Geospatial Technologies for Disaster Management.
(Cyclone Vulnerability
Mapping for West Coast India)
Introduction: -
A cyclone is a large – scale atmosphere circulation system characteristics by law pressure centres
and circulation wind motion. Cyclone can from over both tropical and extratropical regions and are
known by different parts of the wards.
Cyclones are one of the natural hazards that affect India almost every year causing large loss of lives
and properties. Tropical cyclone, also known as ‘cyclone’, is the term used globally to cover tropical
weather systems (World Meteorological Organisation, WMO 2009) in which winds equal or exceed
the minimum of 34 knots (18 m per second (maps)). These are intense low-pressure areas of the
earth atmosphere coupled system and are extreme weather events of the tropics. Cyclones are
known by many names the world over like tropical cyclones, typhoons, hurricanes, etc. Though
cyclones differ by name across regions, they are classified according to their wind speed in its
circulation. The classification, however, varies from region to region. The Indian classification of these
intense low-pressure systems (cyclonic disturbances) is shown in the Table 1 (India Meteorological
department, IMD 2003).
Hazards associated with tropical cyclones are long-duration rotatory high-velocity winds, very heavy
rain and storm tide (the combined effect of storm surge and astronomical tide). Out of these, the
storm surge is the greatest killer hazard associated with cyclone. The detailed damage potential of
cyclones is given in ‘Damage Potential of Cyclones’ published by IMD (2002). India has a coastline of
about 7,516 km of which 5,400 km is along the mainland. The entire coast is affected by cyclones
with varying frequency and intensity. Thirteen coastal states and Union Territories (UTs) in the
country are affected by tropical cyclones.
List of coastal State in India states west coast (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka, West Bengal) and one UT (Puducherry). Although the south to
Gujarat in the north passing through Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra. 1500m.North to South. Four
coastal union Territories of India Daman and Diu, Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Island (Bay of
Bangel) Arabian Sea Lakshadweep Island. Name of the Western Coast three Type. Southern part is
Know as Malabar Coast, Centre part of the Western Coast is known as Kanara, Northern part of the
Western Coast is Kokan.
The IMD is the nodal government agency that provides weather services related to cyclones in India.
However, IMD has not identified cyclone-prone districts following any specific definition though the
districts for which cyclone warnings are issued have been identified. On the other hand, for the
purpose of better cyclone disaster management in the country, it is necessary to define cyclone
proneness and identify cyclone-prone coastal districts. It is also necessary to decide degree of hazard
proneness of a district by considering cyclone parameters so that mitigation measures are prioritised.
The building material technology promotion council (BMTPC) of Ministry of Urban Development,
Government of India, based on hazard vulnerability of India identified cyclone-prone districts of India
(BMTPC 2006), which is a modification of the earlier edition of 1997.
These districts are also listed in guidelines for management of cyclones published by National
Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Government of India (NDMA 2008). These lists have
included some inland districts of a few states in northeast India which do not experience full impact
of cyclone. Also, whilst preparing such list it appears that no weightage was given for the number as
well as intensity of cyclones crossing coast. Considering all these, an attempt has been made to
prepare a list of cyclone hazard prone districts by adopting hazard criteria. We begin by discussing
the characteristics of cyclones in this region, including frequency, intensity, and associated hazards.
Subsequently, we delve into the methodology employed for cyclone vulnerability mapping, which
encompasses data acquisition, processing, analysis, and visualization techniques.
Literature Review: Disaster Management of Cyclones on the West Coast of India
The western coast of India, encompassing states such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and
Kerala, is periodically threatened by cyclones originating from the Arabian Sea. Despite experiencing
fewer cyclones than the eastern coast, the west coast is significantly impacted due to the unique
geographical and socio-economic characteristics of the region. This literature review aims to
synthesize existing research on the historical context, current disaster management practices, and
identified gaps in managing cyclonic disasters along the west coast of India.
Historical Context: Historical Cyclone Events:
Historically, the western coast has faced several devastating cyclones, albeit less frequently than the
eastern coast. Some notable cyclonic events include: Mumbai Cyclone of 1882: One of the earliest
recorded cyclones, causing extensive damage and loss of life in the city of Mumbai. Cyclone (2017):
Originating near the Lakshadweep Islands, caused significant damage in Kerala and Tamil Nadu,
highlighting the need for better preparedness and response mechanisms. Cyclone Vayu (2019):
Threatened Gujarat and led to large-scale evacuations, demonstrating the effectiveness of pre-
emptive measures. These events underline the vulnerability of the western coastal regions to cyclonic
impacts, despite the lower frequency compared to the eastern coast.
