Bangladesh University of

Engineering and Technology

Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering

Course No: MME 202

Course Title: Professional Development and Communication Skills

Eassy on
Nano-Technology
Its History, Its Basic Manufacturing processes, Six Examples of Nano-Technology,
Advantages and Disadvantages and Future of Nano-Technology

Submitted To
Dr. Mahbub Hasan
Professor, Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology

Submitted By
Md Tasinur Rahman - 2211013 2211016 - Md Sohanur Rahman
Md Fahim Shariar - 2211014 2211017 - Md Sifatul Islam
Md Razin Zahir - 2211015 2211018 - Samiha Tahsin

Department: MME
Section: A1
Group: 3
Level - 2, Term - 1
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology involves the synthesis and manipulation of matter with at least one dimension
in nanoscale (from 1 to 100 nanometers). At this scale, the quantum mechanical effects and
surface area become important in order to describe the properties of a matter. Nanotechnology
has widespread applications in fields, like nanomedicine, nano-electronics, agriculture sector,
etc.

Thought the term nanotechnology was not coined yet, nanotechnology take its roots from
concepts that were discussed by Richard Feynman in his famous lecture “There’s Plenty of
Room at the Bottom”.

The reason why nanotechnology is so interesting is its efficiency. Since it is in the nanoscale,
the matter/components can be built more precisely for the job at hand. For example, the
component can be built to better absorb and distribute energy, redirect applied force or stress
along a particular direction, better heat dissipation and lower energy consumption for electronic
components.

History of nanotechnology
Human civilization has been employing nanotechnology for thousands of years without
realizing it. The term nanotechnology wasn’t coined until much later, in 1974 by Norio
Taniguchi, 15 years from when Feynman delivered his lecture “There’s Plenty of Room at the
Bottom” at Caltech.
Some primitive examples of nanotechnology are:
• Damascus steel: Experimentation and research on the material has revealed that it
consists of cementite nanowire. This reenforces the steel highly to make it quite hard and
yet not brittle. Damascus steel is a steel alloy from around 500 AD. What’s fascinating is
it is still unknown how Damascus steel was manufactured.
• Glittering effect in pottery from nineth century Mesopotamia, as well as medieval
times: The artisans employed the use of different metal nanoparticles (mainly gold
nanoparticle) to add a glittery effect on the surface of their pottery.
• Stained glass: In medieval Europe, the artists employed different percent composition of
gold nanoparticles in glass for diffraction of light at different wavelength (causing it to
have different shades and colors) to make stained glass, which they used to make beautiful
windows and doors.

Genesis of Nanotechnology:
Modern nanotechnology took birth from the interesting concepts and theories discussed by
Richard Feynman in his famous lecture “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, at an
“American Physical Society” meeting, held at Caltech on 19 December 1959. There he
discussed different concepts on how each individual atoms and molecules in a matter or a
component can be manipulated to achieve a desired characteristic. He also discussed how in
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that scale, certain factors would affect the properties less, and other factors would affect it
more, which is not typically observed in the macroscale. For example, gravity would be less
important, on the other hand forces like Vander Waal’s force and surface tension would become
more prominent. Practical use of modern nanotechnology was first achieved due to 2
breakthroughs in the 80s: invention of scanning tunneling microscope, and discovery of
fullerene.

Basic Manufacturing Processes

Nanotechnology completely changed science and engineering as it has made it possible to
manipulate matter at the nanoscale, which is usually between 1 and 100 nanometers. Materials
frequently display distinct physical, chemical, and biological characteristics at this scale that
are quite different from those of their bulk counterparts. The ability to create structures and
devices with nanoscale accuracy is the cornerstone of nanotechnology, and it may be
accomplished via two main manufacturing techniques: top-down and bottom-up methods. The
methods used to make nanomaterials are fundamentally different in these approaches: either
atoms and molecules are assembled into desired forms, or bigger structures are reduced to
nanoscale components.

