Chapter 15

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Which of the following has the disadvantage of possibly bringing two recessive alleles together and
causing a genetic defect?
a. inbreeding
b. hybridization
c. genetic engineering
d. transformation
____ 2. Which of the following explains how teosinte may have been selectively bred to produce corn?
a. Teosinte plants with the desired traits were hybridized until the best trait combination
appeared, then the offspring were inbred.
b. Teosinte plants were randomly bred until the desired traits appeared, then the offspring
were hybridized.
c. Teosinte plants were hybridized with corn plants, and the resulting hybrids with the
desired traits were inbred.
d. Teosinte plants with similar characteristics were inbred until the desired traits were
produced.
____ 3. To create animals that have the characteristics of both species, some people have bred buffalo and cattle
together. This is an example of
a. inbreeding
b. hybridization
c. genetic engineering
d. transformation
____ 4. To produce animals with certain desirable characteristics by selective breeding, humans take advantage of
a. the natural variations that exist among individuals.
b. the ideal traits produced by genetic engineering.
c. recombinant plasmids with foreign DNA.
d. drugs and radiation that can cause new mutations to arise.
____ 5. Which of the following could include all the others?
a. hybridization
b. inbreeding
c. selective breeding
d. induced mutations
____ 6. Certain drugs can be used in plant breeding to make polyploid plants. These drugs
a. change the number of chromosomes found in cells.
b. change eukaryotic plants into prokaryotic plants.
c. frequently cause mutations, which create new alleles and genes.
d. insert foreign DNA into plant chromosomes.
____ 7. Suppose a bacterial culture was transformed with recombinant plasmids containing a gene for resistance
to penicillin. The bacterial culture was then treated with penicillin. Which of the following statements will
happen to the transformed bacteria?
a. They will die.
b. They will live.
 c. They will under go PCR.
d. They will become polyploid.
____ 8. During transformation,
a. a prokaryote is changed into a eukaryote.
b. a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell.
c. foreign DNA is inserted into a plasmid.
d. the chromosome of a bacterium is mutated.
____ 9. Which protein creates DNA fragments with sticky ends?
a. DNA polymerase
b. DNA ligase
c. restriction enzyme
d. lysozyme
____ 10. A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that have been transformed by a plasmid from those
that have not is called
a. a resistance gene.
b. an antibiotic.
c. a genetic marker.
d. a clone.
____ 11. Which of the following joins two pieces of DNA together?
a. restriction enzyme
b. DNA ligase
c. plasmid
d. genetic marker