Impact on Socio-economic Activities:
Cyclones on the west coast have profound socio-economic impacts. For instance, the densely
populated cities like Mumbai and Surat face significant infrastructure damage and economic
disruption. Coastal districts reliant on agriculture, fisheries, and tourism experience severe livelihood
losses. Studies by Patwardhan et al. (2020) and Joshi et al. (2019) emphasize the long-term
economic and social impacts of such disasters, including displacement and health issues.
Current Disaster Management Practices: Institutional Framework
India has established a multi-tier disaster management system: National Disaster Management
Authority (NDMA): Provides guidelines and coordinates disaster management activities at the national
level. State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs): Implement state-specific disaster
management plans. District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs): Focus on localized response
and preparedness activities. This hierarchical structure aims to ensure comprehensive disaster
management from the national to the local level.
Early Warning Systems
Early warning systems are crucial for mitigating cyclone impacts. The India Meteorological
Department (IMD) plays a pivotal role in monitoring and forecasting cyclonic activities. Technological
advancements have improved the accuracy and timeliness of these warnings, which are disseminated
through various channels including television, radio, and mobile alerts. Studies by Srivastava et al.
(2018) highlight the importance of community-based early warning dissemination to ensure all
sections of the population are informed in a timely manner.
Preparedness and Mitigation Measures
Preparedness and mitigation strategies include:
Coastal Zoning and Regulation: Implementation of Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ) to prevent
unplanned development in vulnerable areas.
Mangrove Restoration: Protecting and restoring mangroves, which act as natural barriers against
storm surges. Community Awareness Programs: Conducting regular awareness programs and
evacuation drills, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas. Research by Kumar et al. (2020)
underscores the effectiveness of these measures in reducing the adverse impacts of cyclones.
However, there are variations in the implementation and effectiveness across different districts.
Identified Gaps and Challenges: Resource Constraints
Several studies, including those by Gupta et al. (2017), highlight the resource constraints faced by
state and district disaster management authorities. Limited financial resources and inadequate
infrastructure hamper effective disaster management, particularly in less economically developed
districts.
Coordination Issues
Effective disaster management requires seamless coordination among various agencies. However,
case studies from Cyclone (2017) reveal lapses in coordination between national, state, and local
authorities, resulting in delayed responses and inefficient resource utilization.
Technological Gaps
While early warning systems have improved, there is a need for further technological advancements.
Real-time data collection, advanced forecasting models, and better communication infrastructure are
essential for timely and effective disaster response. Studies by Prasad et al. (2019) suggest that
investing in such technologies could significantly enhance disaster preparedness and response
capabilities.
Community Awareness and Engagement
Community awareness and preparedness are critical components of effective disaster management.
However, research by Singh et al. (2018) indicates that awareness levels are often low, particularly in
rural areas. Regular training programs, awareness campaigns, and community engagement initiatives
are necessary to build resilience at the grassroots level.
Case Studies and Best Practices: Cyclone (2017)
Cyclone impact on Kerala and Tamil Nadu highlighted the importance of timely evacuation and
effective communication. Despite challenges, the post-cyclone recovery efforts, including
rehabilitation and livelihood support programs, were relatively successful. Lessons learned emphasize
the need for better early warning dissemination and community preparedness.
Cyclone Vayu (2019):
The response to Cyclone Vayu involved pre-emptive evacuations and coordinated efforts among
various agencies. The success of these measures demonstrates the effectiveness of proactive
disaster management strategies. However, the need for continuous monitoring and long-term support
for affected communities remains critical.
Based on the literature review, the following recommendations are proposed:
Enhanced Resource Allocation: Increase funding and resources for disaster management at the
state and district levels.
Improved Coordination Mechanisms: Establish clear protocols for coordination among different
agencies to ensure timely and efficient response.
Technological Upgrades: Invest in advanced forecasting and communication technologies to
enhance early warning systems and real-time data collection.
Community-based Approaches: Implement regular community training programs and awareness
campaigns to improve local preparedness and resilience.
Methodology:
The methodology section outlines the approach taken to research and analyse the disaster
management strategies for cyclones affecting the western coastal area of India. This includes
research design, data collection methods, data analysis techniques, and ethical considerations.