1. Top-down Method:
In nanotechnology, top-down approaches begin with bulk materials and use mechanical or
physical means to break them down into tiny structures. Because of their accuracy and
suitability for current industrial processes, these methods are extensively employed in
manufacturing, materials research, and microelectronics. Four approaches stand out among the
numerous others due to their efficacy and wide range of use:

• Photolithography
• Ball milling
• Laser ablation
• Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling

i) Photolithography:
Photolithography is a widely used lithographic technique that relies on the interaction of light
and photosensitive materials to define patterns on a substrate. It is used in large-scale mass
manufacturing of Si-based devices down to several tens of nanometers and in the
semiconductor industry. It has also been used in functional oxides to prepare prototype devices,
such as field effect transistors and magnetic oxide tunneling junctions.

ii) Ball Milling:

Ball milling is an economical and simple top-down technique for producing nanosized
materials. It involves the mechanical breakdown of bulk substances into nanoparticles and is
commonly used for synthesizing both metallic and ceramic nanomaterials.
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The principle behind ball milling is ancient. A ball mill functions as a grinder, blending
materials through grinding or crushing. Its operation relies on impact and attrition—particles
are broken down as grinding balls drop from the top of the rotating shell, reducing the material
to nanoscale sizes.
iii) Laser Ablation:
Laser ablation is a method used to create nanoparticles by focusing a high-energy laser on a
solid material. The process is fast and clean, producing high-purity nanoparticles like quantum
dots, carbon nanotubes, and nanowires. The laser rapidly heats and vaporizes the surface,
forming a hot plasma plume made of atoms and particles. As this plume cools down,
nanoparticles begin to form. The process does not need extra chemicals, making it clean and
efficient.

iv) Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Milling:

Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling is an exact nanofabrication method that employs a narrowly
focused stream of energetic ions, usually gallium (Ga⁺) to eliminate material from the surface
of a sample. The ion beam is produced by a liquid metal ion source and aimed at the sample,
where it causes sputtering and ion implantation, enabling precise etching at the nanometer
level.

FIB milling is widely used for applications such as sample preparation for Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM), microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication, and the
creation of complex nanostructures.

2) Bottom-up Method:
Bottom-up methods in nanotechnology involve building materials and structures from the
atomic or molecular level. Unlike top-down approaches that break down bulk materials,
bottom-up techniques assemble nanoparticles through chemical reactions, self-organization, or
controlled growth. These methods often lead to more uniform and high-purity nanostructures.
Some of the approached are:

• Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)

• Sol-Gel Process
• Hydrothermal or Solvothermal Synthesis

i) Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD):

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) is a commonly utilized bottom-up technique for generating
high-quality thin films and nanomaterials. During this process, gaseous chemical precursors
are introduced into a reaction chamber where they undergo reactions or decompose on a heated
substrate surface. This process results in the creation of a solid substance that accumulates atom
by atom on the surface, forming a thin, even layer or nanostructure. The technique enables
accurate regulation of the material's thickness, makeup, and configuration.
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CVD is frequently utilized in the production of semiconductors, solar cells, sensors, and
protective coatings. It is particularly crucial in the electronics sector for manufacturing
substances such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and carbon nanotubes. Types of CVD include
Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PECVD) and Metal-Organic CVD (MOCVD).
ii) Sol-Gel Process:
A more chemical (wet chemical) technique for creating different nanostructures, particularly
metal oxide nanoparticles, is the sol-gel process. This process involves dissolving the
molecular precursor (often metal alkoxide) in water or alcohol, boiling it, and stirring it to turn
it into gel through hydrolysis or alcoholysis.

The sol gradually transforms into a gel - a solid network containing both liquid and solid
phases. This gel can then be dried and heat-treated to form nanoparticles, thin films, or porous
structures

iii) Hydrothermal or Solvothermal Synthesis:

Hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis involve performing chemical reactions in sealed
vessels under high temperature and pressure, using water (hydrothermal) or organic solvents
(solvothermal) as the reaction medium. They allow for precise control over the size, shape, and
crystallinity of the resulting nanoparticles by adjusting parameters like temperature, pressure,
solvent type, and the presence of surfactants.

It is especially effective for producing nanostructures like quantum dots, nanorods, nanowires,
and metal oxide nanoparticles (such as TiO₂, ZnO, and Fe₃O₄).

