C PROGRAMMING
By FerdH
MADE EASY
LET'S EXPLORE TECHNOLOGY
TOGETHER TO LIVE IN THE FUTURE
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Module 1: Data types & variables Page 5
Introduction to data types: int, float, double,
char, char[], bool
Declaring and initializing variables
Constants and identifiers
Real-life use of variables (e.g., budgeting,
grading systems)
Module 2: Input and Output Page 8
Using printf() and scanf() effectively
Format specifiers: %d, %f, %lf, %c, %s
Real-life input/output.
Module 3: Operators in C Page 11
Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %
Comparison operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
Logical operators: &&, ||, !
Assignment and compound operators: =, +=, -=, etc.
Increment & Decrement: ++, -- (pre/post)
Exercises after each section
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Module 4: Control structures Page 21
if, else, else if statements
Nested if statements
switch statements and break
Real-life projects: Grade evaluation,
login system
Module 5: Loops (for, while, do...while) Page 25
for loop: structure, flow, use cases
while loop: condition-first structure, examples
do...while: guaranteed one-time execution
Module 6: Real-Life Practice with Loops Page 28
Projects involving repetition:
ATM simulator (pin attempts)
Guessing game
Printing patterns with nested loops
Repeated menu interface
Breakdown with full code, line-by-line
explanation
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Module 7: Exam Past Questions (Theory + Coding)
Easy: Page 31
Add two numbers
Even/odd checker
Use of if and scanf
Intermediate:
Largest of 3 numbers
for, while, and do...while applications
Factorials and summation
Advanced:
Login system
PIN retry system
Pattern printing
All questions include:
Code walkthrough
Explanation
Expected output
Module 8: Final Exam Practice
10–15 coding-only questions (no solutions
provided)
Students can contact to access answers or
join paid group
Builds independence and reinforces
concepts
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What are data types?
Data types tell the computer what kind of
value a variable holds
They help manage memory and operations
on data
Examples: int, float, double, char, etc.
Common data types in C
Data Types Description Example
int teger number int age = 20;
float Decimal number float price = 3.99;
double Precise decimal double pi = 3.14159;
char Single character char grade = 'A';
char[] String of characters char name[] = "Sam";
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Declaring variables
Syntax: data__type variable_name = value
Example:
int score = 100;
float weight = 72.5;
char grade = 'B';
Rules for naming variables
Must start with a letter or underscore
Cannot use C keywords like int, while,
etc.
Case-sensitive: Age and age are different
Use meaningful names: studentAge, not
just a
Constants in C
A constant value never changes
Declared using const keyword
const float PI = 3.14;
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Real-life use of variables
Budget calculator: int total = income -
expenses;
Grading system: char grade = 'A';
Temperature sensor: float temp = 37.5;
Practice Questions
Declare an integer to store your age
Create a float variable to store product price
Use a char to represent your grade
Challenge: Store your name using char[]
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Input and Output in C
Learn how to interact with users using
printf() and scanf()
Output Using printf()
Used to display messages or values
Example:
printf("Your age is %d", &age);
%d is a format specifier (for integers)
Input using scanf()
Used to take input from user
Example:
scanf("%d", &age);
& means "address of" — it stores input into a
variable
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Format specifiers in C
Specifier Used For Example
%d Integers int age = 20;
%f Float float price = 3.98;
%lf Double double pi = 3.14159;
%c Character char grade = 'A';
%s String char name[] = "Sam";
Example: Basic I/O
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int age;
printf("Enter your age: ");
scanf("%d", &age);
printf("You are %d years old",
age);
return 0;
}
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Explanation
Asks user to input age
Stores it in variable
Prints
Additional Practice Questions
1. Take two integers as input and print their sum and
difference
Example:
Input: 5 and 3
Output: Sum = 8, Difference = 2
2. Input a user's name and age, then print a message like:
Hello Sarah, you are 19 years old.
3. Write a program to input marks for 3 subjects and print
the total and average.
