Transformation of Sentences

Affirmative to Negative:
Rule 1: Only alone এর র র র None but ঴। আর র ঵ ।
Affirmative: Only he can play good cricket.
Negative: None but he can play good cricket.
Affirmative: Only the science students can apply for the post.
Negative: None but the science students can apply for the post.
Affirmative: Only they can do the work.
Negative: None but they can do the work.
Note: র only এর র nothing but ঴। ঴র ঴ র only এর র
not more than ঴।
Affirmative: He is only four.
Negative: He is not more than four.
Affirmative: They have only two cars.
Negative: They have not more than two cars.
Rule 2: Affirmative sentence এ must ঱ negative র র ঴ম must এর র cannot but/ cannot help

঴। cannot help এর র য verb র঴ ing য র ঵ ।

Affirmative: You must yield to your fate.
Negative: You cannot but yield to your fate.
Affirmative: We must obey our parents.
Negative: We cannot but obey our parents.
Affirmative: You must care for them.
Negative: You cannot help caring for them.
Rule 3: Every Negative র ঵ ঱ every এর র There is no ঴ + every এর রর ল ঴+

but + sentence এর ল।
Affirmative: Everyone hates a terrorist.
Negative: There is no one but hates a terrorist.
Affirmative: Everybody fears a lion.
Negative: There is no body but fears a lion.
Rule 4: As soon as য sentence Negative র ঵ ঱- As soon as এর no sooner had ঴ +

Sentence এর ঴ + ঴ Sentence এর ম঱ verb এর past participle form ঴ + ঴ sentence

ল ঴ + than + ঴।
Affirmative: As soon as he saw the tiger, he ran away.
Negative: No sooner had he seen the tiger than he ran away.
Negative: No sooner had the boy seen the police than he ran away.
Affirmative: As soon as the boy saw the police, he ran away.
Rule 5: Affirmative sentence Negative র র ঴ম sentence এর Affirmative ল র Negative

঴ ঵ ।এ Negative এর not ঴ ঵ ।
Affirmative: He is a good man.
Negative: He is not a bad man.
Affirmative: Rakib is an honest boy.
Negative: Rakib is not a dishonest boy.
Affirmative: This was an extra-ordinary ship.
Negative: This was not an ordinary ship.
Rule 6: Always য Affirmative sentence Negative র ঵ ঱ Always এর র never ঴।

Affirmative ল র Negative ঴ ঵ ।
Affirmative: He was always punctual.
Negative: He was never late.
Affirmative: I always speak the truth.
Negative: I never tell a lie.
Rule 7: Too.....to য sentence Negative র ঵ ঱–

Too এর so ঴ + Too এর রর adjective/adverb ঴ + that ঴+ র subject ঴। + tense

য cannot/could not + to এর রর ল ঴।
Affirmative: He is too weak to walk.
Negative: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Affirmative: The sum was too difficult for me to work out.
Negative: The sum was so difficult for me that I could not work it out.

Exercise from Affirmative to Negative

1. No member of their family was present at the wedding.
2. All the students liked the program.
3. He is always on time.
4. We did not find the concert interesting.
5. The table is not light enough to be lifted.
6. Maya never behaved impolitely.
7. The tea is so hot that I cannot drink it.
8. The evening was so cold that we couldn‟t go out.
9. Meera insisted that she wasn‟t telling a lie.
10. Melvin didn‟t behave impolitely at the party.
Answers
1. All members of their family were absent at the wedding.
2. None of the students disliked the program. / No student disliked the program.
3. He is never late.
4. We found the concert boring.
5. The table is too heavy to be lifted.
6. Maya always behaved politely.
7. The tea is too hot for me to drink.
8. The evening was too cold for us to go out.
9. Meera insisted that she was telling the truth.
10. Melvin behaved politely at the party.

