due to both the SHM in at that instant.
Let the two linear SHM be given by equations
𝑥4 = 𝐴1 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃1 )⁡⁡⁡⁡ (1)

𝑥2 = 𝐴2 sin⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃2 ) (2)

where, 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 are the amplitudes,

𝜑1 + 𝜑2 are initial phases angles.
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 are displacements in time ' 𝑡 '
𝜔 is same for both SHM.
The resultant displacement of two SHMs is given by

𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2

∴ ⁡𝑥 = 𝐴1 sin⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙1 ) + 𝐴2 sin⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙2 )⁡ + 𝐴2 [sin⁡cotcos2 + cos⁡cotsin⁡𝜙𝑗 ]

𝑥 = sin⁡𝜔𝑡(𝐴1 cos⁡𝜃1 + 𝐴2 cos⁡𝜙2 ) + cos𝜔t⁡(𝐴1 sin⁡𝜙1 + 𝐴2 sin⁡𝜙2 )
𝐴𝑠 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 and 𝜙1 , 𝜙2 are constant, we can combine them in terms of another constant 𝑅 and 8 .

𝑅cos⁡𝛿 = 𝐴1 cos⁡𝜙1 + 𝐴2 cos⁡𝜙2⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(4)

𝑅 sin 𝛿 = 𝐴1 sin 𝜙1 + 𝐴2 sin 𝜙2 𝜔⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(5)

Equation (3) becomes

𝑥 = sin⁡𝜔𝑡 ⋅ 𝑅cos⁡𝛿 + cos⁡𝜔𝑡 ⋅ 𝑅sin⁡𝛿

𝑥 = 𝑅(sin⁡𝜔𝑡cos⁡𝛿 + cos⁡𝜔𝑡sin⁡𝛿)
𝑥 = 𝑅 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(6)

Equation (6) is the equation of SHM of same angular frequency (i.e. same period) but amplitude 𝑅 and
initial phase⁡𝛿 . It shows the resultant motion of same period and occuring alone the same path is also
an SHM.

Expression for resultant amplitude:

Squaring and adding equations (4) and (5), we get
𝑅 2 cos2 ⁡𝛿 + 𝑅 2 sin2 ⁡𝛿
2
= (𝐴1 cos⁡𝜃1 + 𝐴2 cos⁡𝜙𝑦 ) + (𝐴1 sin⁡𝜃1 + 𝐴2 sin⁡𝜃2 )2
𝑅 2 (sin2 ⁡𝛿 + cos2 𝛿⁡)
= |𝐴1 ⁡2 cos 2 ⁡𝜃1 + 2𝐴1 𝐴2 cos⁡𝜙1 cos 2 ⁡𝜃3 + 𝐴22 cos2 ⁡𝜙2 |
+𝐴1 2 sin2 ⁡𝜃1 + 2𝐴1 𝐴2 sin⁡𝜙1 sin⁡𝜙2 + 𝐴22 sin2 ⁡𝜙2 ∣
 𝑅 2 (1) = 𝐴12 (sin2 ⁡𝜙1 + cos 2 ⁡𝜃1 )
⁡+𝐴2 ⁡2 (sin2 ⁡𝜙2 + cos2 ⁡𝜙2 )
⁡+2 A1 A2 |cos⁡𝜙1 cos⁡𝜙2 + sin⁡𝜙1 sin⁡𝜙2 |
𝑅 2 = 𝐴1 ⁡2 (1) + 𝐴2 ⁡2 (1) + 2𝐴1 𝐴2 cos⁡(𝜙1 − 𝜃2 )

𝑅 = √𝐴12 + 𝐴22 + 2𝐴1 𝐴𝑗 cos⁡(𝜙1 − 𝜙2 )⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(7)

Equation (7) represents resultant amplitude of two SHM.

Case I : If two SHMs are in phase, i.e.

|𝜑1 − 𝜑2 | = 0∘ , cos⁡(𝜙1 − 𝜙2 ) = cos⁡0 = 1

Equation (7) becomes

𝑅 = √𝐴12 + 𝐴22 + 2𝐴1 𝐴2 = √(𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )2

𝑅 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(8)

Case II: If If two SHMs are out of phase, i.e.