4. Ask user to input temperature in Celsius, print the same
in Fahrenheit
Hint formula: F = C * 9/5 + 32
5. Write a program that takes an integer and a float as input
and displays both.
6. Create a program to display a shopping receipt:
Inputs: item name, quantity, price per item
Output: item name, quantity, total price
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Operators in C
Learn how to perform calculations and
comparisons in your programs
What Are Operators?
Operators are symbols used to perform
operations on variables and values
Examples: +, -, *, /, ==, !=, etc.
Arithmetic Operators
Operator Meaning Example
+ Addition a+b
- Subtraction a-b
* Multiplication a*b
/ Division a/b
% Modulus (remainder) a%b
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Logical Operators in C
Programming
Content:
Understand how to make decisions in a
code using &&, ||, and !
Logical operators are used to combine or
reverse conditions in decision-making (if,
while, e.t.c)
Types:
AND (&&)
OR (||)
NOT (!)
Logical AND (&&)
Syntax:
condition1 and condition2
Explanation:
Returns true only if both conditions are true
int age = 25;
if (age > 18 && age < 30) {
printf("You are a young adult.");
}
output: // You are a young adult.
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Logical OR (||)
Syntax:
condition1 || condition2
Explanation:
Returns true if at least one condition is true
int temp = 40;
if (temp < 0 || temp > 35) {
printf("Extreme weather!");
}
output: Extreme weather!
Logical NOT (!)
Syntax:
!condition1
Explanation:
Reverses the result of the condition. If true,
false. If false, true
int loggedIn = 0;
if (!loggedIn) {
printf("Please log in.");
}
output: Please log in.
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Truth Table
A B A && B A || B !A
0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0
Great question!
In C programming, 0 and 1 are used to
represent Boolean logic (true or false):
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Equality operators in C
programming
Content:
Used to compare values and check if they
are the same or different
Equality operators are used to compare two
values or.expressions in the conditions (like if
statements)
Main operators:
== Equal to
!= Not Equal to
Equal to (==)
Syntax:
a == b
Explanation:
Checks if the value of a is equal to the value
of b
Returns 1 (true), if equal. 0 (false), if not
int x = 5;
if (x == 5) {
printf("x is equal to 5");
}
output: x is equal to 5 15
Not Equal to (!=)
Syntax:
a != b
Explanation:
checks if the value of b is not equal to
the value of a
Returns 1 (true) if the value is not equal
to. 0 (false) if equal
int y = 10;
if (y != 5) {
printf("y is not 5");
}
output: y is not 5
Common mistake warning
Don't confuse == with !=
= is for assignment (sets a value)
== Is for comparison
Wrong:
if (x = 5) // This sets x to 5!
Correct:
if (x == 5) // This compares x with 5
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Relational (comparison) operators
Operator Meaning Example
== Equal to a == b;
!= Not Equal to a != b;
> Greater than a > b;
< Lesser than a < b;
>= Greater than or equal to a >= b;
<= Lesser than or Equal to a <= b;
Assignment Operators
Operator Meaning Example
= Assign value a = b;
+= Add and assign a += b;
-= Subtract and assign a -= b;
*= Multiply and assign a *= b;
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Increment & Decrement
Operators in C
Content:
++ increases the value by 1
-- decreases the value by 1
int x = 5;
x++; // x is now 6
x--; // x goes back to 5
Pre-Increment VS Post-Increment
++x increasing before using
x++ increasing before using
int a = 5;
int b = ++a; // a = 6, b = 6
int c = a++; // c = 6, a = 7
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Step by step explanation
int a = 5;
int b = ++a; // a = 6, b = 6
int c = a++; // c = 6, a = 7
1. int a = 5; 3. int c = a++;
This declares an integer variable a Here, a++ is a post-increment
and assigns it the value 5. operation.
2. int b = ++a; Post-increment means: first use
Here, ++a is a pre-increment the value of a, then increment it.
operation. So:
Pre-increment means: first c is assigned the current value of a,
increment a, then use it. which is 6.