Figure 15–1

____ 12. What does Figure 15–1 represent?

a. gel electrophoresis being used to sequence DNA
 b. hybridization being used to manipulate DNA
c. an enzyme being used to cut DNA
d. polymerase chain reaction being used to copy DNA
____ 13. Which of the following correctly describes the polymerase chain reaction?
a. A piece of DNA is cut with restriction enzymes into smaller pieces. DNA ligase is then
used to join the pieces together.
b. A restriction enzyme cuts a plasmid, and an antibiotic resistance gene is added. The
plasmid is then used to transform bacteria.
c. The gene for the GFP protein is inserted into a bacterial genome. The bacteria then make
the protein and pass the gene to their offspring.
d. DNA is heated to separate the strand, then primers are added. DNA polymerase then
builds new strands in the region between the primers.
____ 14. The process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism is called
a. selective breeding.
b. genetic engineering.
c. inbreeding.
d. hybridization.
____ 15. A DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources is known as
a. a mutant.
b. a hybrid.
c. a polyploid.
d. recombinant DNA.
____ 16. What is the role of primers in PCR?
a. They add new nucleotides to build complementary strands of DNA based on the original
template.
b. They allow for the insertion of antibiotic resistance genes, so scientists can select the
bacteria that have been transformed.
c. They create a place for DNA polymerase to start its work building new DNA strands.
d. They separate the DNA strands and hold them apart, to create room for DNA polymerase
molecules.
____ 17. Which of the following would require the use of recombinant DNA?
a. Crossing two apple trees to create better apples.
b. Breeding a donkey and a horse to make a mule.
c. Engineering bacteria that produce human insulin.
d. Creating a polyploid banana tree.
____ 18. Why are plasmids so widely used in recombinant DNA studies?
a. because it is difficult to insert new genes into them
b. because they can be used to transform bacteria
c. because they naturally contain much foreign DNA
d. because they cannot be cut with restriction enzymes
____ 19. Why is inserting plasmids in yeast more complex than inserting them into bacteria?
a. Yeasts are prokaryotes.
b. Yeasts are eukaryotes.
c. Yeasts are hybrids.
d. Yeasts are inbred.
____ 20. A plant cell is successfully transformed if
a. a plasmid enters the cell and the cell breaks down the plasmid.
b. the cell integrates foreign DNA into one of its chromosomes.
c. the cell reproduces normal offspring, which also produce offspring.
d. a plasmid is unable to enter the cell.
____ 21. Which of the following is a pair of transgenic organisms?
a. a hybridized peach tree and bacteria that make human insulin
b. a Bt corn plant and a polyploid banana tree
c. a hybridized peach tree and a polyploid banana tree
d. bacteria that make human insulin and a Bt corn plant
____ 22. Dolly is a sheep produced by cloning. Which of the following is a difference between Dolly and animals
produced by sexual reproduction?
a. The source of Dolly’s DNA is a single cell taken from an adult individual.
b. The DNA molecules in each of Dolly’s cells are identical.
c. Dolly has a mix of genes from her foster mother and the sheep that donated a nucleus of
one of its cells.
d. Dolly is genetically identical to her offspring.
____ 23. What kind of technique do scientists use to make transgenic organisms?
a. hybridization
b. inbreeding
c. inducing of mutations
d. genetic engineering
____ 24. What is an advantage of using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins?
a. The human proteins produced by transgenic bacteria work better than those produced by
humans.
b. Transgenic bacteria can produce human proteins in large amounts.
c. The human proteins produced by transgenic bacteria last longer than those produced by
humans.
d. Transgenic bacteria can produce human proteins used to make plastics.
____ 25. To produce transgenic bacteria that make insulin, which of the steps listed below would a scientist do
FIRST?
a. Insert the human insulin gene into a plasmid.
b. Extract the insulin from the bacterial culture.
c. Cut out the insulin gene from human DNA.
d. Transform bacteria with the recombinant plasmid.
____ 26. Which of the following is made with recombinant DNA technology and helps farmers use less
insecticide?
a. Ht cotton
b. Bt cotton
c. hybridized cotton
d. selectively bred cotton
____ 27. Which of these is NOT a way in which a GM animals contribute to an increased food supply?
a. Cows have increased milk production because they have been injected with hormones
made by recombinant bacteria.
b. Bacteria are engineered to produce human insulin, which is administered to people with
diabetes.
 c. Growth hormone genes have been used to make transgenic salmon, which grow much
more quickly than wild salmon.
d. Genetically modified pigs have been engineered, and they produce more lean meat than
non-GM pigs.
____ 28. GM crops that produce a higher yield per plant than unmodified crops would
a. produce more food for the same acreage.
b. produce less food for the same acreage.
c. produce more food but would use more land.
d. produce less food and require more land.
____ 29. What has been an advantage of producing transgenic plants?
a. increasing the food supply
b. using more pesticides
c. producing clones
d. studying human genes
____ 30. Scientists have used genes from spiders to genetically engineer goats that produce silk strands along with
their milk. Which of the following is true of the silk made by the goats?
a. It is slightly different than the silk made by the spiders because the genes are read
differently by the goat’s cells.
b. It is heavier than the silk made the spiders because goats are larger animals than spiders.
c. It is very different from the silk made by the spiders because goat cells are very different
from spider cells.
d. It is identical to silk produced by the spiders because the genetic code is universal.

Figure 15–2

____ 31. Why would the procedure in Figure 15–2 be performed?

a. to identify a parent
b. to treat a genetic disease
c. to clone an animal
d. to identify active genes
____ 32. The procedure illustrated in Figure 15–2 is an example of
a. genetic testing.
b. DNA finger printing.
c. gene therapy.
d. cloning.
____ 33. Imagine that you are scientist studying skin cancer cells. Which biotechnology technique could you use if
you wanted to compare the activity levels of hundreds of genes in skin cancer cells to their activity levels
in normal skin cells?
a. DNA microarray
b. gene therapy
c. DNA fingerprinting
d. genetic testing
____ 34. Gene therapy is successful if the
a. viruses carrying the replacement gene infect the person’s cells.
b. replacement gene is replicated in the person’s cells.
c. replacement gene is expressed in the person’s cells.
d. replacement gene is successfully spliced to viral DNA.
____ 35. What process can prospective parents use to determine if they are carrying recessive alleles for disease?
a. DNA fingerprinting
b. gene therapy
c. genetic testing
d. Agrobacterium transformation.
____ 36. The use of DNA fingerprinting relies on the fact that
a. the most important genes are different among most people.
b. no two people, except identical twins, have exactly the same DNA.
c. most genes used for identification are dominant.
d. DNA fingerprints from different people can look very similar.
____ 37. What conclusion CANNOT be made from two DNA fingerprints that show identical patterns of bands?
a. The DNA in both fingerprints almost certainly came from the same person.
b. The DNA in both fingerprints definitely came from two different people.
c. The DNA fragments in both fingerprints were separated by their sizes.
d. The corresponding bands on the fingerprints are made of DNA fragments that are the same
length.
 Figure 15–3