𝜋 𝜋
(𝜙1 − 𝜙2 ) = , cos⁡(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) = cos⁡ = 0
2 2
Equation (7) becomes

𝑅 = √𝐴12 + 𝐴22 + 2𝐴1 𝐴2 (0)

= √𝐴12 + 𝐴22 ⁡ (9)

22. State the differential equation of linear S.H.M. Hence, obtain expression for:
(a) acceleration (b) velocity.(Feb. 2023)(3)

Differential equation of linear S.H.M.

𝑑2 𝑥
+ 𝜔2 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2

where,

Expression for acceleration:

From the differential equation, we can write

By definition of linear acceleration.

𝑑 𝑑2 𝑥
a = 𝑑𝑣 = (𝑑𝑥 ) = 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑎 = ⁡ −⁡𝜔2 𝑥 (i)

Equation (i) give acceleration in linear S.H. M.

(b) Expression for vel0city:

𝑑2 𝑥
= − 𝜔2 𝑥
𝑑𝑓 3
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
( ) = −𝜔2 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= −𝜔3 𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ (𝐴𝑠⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑣 = )
𝑑! 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= −𝜔2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = −𝜔2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
v) = −𝜔2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑑𝑣 = −𝜔2 𝑥𝑑𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(𝑖𝑖)

Integrating equation (iii).

⁡∫ ⁡ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ⁡ (−𝜔2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −𝜔2 ⁡∫ ⁡ 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥

𝑣 2 −𝜔2 𝑥 2
= +𝑐
2 2

where 𝑐 is the constant of integration.

At extreme position, 𝑥 = ⁡ ±⁡𝐴⁡ and 𝑣 = 0.
Equation (iii) becomes

−𝜔2 𝐴2
0= +𝑐
2
𝜔2 𝐴2
𝑐=
2
Putting this value in equation (iii).

𝑣2 −⁡𝜔2 𝑥 2 𝜔2 𝐴2
= 2
= ⁡⁡⁡ 2
+ 2

= 𝑣 2 = 𝜔2 𝐴2 - 𝜔2 𝑥 2

= 𝑣 2 = 𝜔2 (𝐴2 - 𝑥 2 )

= 𝑣 = ± √𝐴2 − ⁡⁡ 𝑥 2

This is equation for velocity in linear S. H M

23. Define linear S.H.M obtain differential equation of linear S.H.M. (March 2020)
(3)

Linear SHM is the simplest Kind of oscillatory motion in which a body when displaced from its mean
position, oscillates 'to and fro' about mean position and the restoring force (or acceleration) is always
directed towards its mean position and its magnitude is directly proportional to the displacement from
the mean position.

Consider particle 𝑃 moving along the circumference of a circle of radius 'a' with a uniform angular
speed of 𝜔 in the anticlockwise direction.
 Refer image .1

Particle 𝑃 along the circumference of the circle has its projection particle on diameter 𝐴𝐵 at point 𝑀.
This projection particle follows linear SHM along line 𝐴𝐵 when particle P rotates around the circle.

Let the rotation start with initial angle ⁡′ 𝛼 ′ as shown above (𝑡 = 0)

In time ' 𝑡 ' the angle between OP and X-axis will become (𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼) as shown below:

Refer image 2
𝑂𝑀
Now from △ 𝑂𝑃𝑀 = 𝑂𝑃
cos⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)

𝑥
⁡⇒ = cos⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)
𝑎
⁡⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎cos⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)

Differentiating above equation with respect to time we get velocity

𝑑𝑥
⇒𝑣= = −𝑎𝜔sin⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)
𝑑𝑡

Differentiating again we get acceleration

𝑑𝑣 𝑑2 𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑎 = = − 𝑎𝜔2 cos⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
⁡= −𝑎cos⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)𝜔2
⁡= −𝜔2 𝑥
as 𝑥 = 𝑎cos⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)

Equation (1),(2) and (3) are differential equations for linear SHM.

#####Problems######
1. A body of mass 𝟏 𝐤𝐠 is made to oscillate on a spring of force constant 𝐍/𝐦. Calculate: (a) angular
frequency, (b) frequency of vibration.
[Ans. (a) 𝟒𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐬; (b) 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝐇𝐳 ] (Oct. 2013; March 2019)(2)
m = 1 kg, K = 16 N/m
𝜔 =? , n =?