Assertive to interrogative
Rule 1: র র র঴঵য র verb য Assertive sentence interrogative এ র রর
঴ম sentence য affirmative ঵ ঵ ঱ – Auxiliary verb + n‟t + subject + ….+ ?
Note- assertive এ will, can, shall, am ঱ interrogative এ র র র ঴ম won‟t, can‟t, shan‟t, ain‟t

঵ .
Assertive – He is in the school.
Interrogative – Isn‟t he in the school?
Assertive – You can do the work.
Interrogative – Can‟t you do the work?
Rule 2: Auxiliary verb য negative Assertive sentence interrogative এ র র র ঴ম
negative য ।এ ঴঵য র verb ম ঴। ল ঳ ঴।
Assertive – He is not in the school.
Interrogative – Is he in the school?
Assertive – I shall not go to Dhaka tomorrow.
Interrogative – Shall I go to Dhaka tomorrow?
Rule 3: Auxiliary verb ঵ Assertive sentence interrogative এ র র র ঴ম –
Subject and tense য don‟t/ didn‟t/ doesn‟t ঴ + subject + verb এর base form + verb এর রর ল +?
Assertive – He played good football.
Interrogative – Didn‟t he play good football?
Assertive – She likes ice-cream.
Interrogative – Doesn‟t she like ice-cream?
Rule 4: Assertive sentence এ never ঱ ever ঵ এ nothing ঱ anything ঵ । auxiliary verb

঱ Subject and tense য মআ ঵ । ল ঳ ঴।

Assertive – You never play football.
Interrogative - Do you ever play football?
Assertive – I have nothing to do.
Interrogative – Have I anything to do?
Note – Assertive sentence এর subject এ য nothing ঵ ঱ nothing এর what ঴।
Assertive – Nothing can ruin him.
Interrogative – What can ruin him?
Rule 5: Everybody/ everyone/all য Assertive sentence interrogative এ র র র ঴ম Everybody/

everyone/all এর র who ঴ + Subject and tense য don‟t/ didn‟t/ doesn‟t ঴ + verb এর base

form + verb এর রর ল +?
Assertive – Everybody wants to win.
Interrogative – Who doesn‟t want to win?
Assertive – Everybody/All loves flowers.
Interrogative – Who doesn‟t love flower?
Rule 6: Nobody/none/no one interrogative এ র র র ঴ম –

Nobody/none/no one এর র who ঴+ ল+?

Assertive – Nobody could ever count my love for you.
Interrogative – Who could ever count my love for you?
Assertive – No one can beat him.
Interrogative – Who can beat him?
Change the following affirmative sentences into interrogative sentences.
1. She lives in Canada.
2. Meera writes plays for the television.
3. He has always wanted to be an inventor.
4. He teaches Sanskrit at a government school.
5. He wants to quit his job.
6. They launched their business last year.
7. He made a fortune when he sold his apparel business to a foreign company.
8. The mother reprimanded the boy for coming home late.
9. She put the books on the table.
10. Rahul met his ex-girlfriend at the party.
11. He borrowed 1000 dollars from his uncle.
12. Rohan broke another window yesterday.
13. The boy fed the cats.
14. He works at a multinational company.
Answers
1. Doesn’t she live in Canada?
2. Doesn’t Meera write plays for the television?
3. Hasn’t he always wanted to be an inventor?
4. Doesn’t he teach Sanskrit at a government school?
5. Doesn’t he want to quit his job?
6. Didn’t they launch their business last year?
7. Didn’t he make a fortune when he sold his apparel business to a foreign company?
8. Didn’t the mother reprimand the boy for coming home late?
9. Didn’t she put the books on the table?
10. Didn’t Rahul meet his ex-girlfriend at the party?
11. Didn’t he borrow 1000 dollars from his uncle?
12. Didn’t Rohan break another window yesterday?
13. Didn’t the boy feed the cats?
14. Doesn’t he work at a multinational company?
Complex to Simple:
Rule 1: When the subject of two clauses of a complex sentence including since/as/when is same and both
clauses have the main verb, the simple sentence will follow this formula: Verb+ing of 1st clause + the rest of the
verb + comma + subject of 1st clause + the rest.
য since/as/when ঴঵ complex sentence এর clause এর subject এ ই ঵ এ ভ clause এর main verb