____ 38. What is shown in Figure 15–3?

a. DNA fingerprints
b. microarrays
c. engineered viruses
d. recombinant plasmids
____ 39. Which of the following correctly describes how DNA fingerprinting of certain genes can be used to
establish familial relationships?
a. The Y chromosome is used to look for links from a son to his mother, and mitochondrial
DNA is used to look for links to his father.
b. Plasmid DNA is used to look for links from a girl to her mother, and the Y chromosome is
used to look for links to her father.
c. Mitochondrial DNA is used to look for links from a son to his mother, and the Y
chromosome is used to look for links to his father.
d. Mitochondrial DNA is used to look for links from a girl to her mother, and plasmid DNA
is used to look for links to her father.
____ 40. Which of the following is true of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act?
a. It protects Americans against being treated differently by employers or insurance
companies based on their genetic information
b. It prevents scientists from patenting the genes they discover if those genes were found in
other people.
c. It allows parents the legal right to choose specific genes for their children if the technology
becomes available.
d. It makes it legal for companies that produce genetically modified crops to keep their
genetic technologies a secret.
____ 41. Which of the following is true of patents in biotechnology?
a. Scientists are only allowed to patent genes; they cannot patent techniques they use in the
lab.
b. A scientist who holds a patent can demand high fees that block others from doing certain
research.
c. Human genes cannot be patented because they belong to everyone.
d. Genetically modified foods cannot be patented.
____ 42. One reason farmers often choose GM crops over non-GM crops because GM crops are
a. much safer.
b. more productive.
c. less expensive.
d. less controversial.
____ 43. Which of the following findings, if true, would support CRITICS of GM crops?
a. Bt corn is proven harmless to butterflies.
b. Bt cotton requires farmers to use less insecticide on their fields.
c. Bt corn reduces the populations of bees needed to pollinate the plants.
d. Bt cotton produces higher crop yields than other cotton.
____ 44. Which of the following findings, if true, would support an argument IN FAVOR of GM foods?
a. Farmers using herbicide-resistant crops pollute groundwater more than farmers growing
non-GM crops.
 b. The cost of using GM crops is prohibitively expensive for 75 percent of all farmers.
c. Farmers who grow GM crops have much higher yields that farmers growing unmodified
crops.
d. The populations of bees on farms growing insect-resistant crops are half as large as bee
populations on other farms.
____ 45. Which statement below might be used by someone who is arguing against the use of GM crops?
a. GM crops reduce the amount of land and energy that need to be devoted to agriculture
because they have high yields.
b. GM crops need more insecticide to be used than other crops because they grow faster.
c. The patents for the seeds of GM crops are held by big companies, which may raise prices
and force small farmers out of business.
d. No studies have shown that GM crops are dangerous to human health.

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement
true.

____ 1. Animal breeders maintain cat and dog breeds by the process of hybridization.
_________________________

____ 2. Native Americans took teosine and used selective breeding to make corn, a more productive and nutritious
plant. _________________________

____ 3. Exposing bacteria to radiation or certain chemicals can increase the frequency of mutations that occur
within the population. _________________________

____ 4. A polyploid plant has more than two copies of each gene. _________________________

____ 5. Scientists use genetic markers to determine which cells have been successfully transformed.
_________________________

____ 6. During a polymerase chain reaction, the number of DNA copies increases exponentially with each cycle.
_________________________

____ 7. In genetic engineering enzymes are used in to cut DNA pieces, join DNA fragments, and build new DNA
molecules.

____ 8. To transform a plant cell, scientists inject protein into the plant cell. _________________________

____ 9. To produce a cloned sheep, Ian Wilmut removed the nucleus from a sheep’s body cell and injected the
cell with a nucleus taken from a body cell of another adult sheep. _________________________