We have, for S.H.M.

 𝐾
𝜔=√
𝑀

16
⁡= √
1
⁡∴ 𝜔 = 4rad/s

Also, 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑛
𝜔
⁡∴ n =
2𝜋
4 2
⁡= = 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 𝜋
2
⁡∴ n = = [log⁡(2) − log⁡(3.14)]
3.14
⁡= [0.3010 − 0.4969]
⁡= antilog⁡[1.8041]
⁡= 0.6369
⁡= 0.6369 Hz

The angular frequency of the body is 4rad/s and the frequency of vibration is 0.6369 Hz.

2. When the length of a simple pendulum is decreased by 𝐜𝐦, the period changes by 𝟏𝟎%. Find the
original length of the pendulum.[Ans. 𝟏𝟎𝟓. 𝟑 𝐜𝐦 ](Feb. 2014)(3)

L2 = L1 − 0.20
T2 = T1 − 10% T1
𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑔
⁡∴ 𝑇 ∝ √𝐿
𝑇1 𝐿1
⁡∴ =√
𝑇2 𝐿2

𝑇1 𝐿1
=√
0.9𝑇1 𝐿1 − 0.2

Squaring both side

1 𝐿1
=
0.81 𝐿1 − 0.2
L1 − 0.2 = 0.81 L1
⁡∴ L1 − 0.81 L1 = 0.2
0.19 L1 = 0.2
0.20
𝐿1 =
0.19
L1 = 1.053 m

3. The maximum velocity of a particle performing linear S.H.M. is . 𝟏𝟔 𝐦/𝐬. If its maximum acceleration is
. 𝟔𝟒 𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 , calculate its period.
[Ans. 1.57 second](Oct. 2014) (2)
 Given : 𝑣max = 0.16 m/s, 𝑎max = 0.64 m/s2 , 𝑇 = ?
We know that,
Maximum velocity, 𝑣max = 𝐴𝜔
Maximum acceleration = 𝐴𝜔2

∴ 𝜔𝐴 = 0.16

𝜔2 𝐴 = 0.64
𝜔𝐴 × 𝜔 = 0.64
0.16 × 𝜔 = 0.64 [Using the value from equation (𝑖) ]
𝜔=4
2𝜋
Now, 𝜔 = 𝑇

2𝜋
=4
𝑇
𝑇 = 2𝜋/4
⁡= 𝜋/2
⁡= 1.57sec

4. A particle in S.H.M. has a period of 2 seconds and amplitude of 𝐜𝐦. Calculate the acceleration
when it is at 𝟒 𝐜𝐦 from its positive extreme position.
[Ans. 𝟓𝟗. 𝟏𝟔 𝐜𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 ](Feb. 2015)(2)
Data: 𝑇 = 2 s, 𝐴 = 10 cm, 𝐴 − 𝑥 = 4 cm

∴ x = 10 cm − 4 cm = 6 cm

2
2𝜋 2
|𝑎| ⁡= 𝜔 𝑥 = ( ) 𝑥
𝑇
2 × 3.142 2
⁡= ( ) × 6 = (3.142)2 × 6
2
⁡= 59.24 cm/s2

5. The periodic time of a linear harmonic oscillator is 𝟐𝝅 second, with maximum displacement of
𝐜𝐦.
𝝅
If the particle starts from extreme position, find the displacement of the particle after 𝟑
seconds.[Ans. 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦 ](Oct. 2015)(2)
Data : 𝑇 = 2𝜋s, 𝐴 = 1 cm, 𝑡 = 𝜋/3
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜔= = = 1rad/s
𝑇 2𝜋
𝑥 = 𝐴cos⁡𝜔𝑡(∵ particle starts from extreme position)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1
⁡= (1)cos⁡(1 × ) = cos⁡(1 × ) = cos⁡ = cm
3 3 3 2

6. A particle performing linear S.H.M. has a period of 6.28 seconds and a pathlength of 𝐜𝐦. What is the
velocity when its displacement is 𝟔 𝐜𝐦 from mean position? [Ans. 𝟖 𝐜𝐦/𝐬 ](Feb. 2016)(2)

Given: 2𝐴 = 20 cm, 𝐴 = 10 cm, T = 6.28 s, x = 6 cm

To find: Velocity (v)
Formula : 𝑣 = 𝜔√𝐴2 − 𝑥 2
2𝜋 2×3.14
Calculation: Since, 𝜔 = 𝑇 = 6.28 = 1rad/s
 ⁡∴ v = (1)√(10)2 − (6)2
⁡= √100 − 368 cm/s

The velocity of the particle at 𝑥 = 6 cm is 8 cm/s.