, simple sentence এই formula follow র : 1st clause এর Verb+ ing + verb এর ল+

comma + 1st clause এর subject + ল।
Example:
Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Simple: Being ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Complex: As I performed very well, I got the first prize.
Simple: Performing very well, I got the first prize.
Complex: When the criminal saw the police, he ran away.
Simple: Seeing the police, the criminal ran away.
Exception:
Complex: When the chicken curry arrived, we started having lunch.
Simple: On the arrival of the chicken curry, we started having lunch.
Rule 2: When the subjects of two clauses of a complex sentence are different and have
am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had, the simple sentence will follow this rule: Eliminate the since/as/when +
replacing am/is/are/was/were use being or in place of has/have/had use having + 2nd clause.
য complex sentence এর clause এর subject ভ ঵ এ am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had ,

simple sentence এই ম follow র :

since/as/when + am/is/are/was/were এর র being has/have/had এর র having

঵র র + ২ clause ।
Example:
Complex: Since the weather was very bad, we did not start the journey.
Simple: The weather being very bad, we did not start the journey.
Complex: When the show was over, we came back home.
Simple: The show being over, we came back home.
Rule 3: When the subject of the two clauses is same, and the subordinate clause has be verb (am/ is/ are/ was/
were/ have/ has/ had), the simple sentence will follow this rule: Because of in the place of since/as + the
possessive form of subject of 1st clause + being in the place of (am/is/are/was/were) or having in the place of
(has/have/had) + the rest + comma + 2nd clause.

য clause এর subject এ ই ঵ এ subordinate clause এর be verb (am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had)

, simple sentence এই ম follow র :

since/as এর র because of+ ১ম clause এর subject এর possessive form + (am/is/are/was/were) এর

র being (has/have/had) এর র having ঵র র + comma+ ২ clause ।

Example:
Complex: Since he was ill, he could not come.
Simple: Because of being ill, he could not come.

Complex: He was loved by all as he had honesty.

Simple: He was loved by all because of his having honesty.

Rule 4: When a complex sentence has relative pronoun, the simple sentence will follow this rule: From the
beginning up to the relative pronoun will be written + the relative pronoun will be omitted+ the be verb will be
omitted + the main verb + ing + the rest.

য complex sentence এ relative pronoun , simple sentence এই ম follow র :

ম relative pronoun য ঱ ঵ + relative pronoun য + be verb য + the main

verb + ing + ল।
Example:
Complex: The doctor lived in a quarter that belonged to the hospital.
Simple: The doctor lived in a quarter belonging to the hospital.
Complex: A cow that is very strong can plow this land.
Simple: A cow being very strong can plow his land. /A strong cow can plow this land.
Complex: The students who study seriously can get good marks.
Simple: The students studying seriously can get good marks.

Rule 5: If the complex sentence has “when” which indicates estimate while transforming it into simple, when
will be omitted + subject and verb after when will be omitted + little time at/in+ season (if mentioned) + (if age
is mentioned) at the age of+ the rest.

য complex sentence এ “when” য ঴ম র রম এ simple র র ঴ম , when

য + when এর রর subject ও verb য + ঴ম at/in + season (য ) + age ঱
at the age of + ল।
Example:
Complex: When it was midnight, I was awakened by the sound of construction.
Simple: At midnight I was awakened by the sound of construction.
Complex: When it is summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.
Simple: In summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.
Complex: When he was six, he left the country.
Simple: At the age of six, he left the country.
But if the „when‟ doesn‟t mean time rather it means that something is going on, then At the time of + Verb+ ing
+ the rest.

য when ঴ম , At the time of + Verb+ ing + ল, এই

ম ঵র঵ ।

Example:
Complex: When it was raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.
Simple: At the time of raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.
When the personal subject is used in the subordinate clause, the simple sentence will use a possessive pronoun.
য subordinate clause এ personal subject ঵ , simple sentence, possessive pronoun ঵র

র।
Example:
Complex: When they were studying, the teacher came.
Simple: At the time of their studying, the teacher came.
Complex: When I was having tea, she came.
Simple: At the time of my having tea, she came.