____ 10. Farmers growing Bt corn can use more insecticide than farmers growing the same amount of non-GM
corn. ______________________________

____ 11. Transgenic plants are often used to simulate humans in medical tests. _________________________
____ 12. DNA fingerprinting analyzes sections of DNA that have little or no known function but are similar from
person to person. _________________________

____ 13. Patenting genetic technology sometimes keeps technology out of the hands of people who need it.
_________________________

____ 14. Herbicide-resistance in crops can increase yields by allowing farmers to use fewer chemicals to control
weeds. _________________________

____ 15. Patenting a process, such as PCR, restricts the use of the process to the patent holder and to those who pay
a fee. _________________________

Completion
Complete each statement.

1. After many generations of ____________________ individual dogs of the same breed are likely to be
very genetically similar.

2. To produce a fruit that has some characteristics of an orange and some of a grapefruit, you would use the
selective breeding technique of _________________________.

3. To manipulate the genes of an organism, scientists use ____________________, which is the application
of a technological process or method to living things.

4. Bananas planted as crops are____________________ plants which have 2 or 3 times the normal diploid
number of chromosomes.

5. Some plasmids have genes that make bacteria resistant to ____________________ and allow them serve
as genetic markers.
 Figure 15–1

6. ____________________ are proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences, as illustrated in Figure 15–1.

7. DNA finger printing has dramatically changed the field of ____________________, which is the study of
crime scene evidence.

8. Using a _________________________ to locate a gene is like using a magnet to find a needle in a

haystack.

9. If DNA fingerprints were made from DNA samples taken from Dolly and the sheep that donated the body
cell, they would show ____________________ patterns of bands on an electrophoresis gel.

10. The human growth hormone produced by __________ bacteria is identical to the human growth hormone
produced by humans because both are coded by the same DNA sequence.

11. The process of _________________________ replaces a faulty gene with a normal, working gene.

12. In DNA fingerprinting, the DNA probe that is used is ____________________ to the DNA sequence of
the repeats in the sample.

13. All people serving in the United States military are required to give a ____________________ for
purposes of identification.

14. Critics of GM crops worry that GM plants engineered to be resistant to insects might unintentionally kill
_________________________ insects.

15. To prevent companies from misusing genetic information, the United States Congress passed the
__________________.

Short Answer

1. How are the selective breeding techniques of hybridization and inbreeding opposites?
 Figure 15–1

2. What are structures C and D in Figure 15–1, and what is their significance?

3. Briefly explain what plasmids are and how they can be used to create transgenic organisms.

4. What does the polymerase chain reaction enable scientists to do?

5. How did Douglas Prasher find the gene that make the GFP protein?

6. What are two ways in which scientists transform plant cells without using plasmids?

7. Compare the genes in Dolly and the sheep from which she was cloned.

8. Describe how a scientist might make a transgenic animal.

9. How would making crops resistant to herbicides assist farmers?

10. Explain what a DNA probe is and how it could be used to identify a person who carries an allele for a
genetic disorder.

11. Why are viruses used in gene therapy?

12. Why do scientists use sections of DNA repeats that have little or no known function to do DNA
fingerprinting?

13. Why are DNA from the Y chromosome and mitochondria used in DNA fingerprint tests to establish
parent-child relationships?

14. Why might adding a gene for herbicide resistance to crops be harmful to the environment?
Science Skills

Figure 15–4

1. Interpret Visuals What process is being illustrated in Figure 15–4?

2. Interpret Visuals In Figure 15–4, during which numbered step(s) are bacteria reproducing?

3. Interpret Visuals During which numbered steps(s) in Figure 15–4 is a restriction enzyme used?

4. Infer How might the bacterial cell produced in step 6 in Figure 15–4 be useful?

5. Interpret Visuals In Figure 15–4, which numbered step produces a recombinant plasmid?
 Figure 15–5

6. Interpret Visuals In the process shown in Figure 15–5, which sheep is the source of the nucleus in the
fused cell?

7. Infer In Figure 15–5, why was the nucleus removed from the egg cell?

8. Interpret Visuals Which animal in Figure 15–5 is a clone?

9. Interpret Visuals In the cloning shown in Figure 15–5, which sheep provided an egg cell?

10. Infer Which two animals in Figure 15–5 are genetically identical?

Figure 15–6

11. Interpret Visuals In Figure 15–6, what do the bands shown in B consist of?
 12. Interpret Visuals Which group of bands in Figure 15–6 moved faster, C or D? Why?