The methodology for studying disaster management of cyclones in the western coastal area of India
involves a systematic approach to data collection, analysis, and implementation of findings. This
process includes mapping vulnerable areas, assessing current disaster management practices, and
developing recommendations for improving resilience and response.
Mixed-Methods Approach
A mixed-methods approach was employed to provide a comprehensive understanding of cyclone
disaster management. This approach integrates both quantitative and qualitative methods to gather
extensive data and insights.
Research Objectives
Historical Analysis: Examine historical data on cyclones impacting the western coast of India.
Current Practices: Assess existing disaster management frameworks and practices.
Gap Identification: Identify gaps and challenges in current disaster management strategies.
Case Study Evaluation: Analyse specific case studies of recent cyclones.
Recommendations: Provide recommendations to enhance disaster management strategies.
Data Collection Methods
Secondary Data Collection Government reports (survey of India, census data, NDMA, IMD etc),
academic journals, news articles, and existing literature.
Historical Data: Collected from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) archives and relevant
academic research.
Policy Documents: Analysed reports and guidelines from the National Disaster Management
Authority (NDMA) and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs).
Literature Review: Reviewed scholarly articles, books, and previous studies on disaster
management and cyclones.
Case Studies
Selection Criteria: Recent significant cyclones impacting the western coast, such as Cyclone (2017)
and Cyclone Vayu (2019).
Data Sources: Official reports, media coverage, and interviews with stakeholders involved in the
response and recovery
phases. Analysis Framework: Evaluated the effectiveness of disaster management strategies,
coordination among agencies, and community resilience. Data Analysis Techniques.
Quantitative Analysis
Statistical software (Excel Arc GIS, QGIS).
Descriptive Statistics: Summarized historical cyclone data, demographic information, and survey
responses.
Trend Analysis: Identified trends in cyclone frequency, intensity, and impact over time.
Correlation Analysis: Examined relationships between preparedness measures and the effectiveness
of disaster response.
Geospatial Mapping: GIS Mapping
Data Integration: Integrate various data sources into Geographic Information System (GIS) software
to create detailed maps of vulnerable areas.
Risk Assessment: Map cyclone-prone areas, critical infrastructure (hospitals, schools, cyclone
shelters), evacuation routes, and population density.
Hazard Analysis: Use GIS to analyse the geographical distribution of historical cyclone tracks,
intensity, and landfall points.
Vulnerability assessment
Social Vulnerability: Assess the vulnerability of different communities based on socio-economic
factors such as income, education, and access to resources.
Infrastructure Vulnerability: Evaluate the resilience of infrastructure including buildings, roads,
bridges, and utilities.
Environmental Vulnerability: Map natural barriers and resources, such as mangroves and coral
reefs, which can mitigate cyclone impacts.
Stakeholder Analysis
Assessment of Existing Disaster Management Practices
Review of plans of Policies:
National and State Plans: Review existing disaster management plans at national and state levels,
focusing on their implementation in coastal districts.
Local Plans: Assess local disaster management plans, including community preparedness
programs and local response strategies.
Evaluation of Infrastructure
Shelters and Evacuation Routes: Assess the adequacy, location, and condition of cyclone shelters
and evacuation routes.
Critical Infrastructure: Evaluate the resilience of critical infrastructure such as hospitals,
communication networks, and power supply systems.
Cyclone Impact Assessment:
Cyclone impact assessment in the western coastal area of India is vital for understanding the extent of
damage and planning effective disaster management strategies. This assessment involves mapping
the affected regions, evaluating physical, economic, social, and environmental impacts, and using this
data to improve preparedness and response mechanisms. Geographic Information System (GIS)
mapping is a critical tool in this process, providing visual and analytical insights into cyclone impacts.
Methodology: Data Collection
Historical Data: Compile historical data on past cyclones, including paths, intensity, and impact
reports from meteorological and disaster management agencies.
Government and NGO Reports: Review reports and publications from government agencies and
non-governmental organizations involved in disaster management and relief efforts.
GIS Mapping and Analysis: Data Integration
Geospatial Data: Integrate various data sources (satellite imagery, field survey data, historical
cyclone data) into GIS software to create comprehensive maps.
Layering: Create multiple layers in GIS to represent different types of data, such as infrastructure,
population density, evacuation routes, and high-risk areas.
Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
Risk Zones: Identify and map high-risk zones based on historical cyclone tracks, geographical
features, and population distribution.
Infrastructure Vulnerability: Assess and map the vulnerability of critical infrastructure, such as
hospitals, schools, roads, and power lines.
