GE3271– ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY

(ELECTRICAL MANUAL)
I-Year-II Sem
Academic Year: 2024-2025
Batch: 2024 - 2028

RECORD NOTE-BOOK

NAME :
REG NO. :
YEAR :
SECTION :
 JEPPIAAR EDUCATIONAL TRUST
JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI – 600 119

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is a Certified Bonafide Record book of

Register No: submitted for the

Anna University Practical Examination held on in

GE3271– ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY during the

academic year 2024-2025.

Signature of the Lab in charge Signature of the HOD

DATE : INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 INDEX
Page No Date of
[Link] Date LIST OF EXPERIMENTS Marks Sign
Submission
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Ex. No: 1 INTRODUCTION TO SWITCHES, FUSES, INDICATORS AND LAMPS -

BASIC SWITCH BOARD WIRING WITH LAMP, FAN AND THREE PIN
SOCKET
Date :
AIM
To set up a model house wiring using switches, fuses, indicators and lamps - Basic switch
board wiring with lamp, fan and three pin socket.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No Description Range / Size Quantity
1. One way Switch 230V / 5A 1
2. Lamp 230V / 60W 1
3. PVC box 6” x 4” 1
4. PVC pipe As req.

5. Copper wire As req.

6. Lamp Holder 230V / 5A 1

7. PVC bends, clamps and screws As req.

8. PVC Junction box 1 way 1

9. Fuse Unit 230V / 5A 1
10. 1ɸ Energy meter 230V / 16A 1
11. Indicator 230V 1
PRECAUTIONS
1. Ensure that power is switched off, before the connections are being made.
2. Live wire should always be controlled with switch.
3. Don’t use neon tester as screw driver.
4. Joints in wire are made with proper insulation.
PROCEDURE
1. Layout of the given circuit diagram was drawn on the circuit board.
2. Given electrical accessories like switch, fuse, indicator and energy meter were fixed with the
help of screws.
3. Given electrical accessories were connected by using copper wire.
4. Connections were checked before giving supply.
5. Performance of the given model house wiring was tested.

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CONNECTION DIAGRAM

RESULT
Thus the set-up of model house wiring using switch, fuse, and indicator and energy meter
was completed successfully and was tested with a lamp.
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Ex. No.: 2 STAIRCASE WIRING

Date :

AIM
To set up a staircase wiring, to control a lamp.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No Description Range / Size Quantity
1. Two way Switch 230V / 5A 2
2. Lamp 230V / 60W 1
3. PVC box 4” x 4” 2
4. PVC pipe As req.

5. Copper wire As req.

6. Lamp holder 230V / 5A 1

7. PVC bends, clamps and screws As req.

8. PVC junction box 3 way 1

CONNECTION DIAGRAM

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TRUTH TABLE

Switch - 1 Switch - 2 Lamp Condition

ON ON OFF

ON OFF ON

OFF ON ON

OFF OFF OFF

PRECAUTIONS
1. Live wire should always be controlled with switch.
2. Don’t use neon tester as screw driver.
3. Joints in wire are made with proper insulation.
PROCEDURE
1. Layout of the given circuit diagram was drawn on the circuit board.
2. By using drilling machine, necessary materials were fixed in the layout board.
3. One end of the lamp holder was connected to neutral point and another point was connected at
the centre of the two-way switch B.
4. The centre of the switch A was connected to the phase line.
5. The point 1 of switch A was connected to point 3 of A was connected to 1 of B.
6. The given lamp was fixed on the lamp holders.
7. Controlling the switches, the circuit was checked and the results were tabulated.

RESULT

Thus the set up of staircase wiring was constructed, tested and the results were tabulated
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Ex. No.: 3 FLOURESCENT LAMP WIRING WITH INTRODUCTION

TO CFL AND LED TYPES
Date :

AIM
To set up a fluorescent lamp, LED wiring, controlled by a switch.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No. Description Range / Size Quantity
1. One way Switch 230V / 5A 1
2. Fluorescent Lamp 230V / 60W 1
3. LED light 220V/12W 1
3. Choke - 1
4. Tube base 4 feet 1
5. Copper wire As req.
6. Starter Glow type 1
7. Screws As req.