13. Infer What is occurring in A in Figure 15–6?

14. Infer In Figure 15–6, why are the bands in shown in B moving toward the positive end of the gel?

15. Draw Conclusions In Figure 15–6, were the any of the three DNA samples from the same person?
Explain your answer.

Essay

1. Explain an advantage and a disadvantage of inbreeding.

2. Suppose you want to produce a new animal breed or plant species with certain desirable traits. Write a
brief description of the traits you would want the organism to have. Then, explain how you would use
selective breeding techniques to produce an organism with those traits.

3. Suppose you are a scientist trying to help people who cannot produce an enzyme needed for proper
digestion. How could you use genetic engineering techniques to make transformed bacteria that produce
the enzyme?

4. Compare and contrast the techniques used in genetic engineering and in selective breeding to produce
organisms with desired traits.

5. How might cloning be useful to animal breeders?

6. What are three general ways that scientists can use recombinant DNA technology to help improve human
health?

7. Today, people who have hemophilia can be treated by receiving injections of normal clotting proteins.
How would gene therapy be more beneficial to these people? Describe the general procedure that would
be used.

8. How does DNA fingerprinting help preserve endangered species, such as elephants?

9. How does the right to patent genetic material and genetic engineering techniques both help and hinder
scientific progress in understanding the human genome?
Chapter 15
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 418 | p. 419

OBJ: 15.1.1 Explain the purpose of selective breeding. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: comprehension
2. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 419
OBJ: 15.1.1 Explain the purpose of selective breeding. BLM: analysis
3. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 418 | p. 419
OBJ: 15.1.1 Explain the purpose of selective breeding. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: application
4. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 419
OBJ: 15.1.1 Explain the purpose of selective breeding. BLM: comprehension
5. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 419 | p. 420
OBJ: 15.1.2 Explain how people increase genetic variation. BLM: synthesis
6. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 426
OBJ: 15.1.2 Explain how people increase genetic variation. BLM: comprehension
7. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 425
OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. BLM: evaluation
8. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 423
OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: comprehension
9. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 424
OBJ: 15.2.1 Explain how scientists manipulate DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: analysis
10. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 425
OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: knowledge
11. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 424
OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. BLM: comprehension
12. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 424
OBJ: 15.2.1 Explain how scientists manipulate DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: application
13. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 424
OBJ: 15.2.1 Explain how scientists manipulate DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: application
14. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 421
OBJ: 15.2.1 Explain how scientists manipulate DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: knowledge
15. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 424
OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: knowledge
16. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 423
OBJ: 15.2.1 Explain how scientists manipulate DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: comprehension
17. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 424
OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: analysis
18. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 424
OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. BLM: knowledge
19. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 424
OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. BLM: evaluation
20. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 426
OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: knowledge
21. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 427
OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: analysis
22. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 427
OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
BLM: evaluation
23. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 426
OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: knowledge
24. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 430
OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: analysis
25. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 425
OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
BLM: application
26. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 429
OBJ: 15.3.1 Describe the benefits of genetic engineering as they relate to agriculture and industry.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: analysis
27. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 429
OBJ: 15.3.1 Describe the benefits of genetic engineering as they relate to agriculture and industry.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: comprehension
28. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 428
OBJ: 15.3.1 Describe the benefits of genetic engineering as they relate to agriculture and industry.
BLM: analysis
29. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 428
OBJ: 15.3.1 Describe the benefits of genetic engineering as they relate to agriculture and industry.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: analysis
30. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 429
OBJ: 15.3.1 Describe the benefits of genetic engineering as they relate to agriculture and industry.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: application
31. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 431
OBJ: 15.3.2 Explain how recombinant DNA technology can improve human health.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: knowledge
32. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 431
OBJ: 15.3.2 Explain how recombinant DNA technology can improve human health.
BLM: application
33. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 432
OBJ: 15.3.2 Explain how recombinant DNA technology can improve human health.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: application
 34. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 430 | p. 431
OBJ: 15.3.2 Explain how recombinant DNA technology can improve human health.
BLM: synthesis
35. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 431
OBJ: 15.3.2 Explain how recombinant DNA technology can improve human health.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: knowledge
36. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 433
OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: application
37. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 433
OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
BLM: evaluation
38. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 433
OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: analysis
39. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 434
OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
BLM: analysis
40. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 437
OBJ: 15.4.1 Describe some of the issues that relate to biotechnology.
NAT: HS-ETS1-1.|ETS1.A TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: knowledge
41. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 436
OBJ: 15.4.1 Describe some of the issues that relate to biotechnology.
NAT: HS-ETS1-1.|ETS1.A BLM: knowledge
42. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 437
OBJ: 15.4.2 Identify some of the pros and cons of genetically modified food.
NAT: HS-ETS1-1. TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: comprehension
43. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 437 | p. 438
OBJ: 15.4.2 Identify some of the pros and cons of genetically modified food.
NAT: HS-ETS1-1. BLM: evaluation
44. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 438 | p. 439
OBJ: 15.4.2 Identify some of the pros and cons of genetically modified food.
NAT: HS-ETS1-1. BLM: analysis
45. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 439
OBJ: 15.4.3 Describe some of the ethical issues relating to biotechnology.
NAT: HS-ETS1-1. TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: comprehension