Examples of Nano-Technology

1. Nanomedicine

Nanomedicine means using nanomaterials to solve problems in medicine. These materials are
so small that they can enter our blood, tissues, and even cells. With the help of nanotechnology,
doctors can now treat diseases in better and smarter ways. Here are some amazing examples of
how nanomaterials are used in medicine:

One well-known example is the use of gold nanoparticles in cancer treatment. These tiny
particles can carry cancer-fighting drugs directly to the cancer cells. This means healthy cells
are not harmed, which reduces side effects. Sometimes, gold nanoparticles are also used to heat
and kill cancer cells by shining light on them a method called photothermal therapy.

Another useful material is liposomes, which are nanosized bubbles made from fat. They are
used to carry medicines for diseases like fungal infections and cancer. They protect the
medicine inside them until it reaches the right place in the body.

Silver nanoparticles are also very common in medicine. They are used in wound dressings,
creams, and coatings for medical tools because they kill bacteria and help wounds heal faster.
This is very helpful in hospitals where infections are a big risk.
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Iron oxide nanoparticles are used for better imaging in MRI scans. They make it easier for
doctors to see inside the body and detect diseases early, like tumors or blocked blood vessels.

In short, nanomedicine has many uses:

• It helps deliver medicine exactly where needed.

• It reduces harmful side effects.
• It helps in faster healing and better imaging.
• It also supports early detection of diseases.

Nanomedicine is still growing, and in the future, it may help us fight many more diseases like
Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and even viruses. It is one of the most exciting uses of nanomaterials
today.

2. Nanoelectronics

Nanoelectronics means using nanomaterials and nanotechnology to build electronic devices.

These devices are much smaller, faster, and more powerful than traditional electronics. Today,
nanoelectronics is used in almost everything from smartphones to smartwatches, computers to
robots, and even in artificial intelligence (AI). It is one of the most exciting areas where
nanomaterials are bringing huge changes.

One of the best examples is the invention of modern computer processors. Companies like
Intel, AMD, and Apple are now making chips with transistors as small as 3 nanometers.
These tiny transistors are made using advanced nanomaterials like silicon nanowires and
carbon nanotubes. A smaller transistor means more of them can be packed into one chip, which
increases speed and reduces power use.

Apple’s M1 and M2 chips, built using nano-level technology, are great examples. These chips
are used in MacBooks and iPads. They are faster, cooler, and more energy-efficient than older
processors. They show how nanoelectronics is making better-performing devices for everyday
use.

Another amazing example is in AI chips. Chips like NVIDIA’s H100 Tensor Core GPU are
made using nanoelectronics techniques. These chips are specially designed to handle machine
learning and deep learning tasks. They are used in self-driving cars, robots, and large language
models like ChatGPT. These chips need to process huge amounts of data, and thanks to
nanotechnology, they can do this very quickly while using less power.

Nanoelectronics is also helping in battery technology. New types of nanomaterial-based

batteries charge faster and last longer. This is very important for smartphones, electric cars,
and even space missions.

There are other cool uses too:

1. Flexible displays and wearable electronics that can bend and still work.
2. Quantum dots used in high-quality TV screens for brighter and clearer images.
3. Nanoscale sensors in electronic devices that improve touch and facial recognition.
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In short, nanoelectronics is changing the way we live. It is making technology faster, lighter,
and smarter, all while using less energy. This shows the great power of nanomaterials in
shaping the future of electronics.

3. Nanosensors

Nanosensors are very small devices made using nanomaterials that can detect changes in the
environment, body, or machines. Even though they are super tiny, they can sense things like
gases, chemicals, temperature, or even viruses. These sensors are much more sensitive, faster,
and more accurate than normal sensors.

One amazing example is in medical diagnosis. Nanosensors can detect diseases like cancer or
diabetes at a very early stage by checking just a drop of blood or breath. For example, carbon
nanotube-based sensors can find cancer markers in the blood long before any symptoms
appear. This helps in starting treatment earlier and saving lives.