8. Tube side holder - 2

9. Starter holder - 1

PRECAUTIONS
1. Live wire should always be controlled with switch.
2. Don’t use neon tester as screw driver.
3. Joints in wire are made with proper insulation.
PROCEDURE
1. Layout of the given circuit diagram was drawn on the circuit board.
2. Fluorescent tube accessories like starter holder, holder for tube and choke were fitted in the
tube base with the help of screws.
3. Finally the tube was fixed in the tube holder.
4. Supply was given to the circuit and the glow of lamp was identified after fine adjustment of
the lamp.
5. For connecting LED type light, connect directly with supply line.

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CONNECTION DIAGRAM FOR FLOURESCENT LAMP

STARTER

TUBE

CHOKE

5A FUSE

NL
SWITCH

1 
AC Supply
230V, 50Hz
P N

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Introduction to Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) Bulbs:

 CFL Bulbs are commonly known for their energy efficiency that consumes less electricity
and ultimately reduces overall spending on electricity, than the traditional incandescent
bulbs. So these bulbs are curled up.

Fig. CFL lamp.

 These are available in two types in the lighting market:
o Screw-in
o Plug-in
 Compact Fluorescent Lamp, has two main parts, i.e. gas-filled tube and ballast, which is
either magnetic or electronic.
 CFLs with magnetic ballast, usually flicker at the time of start.
 Normally, they are available in spiral or helical design. They are made up of glass tube,
which contains gases including mercury and argon.
 Fluorescent Material is used to smear the glass tube from within.
 As soon as the switch is on, current flows from the ballast, electrons are produced that
electrifies the gases present in the tube that releases ultraviolet radiation.
 As a result of which the coating inside the tube is induced, that emits light.
 Hence, the process takes a certain amount of time which is why CFL bulbs take time to
lighten up completely.
 When compared to an incandescent bulb, the amount of light produced by a 15W CFL
bulb is equal to the 60 incandescent bulbs, which is nearly 60 lumens per watt. Also, these
bulbs can be recycled, as they contain mercury, instead of throwing after usage.
Introduction toLED:
 A light-emitting diode (LED) is basically a semiconductor device that transmits light when
an electric current is given into it.
 Light is displayed when the particles that take the current (known as electrons and holes)
mix with the semiconductor material.

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Different Typesof LED

1. Through-Hole LEDs: ( Types of LED )

Fig.: Through Hole LED

 These types of LEDs are found in different shapes and sizes and the most common LEDs
are 3mm, 5mm and 8mm LEDs.
 These LEDs are available in different colors like Red, Blue, Yellow, Green, White, etc.

2. Surface Mount LEDs: ( Types of LED )

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SMD
 Surface Mount or SMD LEDs are the special types of LEDs that can be simply mounted
on the surfaces like PCB and general-purpose boards.

3. Bi-Color LEDs: (Types of LED )

Bi Color LED
 The next type of LEDs are Bi-color LEDs. As the name implies, they can transmit two
colors.
 Bi-color LEDs have three leads, in which there are two anodes and one is a common
cathode. Depending on the order of the leads, the color will be formed.

4. RGB LED: (Types of LED )

 RGB LEDs are the most beloved and most stylish LEDs among hobbyists.
 Even computer builds are very popular for performing RGB LEDs in computer cases,
motherboards, RAMs, etc. RGB LED includes three LEDs on a single chip and by a
method called PWM (Pulse Width Modulation), we can control the output of the RGB
LED to produce a wide range of colors.

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5. High-Power LEDs: (Types of LED)

Fig. High Power LED

 The LEDs having a power rating of more than or 1 Watt is called a High Power LED. This
is because conventional LEDs have a power dissipation of few mill watts.
 High Power LEDs are very radiant and are often used in Flashlights, Automobile
Headlamps, Spotlights, etc.
 Since the power dissipation of High – power LEDs is large, a decent cooling and method
of heat sinks are required. Also, the input power needed for these LEDs will be usually
very high

RESULT:
Thus the set-up of fluorescent lamp, LED light wiring was completed and tested
successfully.