Social Vulnerability: Map demographic data to highlight vulnerable populations, including low-
income groups, elderly, and children.
Impact Assessment: Physical Damage Assessment
Infrastructure Damage: Map the extent of damage to buildings, roads, bridges, and utilities.
Shelter and Evacuation Facilities: Assess the condition and capacity of cyclone shelters and
evacuation centres.
Economic Impact Assessment
Direct Economic Losses: Map areas with significant economic activity (agriculture, fisheries,
industry) to assess direct economic losses.
Indirect Economic Losses: Evaluate the broader economic impact, including loss of livelihoods and
disruption of supply chains.
Social Impact Assessment
Displacement and Casualties: Map areas with high displacement and record the number of
casualties and injuries.
Health and Sanitation: Assess the impact on health facilities and sanitation infrastructure.
Environment Impact Assessment
Ecosystem Damage: Map damage to coastal ecosystems, such as mangroves, coral reefs, and
wetlands.
Pollution and Contamination: Identify areas affected by pollution and contamination due to cyclone
debris and flooding.
Mapping Processes
Base Map Creation Use satellite imagery and topographic maps to create a base map of the study
area. Include major geographical features, administrative boundaries, and infrastructure networks.
Data Layering Add layers for historical cyclone tracks and affected areas. Overlay data on
infrastructure, population density, evacuation routes, and cyclone shelters.
Vulnerability Mapping:
Identify and mark high-risk zones based on historical data and current cyclone forecasts.
Highlight vulnerable infrastructure and communities.
Impact Mapping
Use field vey and aerial imagery data to map areas of physical damage. Mark economic, social, and
environmental impact zones.
Analysis and Visualization
Analyse spatial data to identify patterns and correlations. Create visual representations (heat maps,
risk zones) to communicate findings effectively. Cyclone (2021) physical damage assessment
Gujarat: Severe damage to coastal infrastructure, including roads, buildings, and power lines.
Maharashtra: Urban flooding and damage to residential areas and utilities.
Economic Impact Assessment
Agriculture: Extensive damage to crops, especially in Gujarat and Maharashtra, leading to significant
economic losses.
Fisheries: Damage to fishing boats and equipment in coastal regions, impacting livelihoods.
Social Impact Assessment
Displacement: Thousands of people evacuated to temporary shelters in Gujarat and Maharashtra.
Health: Increased cases of waterborne diseases due to flooding and contamination of water sources.
Disaster Management Strategies
District-Wise Disaster Management Strategies for Cyclones on the West Coast of India
The western coast of India, encompassing the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and
Kerala, faces periodic cyclonic threats. Effective disaster management strategies tailored to the
unique characteristics of each district are essential for minimizing the impact of these cyclones. Below
is a detailed overview of district-wise disaster management strategies for key districts along the
western coast.
1.Gujarat Kutch, Jamnagar, Porbandar, Gir Somnath, Surat
Kutch Regular community awareness programs and evacuation drills. Strengthening of coastal
embankments and construction of cyclone shelters. Installation of advanced weather monitoring
systems and dissemination of warnings through local media and mobile alerts.
2 Jamnagar Restoration and conservation of mangroves to act as natural barriers. Establishment of
emergency response teams and stockpiling of essential supplies.
Post-cyclone rehabilitation programs focusing on rebuilding homes and restoring livelihoods.
3 Porbandar Development of detailed evacuation plans and routes. Construction of multi-purpose
cyclone shelters. Use of community radio and local networks for timely warning dissemination.
4 Gir Somnath Coastal zoning regulations to prevent unplanned development. Training local
volunteers in first aid and emergency response. Financial assistance programs for affected fishermen
and farmers.
5 Surat Public awareness campaigns on cyclone preparedness and safety measures.
Upgrading drainage systems to prevent flooding. Collaboration with IMD for accurate and timely
cyclone forecasts.
2. Maharashtra
Districts: Mumbai, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg
1 Mumbai Urban planning incorporating disaster risk reduction measures. Strengthening of coastal
defences and stormwater drainage systems. Use of digital platforms for mass communication of
cyclone warnings.
2 Raigad Planting and conserving mangrove forests. Quick deployment of National Disaster
Response Force (NDRF) teams. Focused efforts on restoring critical infrastructure and public
services.
3 Ratnagiri Building elevated structures in vulnerable areas. Early Warning Systems: Localized
warning systems utilizing sirens and public announcements.