7. A particle executes S.H.M. with a period of 10 seconds. Find the time in which its potential energy will
be half of its total energy.[Ans. 1.25 second](July 2016)(2)
1
Given: T = 10 s, P.E = 2 (𝑇 ⋅ 𝐸)
To find: Time (t)
Formulae:
1
a. P. E = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑥 2
2
1
b. T.E = 𝑚𝜔2 𝐴2
2
c. 𝑥 = 𝐴sin⁡𝜔𝑡

Calculation: From formula (a) and (b),

1 1 1
𝑚𝜔2 𝑥 2 = ( 𝑚𝜔2 𝐴2 )
2 2 2

(From given condition)

A
∴ ⁡x =
√2

Using formula (c), x = Asin𝜔t

𝐴
𝐴sin⁡𝜔𝑡 =
√2
1
∴ sin⁡𝜔t =
√2
1 −1
∴ 𝜔t = sin ⁡( )
√2
2𝜋 𝜋
∴ ( )t =
T 4
T 10
∴ t= =
8 8

∴ t = 1.25 s

Ans: The time In which the potential energy will be half of total energy is 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓s.

8. A clock regulated by seconds pendulum, keeps correct time. During summer, length of pendulum
increases to . 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝐦. How much will the clock gain or loose in one day? (𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖 𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 and
𝝅 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟐)[Ans. Loss, 𝟓𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝐬𝐞𝐜.](July 2017)(3)

Given: L = 1.005 m, g = 9.8 m/s2

To find: Loss in period (Δ𝑇)
𝐿
Formula: 𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑔

1.005
𝑇 = 2 × 3.14 × √
9.8
⁡= 2.012 s
 The period of a seconds pendulum is 2 second.
Hence, the given pendulum clock will lose 0.012 s in 2.012 s (during summer).
Loss in period per day

24 × 3600 × 0.012
Δ𝑇 =
2.012
Δ𝑇 = 515.3 s

The clock will gain or lose 515.3 s in one day.

9. A particle performing linear S.H.M. has maximum velocity of 𝟐𝟓 𝐜𝐦/𝐬 and maximum acceleration of
𝐜𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 . Find the amplitude and period of oscillation. (𝝅 − 𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟐)
[Ans. 𝐀 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝐜𝐦; 𝐓 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟏𝐬𝐞𝐜.] (March 2018)(2)
In S.H.M the velocity is given as
Velocity, 𝑣 = 𝐴𝑤cos⁡𝑤𝑡, where w is angular frequency and A is amplitude
Maximum velocity 𝑣𝑚 = 𝐴𝑤⁡[∴ cos⁡𝑤𝑡 = 1]
Acceleration = −𝐴𝑤 2 sin⁡𝑤𝑡
Maximum acceleration 𝑎𝑚 = |−𝐴𝑤 2 | = 𝐴𝑤 2 (∴ sin⁡𝑤 2 𝑡 = 1)

𝑎𝑚 = 100 cm/s 2 , 𝑣𝑚 = 25 cm/s

𝐴𝑤 = 25....(i)
𝐴𝑤 2 = 100
𝐴𝑤 2 100
Dividing (ii) by (i) 𝐴𝑤
= 25
𝑤=4

2≠
Time period, 𝑇 = 𝑤
2 × 3.14
=
4
𝑇 = 1.57sec
from 1wa = 25
25
a= = 6.25 cm
4

10. A simple pendulum of length 𝟏 𝐦 and mass 𝟏𝟎 𝐠 oscillates freely with amplitude 𝐜𝐦. Find its potential
energy (P.E) at the extreme position. (𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖 𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 )
[Ans. 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐉 ](July 2018)(2)

Data : L = 1 m, m = 10 g = 10 × 10−3 kg = 10−2 kg, g = 9.8 m/s 2 , 𝐴 = 2 cm = 0.02 m period and length of
𝐿
the pendulum. Let 𝑇 and 𝐿 be the final 2𝜋√𝑔