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

1. ANS: F, inbreeding

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 419

OBJ: 15.1.1 Explain the purpose of selective breeding. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: knowledge
2. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: L2
REF: p. 418 | p. 419 OBJ: 15.1.1 Explain the purpose of selective breeding.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: application
3. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: L2
 REF: p. 419 | p. 420 OBJ: 15.1.2 Explain how people increase genetic variation.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: comprehension
4. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: L2
REF: p. 420 OBJ: 15.1.2 Explain how people increase genetic variation.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: comprehension
5. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: L1
REF: p. 425 OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: knowledge
6. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: L3
REF: p. 423 OBJ: 15.2.1 Explain how scientists manipulate DNA.
BLM: synthesis
7. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: L2
REF: p. 425 OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: application
8. ANS: F, DNA

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 426

OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: comprehension
9. ANS: F, egg

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 427

OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: knowledge
10. ANS: F, less

PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 428

OBJ: 15.3.1 Describe the benefits of genetic engineering as they relate to agriculture and industry.
BLM: analysis
11. ANS: F, animals

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 430

OBJ: 15.3.2 Explain how recombinant DNA technology can improve human health.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: knowledge
12. ANS: F
vary widely
are different

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 433 | p. 434

OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: knowledge
13. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: L1
REF: p. 436 OBJ: 15.4.1 Describe some of the issues that relate to biotechnology.
NAT: HS-ETS1-1.|ETS1.A TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: knowledge
14. ANS: F, more

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 438

OBJ: 15.4.2 Identify some of the pros and cons of genetically modified food.
NAT: HS-ETS1-1. TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: knowledge
 15. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: L2
REF: p. 439 OBJ: 15.4.3 Describe some of the ethical issues relating to biotechnology.
NAT: HS-ETS1-1. TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: comprehension

COMPLETION

1. ANS: inbreeding

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 419

OBJ: 15.1.1 Explain the purpose of selective breeding. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: knowledge
2. ANS: hybridization

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 418

OBJ: 15.1.1 Explain the purpose of selective breeding. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: analysis
3. ANS: biotechnology

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 419

OBJ: 15.1.2 Explain how people increase genetic variation. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: comprehension
4. ANS: polyploid

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 420

OBJ: 15.1.2 Explain how people increase genetic variation. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: knowledge
5. ANS: antibiotics

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 425

OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: comprehension
6. ANS: Restriction enzymes

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 424

OBJ: 15.2.1 Explain how scientists manipulate DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: analysis
7. ANS: forensics

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 433 | p. 434

OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: application
8. ANS: DNA probe

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 421

OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: synthesis
9. ANS:
identical
the same
 PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 427
OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
BLM: synthesis
10. ANS:
transgenic
genetically engineered

PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 425

OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
BLM: analysis
11. ANS: gene therapy

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 431

OBJ: 15.3.2 Explain how recombinant DNA technology can improve human health.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: comprehension
12. ANS: complementary

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 433

OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
BLM: application
13. ANS: DNA sample

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 427

OBJ: 15.4.1 Describe some of the issues that relate to biotechnology.
NAT: HS-ETS1-1.|ETS1.A TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: knowledge
14. ANS:
beneficial
helpful
needed
good

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 438

OBJ: 15.4.2 Identify some of the pros and cons of genetically modified food.
NAT: HS-ETS1-1. TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: analysis
15. ANS: Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 437

OBJ: 15.4.3 Describe some of the ethical issues relating to biotechnology.
NAT: HS-ETS1-1. TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: comprehension

SHORT ANSWER

1. ANS:
In hybridization, organisms with dissimilar traits are crossed. In inbreeding, organisms with similar traits
are crossed.

PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 419 | p. 420

OBJ: 15.1.1 Explain the purpose of selective breeding. BLM: analysis
2. ANS:
Structures C and D are the sticky ends of a DNA fragment, which allow the fragment to be inserted into a
piece of DNA that has complementary sticky ends.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 422

OBJ: 15.2.1 Explain how scientists manipulate DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: application
3. ANS:
A plasmid is a circular DNA molecule that is naturally found in bacteria. Scientists use them to transform
bacteria and plants.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 424 | p. 425 | p. 426

OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. | 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the
usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: knowledge
4. ANS:
The polymerase chain reaction enables scientists to make many copies of a gene.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 423

OBJ: 15.2.1 Explain how scientists manipulate DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: knowledge
5. ANS:
He used the amino acid sequence of GFP and the genetic code to find the mRNA sequences that code
GFP. Once he had the mRNA, he used it as a probe to find its DNA complement, which was the GFP
gene.

PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 422

OBJ: 15.2.1 Explain how scientists manipulate DNA. BLM: synthesis
6. ANS:
Scientists inject DNA directly into plant cells. They also remove the cell walls of plant cells and allow the
cells to take up DNA on their own.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 426

OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
BLM: application
7. ANS:
Dolly and the sheep from which she was cloned have identical genes.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 427

OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: comprehension
8. ANS:
Sample answer: Scientists can inject DNA directly into the nucleus of an egg cell, where it may be
inserted into the chromosomes.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 426

OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
BLM: comprehension
9. ANS:
Farmers can spray their crops with herbicides that will kill the weeds and leave the crop plants unharmed.
 PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 428
OBJ: 15.3.1 Describe the benefits of genetic engineering as they relate to agriculture and industry.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: evaluation
10. ANS:
A DNA probe is short piece of DNA designed to detect a certain gene. A probe can be made to be
complementary to part of the sequence of a disease-causing allele, and it will only bind to that specific
allele. This enables scientists to see who has the allele and who does not.

PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 431

OBJ: 15.3.2 Explain how recombinant DNA technology can improve human health.
BLM: application
11. ANS:
Viruses are used in gene therapy because they can transfer genes into human cells.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 431

OBJ: 15.3.2 Explain how recombinant DNA technology can improve human health.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: analysis
12. ANS:
These sections of DNA vary widely from person to person.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 433 | p. 434

OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: comprehension
13. ANS:
Because the DNA in the Y chromosome and mitochondria do not undergo crossing over and are passed
from parents to children unchanged. If two Y chromosomes or mtDNA samples from two people match,
there is a good chance they are related.

PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 434

OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
BLM: analysis
14. ANS:
Using herbicide resistant plants might encourage farmers to spray much more herbicide into the
environment.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 438

OBJ: 15.4.3 Describe some of the ethical issues relating to biotechnology.
NAT: HS-ETS1-1. TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: comprehension

SCIENCE SKILLS

1. ANS:
Transformation

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 425

OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: analysis
2. ANS:
Bacteria are reproducing during step 7.
 PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 424 | p. 425
OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: analysis
3. ANS:
A restriction enzyme is used between steps 2 and 3, and in step 4.

PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 424 | p. 425

OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. BLM: evaluation
4. ANS:
The bacterial cell produced in step 6 contains the gene for human growth hormone. It can produce human
growth hormone identical to the hormone produced in human cells in great quantities.

PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 424 | p. 425

OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. BLM: synthesis
5. ANS:
Step 5 produces a recombinant plasmid.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 424 | p. 425

OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: analysis
6. ANS:
Sheep A

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 426 | p. 427

OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: application
7. ANS:
The nucleus was removed from the egg cell to make sure that all of the DNA in the clone was from a
single sheep.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 426 | p. 427

OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: analysis
8. ANS:
The lamb is a clone.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 426 | p. 427

OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: application
9. ANS:
Sheep B

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 426 | p. 427

OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: application
10. ANS:
Sheep A and the lamb are genetically identical.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 426 | p. 427

 OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: analysis
11. ANS:
The bands consist of DNA fragments.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 433 | p. 434

OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: comprehension
12. ANS:
The bands in group D moved faster because they consist of smaller DNA fragments.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 433 | p. 434

OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
BLM: application
13. ANS:
The restriction enzyme is cutting the DNA into fragments.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 433 | p. 434

OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: analysis
14. ANS:
The bands consist of DNA, which is negatively charged.

PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 433

OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
BLM: comprehension
15. ANS:
No, none of the DNA samples were from the same person because they produced different patterns of
bands on the gel.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 433

OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: application

ESSAY

1. ANS:
Examples will vary. The advantage of inbreeding is that it maintains desired traits within a breed, such as
curly hair in poodles. The disadvantage is that it can lead to genetic defects within a breed, because of the
likelihood that an individual could inherit two defective, recessive alleles.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 419

OBJ: 15.1.1 Explain the purpose of selective breeding. TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: analysis
2. ANS:
Answers will vary. Students should include in their answers the traits that they will select for and the
methods that they will use to select for those traits, such as hybridization and inducing mutations.

PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 419 | p. 420

OBJ: 15.1.2 Explain how people increase genetic variation. BLM: synthesis
3. ANS:
Extract DNA from the cells of people who can make the digestion enzyme. Cut the DNA with restriction
enzyme, then use gel electrophoresis and a DNA probe to locate the gene. Use the polymerase chain
reaction to copy the gene. Choose a plasmid that has an antibiotic-resistance genetic marker, and cut the
plasmid with the same restriction enzyme used to cut out the human gene. Insert the copies of the human
gene into the plasmids. Allow bacterial cells to take in the plasmids. Select for transformed bacteria by
growing them in a culture containing the antibiotic. These bacteria will make the digestion enzyme.

PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 422 | p. 423 | p. 424 | p. 425

OBJ: 15.2.1 Explain how scientists manipulate DNA. | 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant
DNA. BLM: synthesis
4. ANS:
In genetic engineering, organisms with desired traits are produced by directly changing the DNA of the
organisms. This is done by cutting out desirable genes from the DNA of certain organisms and inserting
them into the DNA of other organisms. In selective breeding, organisms with desired traits are produced
by selecting organisms for their traits and then mating, or crossing, them. Selective breeding does not
directly change the DNA of living organisms.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 418 | p. 419 | p. 423 | p. 424 | p. 425

OBJ: 15.2.2 Describe the importance of recombinant DNA. BLM: analysis
5. ANS:
Animal breeders might first produce a particular desirable animal by using the technique of hybridization
or by inducing mutations. Then, instead of using inbreeding to maintain the animal’s desirable traits, they
might produce clones of that animal. The clones would be genetically identical to the original animal and
thus would have all of its desirable traits.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 427

OBJ: 15.2.3 Define transgenic and describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans.
TOP: Foundation Edition BLM: analysis
6. ANS:
Sample answer: Genetic engineering can help improve human health in many ways.
• First, scientists can use genetic engineering to make more nutritional crops, such as golden rice. When
people have better nutrition, they are less likely to get certain diseases.
• Second, scientists can use transgenic animals in medical research. Animals with modified genomes are
used as models in medical experiments.
• Third, scientists can treat diseases using genetic engineering. Some diseases can be treated with drugs
made through genetic engineering, and some diseases can be treated directly through gene therapy.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 429

OBJ: 15.3.2 Explain how recombinant DNA technology can improve human health.
BLM: analysis
7. ANS:
Gene therapy would cure the disorder rather than just treat it. The normal gene for clotting protein would
be inserted into a virus’s genetic material. Then, appropriate cells from the patient would be infected with
the virus. The normal clotting-protein gene, along with the viral genetic material, would be incorporated
into the cells’ DNA. As a result, the cells would begin to transcribe the gene and produce the clotting
protein.

PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 431

OBJ: 15.3.2 Explain how recombinant DNA technology can improve human health.
 BLM: synthesis
8. ANS:
Poachers kill elephants for their tusks, but officials can use genetic information to identify the herds from
which the poached elephants came from, and better police those areas.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 433 | p. 434

OBJ: 15.3.3 Summarize the process of DNA fingerprinting and explain its uses.
BLM: application
9. ANS:
On one hand, the ability to patent genetic material helps progress by encouraging scientists to make new
discoveries. With a patent on a gene or a new technique, the scientist may make money. On the other
hand, if other scientists want to use the new technique or gene, they have to pay the patent holder. The
need to pay may prohibit some scientists from using those tools in research, perhaps hindering progress in
understanding the genome.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 437 | p. 438

OBJ: 15.4.1 Describe some of the issues that relate to biotechnology.
NAT: HS-ETS1-1.|ETS1.A TOP: Foundation Edition
BLM: evaluation