Nanosensors are also used in COVID-19 detection kits. During the pandemic, scientists
developed nanosensors that could detect the virus in minutes. These were faster and cheaper
than normal lab tests.

In environmental monitoring, nanosensors are used to check air and water quality. Silver or
zinc oxide nanoparticles can detect harmful gases like carbon monoxide or nitrogen dioxide
in the air. This is helpful in cities and factories to keep people safe from pollution.

In smart agriculture, nanosensors are placed in the soil to measure moisture, nutrients, and
temperature. Farmers get real-time information and can water or fertilize the plants at the right
time. This improves crop growth and saves resources.

Nanosensors are also being used in food safety. They can detect bacteria, spoilage, or harmful
chemicals in packaged food. Some food packets now even come with nano-labels that change
color if the food is no longer safe to eat.

And in military and security, nanosensors are used to detect explosives, drugs, or dangerous
chemicals. These sensors can be worn by soldiers or placed in public areas for extra safety.

To sum up, nanosensors may be small, but they are extremely powerful. They help in
healthcare, farming, safety, and the environment. With nanomaterials, sensors are becoming
smarter and more useful every day.

4. Nanophotonics

Nanophotonics, also known as nano-optics, studies the behavior of light on the nanometer scale
and the interaction of nanometer-scale objects with light. It merges principles from optics,
nanotechnology, and quantum mechanics. One of the core components of nanophotonics is the
ability to confine light to dimensions smaller than its wavelength, enabling unprecedented
control over its properties.

Nanophotonics has revolutionized fields such as optical computing, telecommunications, and

biomedical imaging. For example, photonic crystals and plasmonic nanoparticles are used to
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guide and manipulate light with extreme precision. These technologies are crucial in
developing ultrafast data transmission, more efficient solar cells, and highly sensitive
biosensors.

A key innovation in nanophononics is the use of metamaterials engineered structures that

exhibit properties not found in nature. These materials can bend light in unusual ways, leading
to possibilities such as invisibility cloaks or super lenses with resolution beyond the diffraction
limit.

5. Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials are materials with structures, properties, or components that have at least one
dimension in the nanometer range (typically between 1 to 100 nanometers). Due to their small
size, they exhibit unique characteristics compared to their bulk counterparts, such as enhanced
strength, increased chemical reactivity, or improved electrical conductivity. These materials
can be engineered to display specific properties that make them useful in a wide range of
applications, from medicine (like drug delivery systems) to electronics (in transistors and
sensors), energy storage (like batteries and supercapacitors), and environmental protection
(such as in water purification). Their versatility and ability to interact with the molecular scale
make them a critical area of research in nanotechnology.

6. Environmental Nanotechnology

Environmental nanotechnology applies nanoscale materials and techniques to monitor,

manage, and mitigate environmental problems. It includes developing nanomaterials for
pollution cleanup, energy efficiency, and resource conservation. The field is driven by the
urgent need to create sustainable solutions for the planet’s growing environmental crises.

One of the most promising applications is in water purification. Nanomaterials like graphene
oxide, silver nanoparticles, and titanium dioxide are used in membranes and filters to remove
heavy metals, bacteria, and organic contaminants from water sources. These technologies
provide clean drinking water in regions lacking proper infrastructure.

Air purification also benefits from nanotechnology. Nanostructured catalysts and filters can
capture fine particulate matter and degrade harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and volatile
organic compounds. Similarly, nanotechnology is used in soil remediation by breaking down
persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals.

In the field of renewable energy, nanotechnology enhances the performance of solar panels,
batteries, and hydrogen fuel cells. Nanostructured materials improve light absorption and
charge transport, making renewable energy sources more efficient and accessible.

Advantages of Nanotechnology
Medical Treatment: Nanotechnology is very useful in medicine. With the help of tiny tools
and particles, doctors can send medicine directly to the part of the body that is sick. This helps
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in curing diseases faster and reduces side effects. Scientists are also working on very small
robots, called nanobots, that could move inside our bodies to find and fix problems like
damaged cells. Nanoscale imaging agents enhance diagnostic accuracy, enabling early
detection of diseases with higher sensitivity. Nanoparticles can make things like MRI scans
much clearer, helping doctors see what's wrong.