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Ex. No.: 4 ENERGY METER WIRING AND RELATED CALCULATIONS

CALIBRATION
DATE :

AIM
To measure the energy consumed by an electrical load using single phase energy meter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No Description Range / Size Type Quantity

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1

2. Ammeter (0-200)mA MI 1

3. Resistance Load 5kW / 230V - 1

4. 1ɸ Energy meter 230V, 20A - 1

5. Copper Wire 1/18 - As req.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Ensure that power is switched off, before the connections are being made.
2. Live wire should always be controlled with switch.
3. Don’t use neon tester as screw driver.
4. Joints in wire are made with proper insulation.
5. When starting an auto transformer, it should be in minimum position.
FORMULA USED

1. Theoretical Energy Consumption = in kWh

2. Practical Energy Consumption = in kWh

Where,
V – Voltage in volt
I – Current in ampere
t – Time in seconds

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CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

TABULATION

Meter Constant = Fixed Constant Revolution =

Time taken for 10 Theoretical Energy Actual Energy

Sl. Voltage Current
revolutions Consumption Consumption
No (V) (A)
(sec) (kwh) (kwh)

PROCEDURE
1. Connection was made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Proper connection was checked before giving the supply.
3. After that, load was gradually increased by using taping switches and corresponding
voltmeter, ammeter and energy meter disc revolutions were noted.
4. After successful completion of the experiment, the applied load was gradually reduced.
5. Finally, power supply switch was switched off and the circuit was disconnected.

RESULT
Thus the measurement of energy using single phase energy meter for different load
conditions was calculated successfully.

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Ex. No.: 5 STUDY OF IRON BOX WIRING AND ASSEMBLY

Date :

AIM:

To study of Iron Box wiring and assembly with its working principle.

REQUIREMENTS:

1. Iron box
2. Tools

THEORY:
 The colours of three wires in a cable connected to the plug of an electric iron are:
o Live wire - red
o Neutral wire - black
o Earth wire - green
 The electric wiring in houses, shops, or factories has three wires: live, neutral and earth.
The first two carry electric current from the power station and the third is earthed by
connecting it to the earth through a metal wire called 'Earth Wire'.
 To avoid confusion between these three wires, we follow different colour code to insulate
these wires. This colour coding of wires helps us to connect the switches, plugs and other
electrical components through the appropriate wire in the home wiring circuit.
 The red wire is the live wire, the black wire is neutral and the earth wire is
given green insulation.

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Fig: Wiring diagram of iron box

RESULT:
The iron box wiring and assembly has been studied.

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Ex. No. 6 (i) STUDY OF FAN REGULATOR (RESISTOR TYPE)

Date:

AIM:
To study the electronic type using Diac/Triac type fan regulator.

REQUIREMENTS:
1. AC Power supply
2. Fan
3. Resistor by regulator
4. Electronic type regulator

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

THEORY:

 A fan is probably one of the most used household electrical appliances in the world but
they are also used extensively for thermal management.
 Before we dive into what regulates and controls fans, we shall first look at the fan itself
and understand how its speed is controlled.
 Regulators are devices that are used to control the speed of the fan. Today, electronic
regulators are used everywhere and it’s hard to find conventional regulators being used.
Let’s see why.
 The conventional type, also called the resistor type regulator is a basic potential divider
circuit as shown below.
 As we go on changing the position of the knob from 1 to 5, the series resistance keeps on
decreasing and hence the voltage applied to the fan increases and so does the speed.

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 But in this type of regulator, the energy we save in running the fan at slower speeds is lost
in heating up the resistors.
 This damages the regulator over a period of time and hence they aren’t reliable.
 Also, they are bulky.

RESULT:
Thus the resistor type regulator of fan has been studied.