2𝜋 𝑔
∴𝜔= =√
𝑇 𝐿

At the extreme position,

1 1 𝑔
PE ⁡= 𝑚𝜔2 𝐴2 = 𝑚 × × 𝐴2
2 2 𝐿
1 9.8
⁡= × 10−2 × × (0.02)2 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐉
2 1

11. The length of the second's pendulum in a clock is increased to 4 times its initial length. Calculate the
number of oscillations completed by the new pendulum in one minute. [Ans. 15](March 2019)(2)
 Time period of a seconds' pendulum = 2sec.
ℓ
So, T = 2𝜋√g = 2sec.
Now, ℓ′ = 4ℓ
𝑙 𝑙
So, T ′ − 2𝜋√ − 2 × 2R√ − 2 × T
𝑔 𝑔
∴ ⁡T ′ = 4sec.
∴ ⁡ In 4 seconds it covers 1 oscillation
1
∴ In 1 second it will cover oscillation
4
1
∴ So, in 60 seconds ( 1 minute), it will complete × 60 = 15 oscillations
4

12. A body of mass 𝟏 𝐤𝐠 is made to oscillate on a spring of force constant 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐝𝐲𝐧𝐞/𝐜𝐦. Calculate the
magnitude of angular velocity and frequency of vibrations of the body. [Ans. 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟗 𝐇𝐳 ](July 2019)(3)
We have,

m = 1 kg, K = 16 N/m
K
𝜔 = √ for a S.H.M
m

16
⁡= √ = 4rad/s
1

Also,

𝜔 4 2
𝜔 = 2𝜋n ⇒ n = = = Hz.
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
2
⁡∴ n = = 0.6369 Hz.
3.14

The angular frequency of the body is 4rad/s and the frequency of vibration is 0.6369 Hz.

Hence, this is the answer.

13. A simple pendulum of length 𝟏 𝐦 has mass 𝐠. and oscillates freely with amplitude of 𝟓 𝐜𝐦. Calculate its
potential energy at extreme position. [Ans. 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐉 ](March 2020)(3)
Given 𝐿 = 1 m

𝑚 = 10𝑔 = 10 × 10−3 𝑔

𝑎 = 5 cm = 5 × 10−2 m

𝑙 2𝜋
We know that, 𝑡 = 2𝜋√ &𝑤 =
𝑔 𝑡

2𝜋 𝑔
⇒𝑤= =√
𝑙 𝑙
2𝜋√𝑔

At extreme position

1
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑤 2 𝑎2
2
 1 𝑔
= 𝑚 𝑎2
2 𝑙

1 10 × 10−3 × 9.8 × (5 × 10−2 )2

= ×
2 1

= 0.0001225

= 1.225 × 10−4 J

∴ Potential energy at extreme position

= 1.225 × 10−4 J

14. A particle performing linear S. H. M. has maximum velocity 𝟐𝟓 𝐜𝐦/𝐬 and maximum acceleration 𝐜𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 .
Find period of oscillation.[Ans. 1.571 second](March 2022)(2)
𝑎max 𝜔2 𝐴 100
⁡∴ = = 𝜔⁡ ∴ 𝜔 = = 4rad/s
𝑣max 𝜔𝐴 25
𝑣max 25
⁡∴ Amplitude, 𝐴 = = = 6.25 cm/s
𝜔 4
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 3.142
⁡ Period, 𝑇 = = = = = 1.571 s
𝜔 4 2 2

15. Calculate the velocity of a particle performing S.H.M. after 1 second, if its displacement is given by
𝝅𝒕
𝒙 = 𝟓𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡( 𝟑 ) 𝐦 [Ans. 𝟐. 𝟔𝟏𝟖 𝐦/𝐬 ](Feb. 2023)(1)

Given:

𝜋𝑡
x = 5sin⁡( ) m
3
t=1s
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝜋𝑡 𝜋𝑡 𝜋
⁡∴ v = = (5sin⁡( )) = 5cos⁡( ) ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 3 3 3
Put t = 1 s … (Given)
𝜋 𝜋
⁡∴ v = 5cos⁡( ) × = 2.6179 m/s
3 3