Environment Nanotechnology can help clean air and water. Special nano-filters and chemicals
can remove harmful substances from pollution. It also helps in making clean energy. For
example, solar panels and batteries using nanotechnology can store and produce energy more
efficiently. Tiny nano-filters can clean water by removing germs, pollution, and salt, making it
safe to drink.

Stronger and Lighter Materials Nanotechnology helps us make materials that are much
stronger and lighter than usual. These materials don’t get damaged easily by heat, water, or
pressure. For example, sports gear, car parts, and even building materials made using
nanotechnology last longer and perform better.

Advanced Electronics With nanotechnology, electronic devices like phones, laptops, and
cameras are becoming smaller, faster, and smarter. Tiny components built using nano-materials
help in saving space and increasing performance in all kinds of digital devices. Nano-sensors
are chemical or mechanical sensors that can be used to detect the presence of chemical species
and nano-particles or monitor physical parameters such as temperature on the nano-scale.

Useful in Farming and Food Nanotechnology can help farmers by checking the health of the
soil and crops using tiny sensors. It is also used in food packaging to keep food fresh for longer
and to make sure it is safe to eat. This helps reduce waste and improves food quality.

Disadvantages of Nanotechnology
Health Concerns: Nanoparticles are very small and can enter the human body through the air
we breathe or through our skin. Some of these particles may be harmful to our health. Scientists
are still studying the long-term effects of nanotechnology on the human body.

Negative Environmental Impact: While nanotechnology can help the environment, it can
also cause problems if not used carefully. If nanoparticles are released into the air, water, or
soil, they might harm animals, plants, and even people. Development of dangerous weapons
facilitated by nanotechnology, increases the potential for misuse.

High Cost: Creating nanotechnology tools and materials costs a lot of money. The machines
and research needed are expensive. Because of this, products made using nanotechnology are
often costly, and not everyone can afford them, especially in poor or developing countries.

Privacy and Ethics Issues: Since nanotechnology can make very tiny devices, people worry
that it could be used to spy on others without them knowing. Also, some people believe that
using nanotechnology to change or improve the human body could lead to ethical problems
and unfair advantages.
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Misused: Like many powerful technologies, nanotechnology can be used in bad ways. It could
be used to make dangerous weapons or harmful biological tools. If it falls into the wrong hands,
it could become a threat to society.

The Future of Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the 1-100 nanometer scale, is transitioning from
fundamental research to a powerful engine of innovation. This shift involves translating lab-
scale discoveries into commercially viable products, overcoming challenges in scalable
manufacturing, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory frameworks. Its transformative power lies in
engineering materials and devices with novel properties, driving disruptive advances across
critical sectors. Over the next 10-20 years, nanotechnology will increasingly integrate into
numerous technologies and everyday items, with Energy, Biomedicine, Computing &
Electronics, and Material Science at the forefront of this revolution.

Nanotechnology in Energy
Nanotechnology offers promising pathways to address the global demand for sustainable and
efficient energy by improving generation, storage, and utilization.

Nano-Solar Cells: Overcome traditional solar cell limitations by incorporating nanomaterials

(e.g., quantum dots, nanowires, plasmonic nanoparticles). These enhance light absorption,
improve charge separation, and reduce recombination losses, leading to higher conversion
efficiency, lower manufacturing costs (e.g., printable cells), and integration into
flexible/transparent surfaces.
Nano-Batteries and Supercapacitors: Revolutionize energy storage using nanostructured
electrode materials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal oxide nanoparticles). These offer
increased surface areas, shortened ion diffusion paths, and enhanced conductivity, promising
faster charging, higher energy/power densities, longer lifespans, and improved safety.

Hydrogen Nanostructures: Facilitate a clean hydrogen economy. Nano-catalysts improve

water splitting for hydrogen production; materials like metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and
nanoconfined hydrides offer safer, high-density storage; nanostructured fuel cell components
enhance performance and durability.
Thermoelectric Nanomaterials: Convert waste heat directly into electricity (Seebeck effect)
or enable cooling (Peltier effect). Nanoscale engineering (e.g., superlattices, nanowires)
optimizes electron transport while minimizing thermal conductivity, allowing energy
harvesting from industrial processes, automotive exhaust, or body heat, improving overall
energy efficiency.