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Ex. No. 6 (ii) STUDY OF FAN REGULATOR (ELECTRONIC TYPE) USING

DIAC/TRIAC/QUADRAC
Date:
AIM:
To study the electronic type using Diac/Triac type fan regulator.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. AC Power supply
2. Fan
3. Resistor by regulator
4. Electronic type regulator
THEORY:
 Today, we use smaller electronic regulators which consist of power semiconductor devices
- mainly the TRIAC and the DIAC.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (of voltage regulator using triac, diac)

COMPONENTS:
TRIAC:

 A TRIAC is a three terminal semi-controlled power semiconductor device which conducts

current in both the directions when triggered. The trigger pulse is given to the gate
terminal (G) of the device.
DIAC

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 A DIAC is a two terminal uncontrolled power semiconductor device which conducts

current in both the directions when the voltage across the device crosses a certain
threshold level called the breakdown voltage (VBR).

Operation of the Electronic Voltage Regulator Circuit

 Consider the positive half cycle of the supply.
 As the TRIAC is not yet triggered, it remains off condition and the voltage across the fan
is zero.
 And hence the current flows through the resistor capacitor branch and charges the
capacitor.
 Once the capacitor is sufficiently charged enough such that the voltage across the DIAC
crosses its breakdown voltage level (VBR), it conducts triggering the TRIAC and turning it
on and now, the supply voltage appears across the fan.
 The same thing happens even in the negative half cycle.
 As the voltage doesn’t appear across the fan for the complete cycle, the RMS value of the
voltage across the fan decreases and hence its speed reduces.

 The RMS voltage across the fan depends on 𝖺, which is the time taken by the capacitor to
charge up to the voltage VBR.
 This depends on the time constant (R*C) of the resistor capacitor branch.
 As we decrease the value of the resistance R, the time constant decreases which results in
the decrease in 𝖺 which in turn increases the RMS value of the voltage across the fan and
hence increasing the speed and vice versa.
 Therefore, by varying the resistance R, we can control the speed of the fan using the
electronic regulator.
 In the case of electronic regulators, the loss of energy as heat through resistors is much
less as only a very small current flows through them.
 Also, they are small and compact and have a quicker response time, making them more
widely used.

Result:
Thus the electronic type using Diac/Triac type fan regulator has been studied.
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Ex. No. 7 (i): STUDY OF WATER HEATER WIRING

Date :

AIM:
To Study of Water heater

REQUIREMENTS:
1. AC Power supply
2. Water heater
THEORY:
 An electric heater is an instrument that converts electrical energy into heat energy.
 The connection diagrams show the connections used in geysers.
 Electric heaters come with very useful during the winter seasons for water heating, room heating,
and many other applications.
 Heaters are wired with the objective of proper heating, safety, automatically, on, off, etc.
 It will helps to find out the internal fault in a water heater system and is easy to repair.
 There are two types of water heater systems mostly used –
1. Single Element Water Heater and
2. Double Element Water Heater.
 Single Element water heaters are those which use a single heating element for heating.
 The double-element water heaters are those which use two heating elements for heating.
 Most of the water heaters come with a thermostat connection.
 A thermostat is a device that allows to turn on or turn off the heating element automatically.
 Also, we can set the temperature according to our requirements.
 So, here we will see the thermostat connection also.

Upper Thermostat Lower Thermostat

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There are two types of thermostats used in a double-element water heater system - Upper Thermostat and
Lower Thermostat.
 The upper thermostat has a total of five terminals for its connection and the lower thermostat has a
total of two terminals for its connection.
 The terminal diagram of the upper and lower thermostat are shown in the diagram.
SINGLE ELEMENT WATER HEATER WIRING DIAGRAM AND CONNECTION
The figure shows the connection diagram of the single-element water heater.