Rule 6: To transform negative conditional complex sentence having if, into a simple form, this rule is followed:
Without+ Verb+ ing + 2ndclause.
Negative conditional complex sentence য if , simple র এই ম ঵র র ঵ : Without+
Verb+ ing + ২ clause ।
Example:
Complex: If you do not struggle in life, you cannot achieve your goal.
Simple: Without struggling in life, you cannot achieve your goal.
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.
Simple: Without studying hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.

If the clause is affirmative then by is used replacing without.

য clause affirmative ঵ , without এর র by ঵ ।
Example:
Complex: If you work hard, you will get promotion quickly.
Simple: By working hard, you will get promotion quickly.

Rule 7: If the complex sentence has “so that”, the simple sentence will follow this rule:
From beginning up to so will be written + from “so that “up to may/might/can/could will be eliminated + to +
the rest of the sentence.

য complex sentence এ “so that” , simple sentence এই ম follow র : so য

঱ ঵ + “so that “ may/might/can/could য য + to + sentence এর ল।

Example:
Complex: The student studied hard so that he could get good marks on the exam.
Simple: The student studied hard to get good marks on the exam.
Complex: The singer is trying hard so that she can get the national award.
Simple: The singer is trying hard to get the national award.
Rule 8: If the complex sentence has “so……that” form, the simple sentence will follow this rule: too will be
used in the place of so + the same thing will be placed up to that + from that up to not will be eliminated + to +
the rest.

য complex sentence এ “so……that” form , simple sentence এই ম follow র :

so এর too ঴ + that এর আ য এ ই ঴ ঴ + that not য ল য +

to + ল।
Example:
Complex: He is so sick that he cannot come.
Simple: He is too sick to come.

Rule 9: When the complex sentence has though/although, to transform it into simple form this rule will be
followed: In spite of will be used in the place of though /although + subject‟s possessive form + being in the
place of am/is/are/was/were or having in the place of has/have/had or verb+ ing + the rest + the 2nd clause.
য complex sentence এ though/although ,এ simple form এ এই ম follow র ঵ :

Though/although এর In spite of ঵র঵ + subject এর possessive form + am/is/are/was/were এর

being has/have/had এর having verb+ ing ঵র঵ + ল + ২ clause ।

Example:
Complex: Though she was sick, she worked very hard.
Simple: In spite of her being sick, she worked very hard.
Complex: Although he has a lot of books, he wants to buy more.
Simple: In spite of his having a lot of books, he wants to buy more.

Some Additional rules and exercises:

A complex sentence can be converted into a simple sentence by reducing a subordinate clause into a word or a
phrase. Study the following examples.

A complex sentence can be converted into a simple sentence by reducing a noun clause into a noun
phrase.
Complex: I know that he is an honest guy.
Simple: I know him to be an honest guy.
Complex: We could not figure out what he said.
Simple: We could not figure out the meaning of his words.
Complex: I believe that God exists.
Simple: I believe in God‟s existence.
By reducing an adjective clause
Complex: Those that are helpless deserve our pity.
Simple: The helpless deserve our pity.
Complex: The statue that is made of marble was bought from Jaipur.
Simple: The marble statue was bought from Jaipur.
Complex: We saw trees that were laden with fruits.
Simple: We saw trees laden with fruits.
By reducing an adverb clause into a phrase
Complex: They took shelter under a tree because they were driven by the rain.
Simple: Driven by the rain, they took shelter under a tree.
Complex: He lost all hope because he was deceived by his own friends.
Simple: Deceived by his own friends, he lost all hope.
Noun clauses
He admitted that he was guilty. (Complex sentence)
He admitted his guilt. (Simple sentence)
Tell me when the meeting will be held. (Complex sentence)
Tell me the time of the meeting. (Simple Sentence)
Adjective clauses
I have no money that I can lend you. (Complex sentence)
I have no money to lend you. (Simple sentence)
People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. (Complex sentence)
People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (Simple sentence)
This is the place where the meeting will be held. (Complex sentence)
This is the venue of the meeting. (Simple Sentence)
Adverb clauses
When he saw the police he ran away. (Complex sentence)
On seeing the police he ran away. (Simple sentence)
I was surprised when I saw his obstinacy. (Complex sentence)
I was surprised to see his obstinacy. (Simple sentence)