AIML MODULE-1
1) What is AI?
Definition of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that aims to create machines that
can perform tasks requiring human intelligence. These tasks include:
1️Learning – Machines acquire knowledge from data.
• Example: A self-driving car learns from past driving data to make better decisions.
2️Reasoning – Machines draw logical conclusions from information.
• Example: AI in medical diagnosis suggests treatments based on patient symptoms.
3️Problem-Solving – AI finds solutions to complex challenges.
• Example: Google Maps calculates the fastest route for navigation.
4️Perception – AI interprets sensory input from the environment.
• Example: Face recognition in smartphones uses AI to identify users.
5️Natural Language Processing (NLP) – AI understands and generates human language.
• Example: Chatbots like ChatGPT process and respond to queries in natural
language.
2) Types of Artificial Intelligence
AI is classified into three major categories based on its capabilities:
1. Weak AI (Narrow AI)
• AI designed for a specific task.
• Cannot operate beyond predefined functions.
• Examples:
Virtual Assistants (Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant)
Email spam filters (Gmail spam detection)
Recommendation systems (Netflix suggesting movies)
2. Strong AI (General AI)
• AI that can perform any intellectual task a human can do.
• Has self-awareness, reasoning, and adaptability.
• Example:
Hypothetical AI that can understand emotions, create art, and make ethical decisions.
3️. Super AI
• AI that surpasses human intelligence.
• Capable of independent thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving.
• Example:
Sci-Fi AI like Skynet (Terminator) or Jarvis (Iron Man).
3️) Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
AI is built upon multiple disciplines, each contributing essential concepts and techniques.
1. Mathematics
• Logic – Used in AI reasoning and decision-making.
• Probability & Statistics – Helps AI make predictions based on data.
• Linear Algebra – Used in Neural Networks and Deep Learning.
2. Computer Science
• Algorithms & Data Structures – Essential for AI models.
• Databases – AI uses large datasets for training.
3️. Neuroscience
• Inspired Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) used in Deep Learning.
4️. Cognitive Science
• Helps AI mimic human thinking processes.
5️. Linguistics
• Helps AI process and understand human language (NLP).
6️. Philosophy
• Explores AI ethics, consciousness, and decision-making.
4️) History of Artificial Intelligence
The evolution of AI can be traced through key milestones:
Year Event
1️95️0 Alan Turing proposes the Turing Test to assess machine intelligence.
1️95️6 John McCarthy coins the term Artificial Intelligence at the Dartmouth Conference.
1️966 First AI chatbot ELIZA is created.
1️980 Rise of Expert Systems (AI using rule-based reasoning).
1️997 IBM’s Deep Blue defeats world chess champion Garry Kasparov.
2️01️1️ IBM Watson wins the quiz show Jeopardy!
2️01️6 AlphaGo defeats human Go champion Lee Sedol.
5️) Intelligent Agents
5️.1 Agents and Environments
An agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions to achieve its goals.
Key Components of an AI Agent
Percepts – The input received from the environment. (e.g., camera, microphone)
Actions – The operations performed by the agent. (e.g., moving a robot, predicting
weather)
Environment – The world in which the agent operates.
Example: Self-Driving Car
• Percepts: Camera, radar, GPS, speedometer.
• Actions: Steering, braking, accelerating.
5️.2 Good Behavior: The Concept of Rationality
A rational agent chooses the best possible action based on:
Performance Measure – Defines success.
Percept Sequence – Information received so far.
Knowledge – The agent’s understanding of the world.
Available Actions – Possible choices.
Example:
A chess-playing AI selects the best move to maximize its winning chances.
6️) The Nature of Environments
AI operates in different types of environments, classified based on:
1. Fully Observable vs. Partially Observable
• Fully Observable – AI has complete data about the environment.
o Example: Chess (AI sees the entire board).
• Partially Observable – AI has limited information.
o Example: Self-driving car (AI cannot see beyond obstacles).
2. Deterministic vs. Stochastic
• Deterministic – The next state is completely predictable.
o Example: Chess (fixed rules).
• Stochastic – The next state involves randomness.
o Example: Poker (opponents’ cards are unknown).
3️. Episodic vs. Sequential
• Episodic – Each decision is independent.
o Example: Spam filtering.
• Sequential – Future decisions depend on past actions.
o Example: Chess.
4️. Static vs. Dynamic
• Static – The environment does not change during decision-making.
o Example: Chess.
• Dynamic – The environment changes while AI is acting.
o Example: Self-driving car.
5️. Single-Agent vs. Multi-Agent
• Single-Agent – Only one agent acts.
o Example: Sudoku solver.
• Multi-Agent – Multiple agents interact.
o Example: Multiplayer games, Stock market.
7) The Structure of AI Agents
An AI agent consists of three key components:
Perception – Collects data from the environment (e.g., sensors, cameras).
Reasoning & Decision-Making – Determines the best action using AI techniques.
Actuators – Executes actions in the environment (e.g., robot arms, steering).
Types of AI Agents
1. Simple Reflex Agents
• Directly react to percepts based on rules.
• Example: A thermostat turning on/off based on temperature.
2. Model-Based Reflex Agents
• Maintain an internal model of the world.
• Example: Self-driving car predicting pedestrians’ movement.
3️. Goal-Based Agents
• Take actions to achieve a goal.
• Example: Google Maps finding the shortest route.
4️. Utility-Based Agents
• Choose actions based on utility functions (maximizing efficiency).
• Example: AI stock trading bot selecting profitable stocks.
5️. Learning Agents
• Improve performance over time using Machine Learning.
• Example: Chatbots like ChatGPT learning from user interactions.