PROCEDURE TO WIRE A WATER HEATER

1. Connect the upper right side terminal to the phase terminal of the power supply.

2. Connect the upper left side terminal to the neutral terminal of the power supply.

3. Connect the lower right side terminal to the phase terminal of the heating element.

4. Connect the lower left side terminal of the thermostat to the neutral terminal of the heating element.

 Remember that a single element water heater can be operated at 120V or 230V AC Supply.
 Also, note that the thermostat used in a single element water heater system is different from the
thermostat used in a double element water heater system.

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Double Element Water Heater Connection Diagram with Thermostat

The figure shows the connection diagram of the double element water heater system with
thermostat.

Connection Procedure

1. Connect the upper right side terminal of the upper thermostat to the phase terminal of the power supply.
2. Connect the upper left side terminal of the upper thermostat to the neutral terminal of the power supply.
3. Connect the upper right middle terminal of the upper thermostat to the phase terminal of the upper
heating element.
4. Connect the lower left side terminal of the upper thermostat to the neutral terminal of the upper heating
element.
5. Connect the phase terminal of the lower heating element to the upper right middle terminal of the upper
thermostat.
6. Connect the neutral of the lower heating element to the lower right side terminal of the upper thermostat
through the lower thermostat as shown in the above figure.

RESULT:
Thus the water heater has been studied.

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Ex. No. 7 (ii): STUDY OF EMERGENCY LAMP WIRING

Date:

AIM:

To study of emergency lamp wiring with its working principle.

REQUIREMENTS:

1. Variable resistor
2. Resistors – 10kΩ, 33kΩ / 1W
3. White LED – 1 Watt
4. Battery 12 v
5. Transistors – BD140 and BD139
6. Switch
7. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

THEORY:

 Definition: An emergency light is used to automatically turn ON a lamp which is operated

by a battery.
 It stops the user from being into a difficult situation because of unexpected darkness and
helps the user to get access to make an instantaneous emergency light.
 Emergency lights are connected to the electrical supply of the building.
 Each light has its own circuit.
 These lights include a battery so that it works like a backup power supply once the
building loses its power supply.
 Here, the lifespan of a battery is short when we compare it with other kinds of lighting
systems.
 So all the emergency lights must be checked to make sure the battery can give emergency
light for a minimum of 90 minutes.
 These tests are necessary to check the performance of the battery every six months with
professionals.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. Emergency Light Circuit using 12v Battery

OPERATION OF EMERGENCY LIGHT
 The DIY emergency light can be designed in a step by step process like the following.
 The required components of the 12v emergency light circuit diagram mainly
include LDR, 50K VR, 10K Resistor, BD139 & BD140 transistor, 33ohm resistor, and
white LED and 12V battery.
 Connect the circuit on the breadboard as per the diagram shown below using the above
components.
 In this circuit, the LDR based light will activate a high watt white LED once there is
dark in the room.
 It can be used as a simple lamp in the children’s room to keep away from the panic
condition once the power gets fail. This circuit gives sufficient light in the room.
 The design of this circuit is very easy so that it can be arranged in a little box.
 As a power source, a 12 V small battery is used to provide the supply to the circuit.
 The transistors like T1 & T2 are used as electronic switches for switching ON/OFF the
white LEDs.
 When there is enough light within the room, then LDR activates so that the base
terminal of the T1 transistor will become high.
 The remaining transistor-like T2 also Turns off as its base terminal is grounded.
 In this condition, the white LED will turn off. Once the light dropping over the LDR
decreases, then the T1 transistor in forwarding bias will provide base current to
transistor ‘T2’.
 This ‘T2’ transistor will turn on to make the white LED ON.

 Here, the LED is 1 watt high bright Luxeon diode.

 It uses approximately 300 mA current.
 So it is better to turn off the lamp to save the power in a battery after a few minutes
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Applications of Emergency Light

The applications of these lights include the following.
 Emergency lights are used where the light turns on automatically when the
powersupply gets off.
 These are used as emergency lamps in buildings, homes, workplaces, study rooms
inorder to keep away from unexpected power failures.
 These lights are used in several industries

RESULT:
The emergency light circuit is studied and observed the operating principles along with its
application.

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