So:
a becomes 6. Then, a is incremented to 7.
Then, b is assigned the value of a, Result: c = 6, a = 7.
which is now 6.
Final values:
Result: a = 6, b = 6. a=7
b=6
c=6
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Real-Life Use Cases
Calculating grades, prices, tax
Comparing ages or scores
Checking if user input meets conditions
Adding items in shopping cart
Practice Questions
1. Write a program to calculate the sum,
difference, product and quotient of two
numbers.
2. Take two numbers and check which is
greater using relational operators.
3. Input a number and check if it's odd or
even using %.
4. Check if a student passed using logical
operator: marks > 40 and < 100.
5. Demonstrate post-increment and pre-
increment in a simple program.
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Control statement in C
Making decisions in programs
What are control statements in C?
They allow your program to make decisions and
control the flow of execution based on
conditions.
Mainly used: if, else, else if
The if statement
if (condition) {
// code runs if condition is
true
}
Example:
if (age >= 18) {
printf("You can vote");
}
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The if...else statements
if (condition) {
// runs if true
} else {
// runs if false
}
Example:
if (score >= 50) {
printf("Pass");
} else {
printf("Fail");
}
The else if Ladder
if (mark >= 70) {
printf("A");
} else if (mark >= 60) {
printf("B");
} else {
printf("Fail");
}
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Nested if statements
You can write an if inside another if for
more complex checks.
if (a > 0) {
if (a % 2 == 0) {
printf("Positive
Even");
}
}
Real-life examples
Voting eligibility
Grading systems
ATM PIN validation
Login/password checks
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Missing { } for multiple lines
Using = instead of ==
Forgetting to end statements with ;
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Practice Questions
1. Write a program that checks if a number
is positive or negative.
2. Ask for a user's age and tell if they are a
child, teenager, or adult.
3. Write a grading system using else if.
4. Input two numbers and print the larger
number.
5. Check if a number is even or odd using if-
else.
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Loops in C
Repeating tasks efficiently
What are loops?
Loops allow a block of code to run multiple
times until a condition is false.
The while loop
while (condition) {
// code runs while condition
is true
}
Example:
int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) {
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}
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The do-while loop
do {
//code runs at least once
}while (condition)
Example:
int I = 1;
do {
printf("%d\n", i);
. i++;
} while(i <= 5);
Real-Life Examples of Loops
Display menu until user chooses “Exit”
Keep asking for password until correct
Countdown timers
Printing repeated patterns
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Common Mistakes to Avoid
Infinite loop: forgetting to update the variable
Wrong condition that never becomes false
Misplaced ; after loop declaration
Practice Questions
1. Print numbers from 1 to 10 using a while loop.
2. Use a do-while loop to ask user for a password
until it’s correct.
3. Write a program that prints the multiplication
table of a number.
4. Print even numbers from 1 to 20.
5. Sum the first 10 natural numbers using while
loop.
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The for loop in C
A for loop is used when the number of iterations is known
in advance.
Syntax includes initialization, condition, and
increment/decrement in one line.
Syntax of for loop
for (initialization; condition;
update) {
// code runs in here
}
Example:
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
printf("%d/n", i)
}
How it Works (Step-by-Step)
1. Initialize i = 1
2. Check condition i <= 5
3. Execute code block
4. Update i++
5. Repeat until condition is false
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Use cases of for loops
1. Printing number series
2. Multiplication tables
3. Pattern printing
4. Running fixed number of tests
Nested for Loops
One for loop inside another
Example:
for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 2;
j++) {
printf("%d %d\n", i, j);
}
}
Common mistakes
1. Off-by-one errors (looping too much or
too little)
2. Using wrong condition
3. Infinite loop by forgetting update
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Practice Questions
1. Print numbers from 10 to 1 using a
for loop.
2. Display the squares of numbers 1
to 5.
3. Print even numbers from 2 to 20.
4. Use nested loops to print a
rectangle of *.
5. Calculate the factorial of a
number using a for loop.
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