Collectively, these nano-innovations point towards a more decentralized, high-efficiency

global energy system, less dependent on fossil fuels.
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Nanotechnology in Biomedicine
Nanomedicine is set to transform diagnostics, therapeutics, and regenerative medicine,
ushering in an era of personalized and effective medical interventions.

Targeted Drug Delivery: Nanoparticles (e.g., liposomes, polymeric micelles) encapsulate

therapeutic agents, engineered to selectively accumulate at diseased sites (e.g., tumors) via
passive (EPR effect) or active (ligand-receptor binding) targeting. This minimizes side effects,
increases drug efficacy, and allows controlled release.

Nano-Biosensors: Leverage unique properties of nanomaterials (e.g., quantum dots, gold

nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes) as highly sensitive sensing elements. They detect specific
biomolecules at very low concentrations, enabling rapid point-of-care diagnostics, continuous
health monitoring, and early disease identification.

Regenerative Nanomaterials: Provide scaffolds (nanofibrous, hydrogels) or bioactive

nanoparticles that mimic the natural extracellular matrix. These promote cell adhesion,
proliferation, differentiation, and can deliver growth factors, accelerating wound healing,
bone/cartilage regeneration, and potentially enabling complex tissue engineering.
Nanomedicine steers healthcare towards personalized treatments and precision medicine,
promising improved patient outcomes, reduced costs, and enhanced quality of life.

Nanotechnology in Electronics and Computing

Nanotechnology offers alternatives to sustain progress as conventional silicon-based
technology reaches its physical limits, meeting demands for smaller, faster, more power-
efficient devices.

Carbon Nanotube Transistors (CNFETs): Utilize CNTs, with exceptional electrical

properties, as channel material. CNFETs have the potential to be significantly smaller, faster,
and more energy-efficient than silicon transistors, leading to cooler chips and potentially
extending Moore's Law.

Nano-Scale Memory Devices: Enable novel memory architectures (memristors, phase-change

memory, spintronic devices, molecular memory) for higher density, faster access, and lower
power consumption, promising ultra-high storage capacities and rapid read/write speeds.

Flexible Electronics: Challenge rigid electronics using nanomaterials (conductive polymers,

graphene, silver nanowires) to fabricate circuits on flexible substrates. This underpins rollable
displays, bendable smartphones, wearable health monitors, and smart textiles.

This signifies a move towards "post-silicon" computing, facilitating ubiquitous, flexible, low-
power devices, crucial for the Internet of Things (IoT) and revolutionizing human-computer
interaction.
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Nanotechnology in Materials Science

Material science is being reshaped by nanotechnology, allowing for materials with precisely
tailored properties and unprecedented performance.

Self-Healing Materials: Possess an intrinsic ability to repair damage autonomously, achieved

by incorporating microcapsules with healing agents or designing polymers with reversible
bonds. Nanoscale engineering is crucial for efficient dispersion or molecular-level repair,
extending material lifespan and enhancing reliability.

Smart Coatings: Thin films containing nanoparticles impart novel functionalities like anti-
bacterial, self-cleaning, anti-fog, anti-corrosion, heat-reflective, or scratch-resistant surfaces,
with diverse applications.

Ultra-Light Composites: Nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanoclays) as

reinforcements drastically improve mechanical properties (strength, stiffness) of composites
with significant weight reduction. These are vital for aerospace, automotive, and sports, leading
to fuel-efficient vehicles and enhanced equipment.

Nanotechnology is a foundational technological platform with the capacity to reshape our

world. Its transformative potential across energy, medicine, electronics, and materials offers
innovative solutions to global challenges. However, realizing its full benefits requires a
commitment to responsible development, proactively addressing EHS risks, engaging with
ELSI concerns, and establishing appropriate regulatory oversight. By embracing
nanotechnology thoughtfully, we can unlock its potential for a more sustainable, healthy, and
prosperous global future.
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