4.Sindhudurg Establishing buffer zones along the coast. Effective coordination between local
authorities and state disaster management agencies. Rehabilitation programs aimed at providing
long-term support to affected populations.
3. Goa Districts: North Goa, South Goa
1 North Goa Coeducating tourists and locals on cyclone safety procedures. Developing cyclone-
resistant buildings. Collaboration with local media for timely dissemination of warnings.
2 South Goa Protecting and rehabilitating coastal ecosystems. Rapid deployment of emergency
services. Support for small businesses and tourism sector post-cyclone.
4. Karnataka Districts: Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Uttara Kannada
1 Dakshina Kannada Community workshops on disaster risk reduction. Reinforcement of critical
infrastructure Real-time monitoring and alert systems integrated with local governance.
2 Udupi Coastal afforestation projects. Establishing emergency shelters and relief distribution
centres. Economic support for agriculture and fisheries sectors.
3 Uttara Kannada Training local communities in disaster response. Construction of protective barriers
and flood defences. Effective use of social media for spreading warnings.
5. Kerala Districts: Alappuzha, Ernakulam, Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram
1 Alappuzha Engaging local communities in preparedness activities. Construction of raised platforms
and shelters. Timely weather updates and warnings via multiple channels.
2 Ernakulam Implementing sustainable coastal management practices. Activation of emergency
response units. Comprehensive rehabilitation and reconstruction plans.
3 Kollam Regular public information campaigns. Enhancing the resilience of existing buildings.
Deployment of automated warning systems.
4 Thiruvananthapuram Strengthening natural coastal barriers. Coordinated response efforts
involving multiple agencies. Long-term support for affected communities.
The attached West Coast other state of Tamil Nadu and Odisha
Both Tamil Nadu and Odisha face significant cyclonic threats, primarily from the Bay of Bengal. Here,
we focus on district-wise strategies for managing these threats, ensuring preparedness, mitigation,
response, and recovery phases are effectively addressed.
Tamil Nadu Districts: Chennai, Cudd lore, Nagapattinam, Kanyakumari, Thoothukudi
1.Chennai Conduct regular community drills, especially in low-lying and densely populated areas.
Develop comprehensive urban evacuation plans. Strengthen coastal defences and stormwater
drainage systems. Ensure critical infrastructure like hospitals and communication networks are
cyclone-resistant. Enhance collaboration with IMD for accurate forecasting. Utilize SMS alerts, public
announcements, and social media for timely dissemination of warnings.
2.Cudd lore Implement community awareness programs focusing on cyclone safety. Develop
detailed evacuation routes and shelters. Construct multi-purpose cyclone shelters and reinforce
existing structures to withstand high winds and flooding. Install automated weather stations and sirens
in vulnerable areas. Use local radio and community networks for effective warning dissemination.
3. Nagapattinam
Regularly update and rehearse district-level disaster management plans. Educate the fishing
community about safety protocols.
Build elevated platforms for temporary shelter and storage. Improve the resilience of coastal
embankments and irrigation systems.
Utilize satellite-based communication systems for real-time weather updates. Engage local leaders in
spreading warnings and mobilizing communities.
4. Kanyakumari
Engage local communities in disaster preparedness workshops. Conduct mock drills in schools and
public institutions.
Implement coastal afforestation projects to act as natural windbreaks. Enhance the structural integrity
of residential and public buildings.
Develop a robust network of local informants for rapid warning dissemination. Use multimedia
platforms to reach diverse population segments.
5. Thoothukudi
Focus on educating residents about cyclone risks and evacuation procedures. Establish emergency
response teams with trained volunteers.
Strengthen port facilities and coastal infrastructure to withstand cyclonic conditions. Ensure backup
power systems for critical services.
Collaborate with local meteorological stations for timely updates. Implement community radio systems
for effective communication.
Odisha
District: Ganjam, Puri, Kendra Para, Jagasinghour, Bala sore
1. Ganjam
Conduct regular community training programs on disaster preparedness. Develop and maintain
updated evacuation plans.
Build cyclone shelters in strategic locations and retrofit existing buildings. Enhance drainage systems
to prevent flooding.
Install loudspeaker systems in villages for quick dissemination of warnings. Utilize mobile networks
for SMS alerts.
2. Puri
Implement public education campaigns about cyclone safety. Conduct annual evacuation drills.
Construct seawalls and embankments to protect coastal areas. Ensure that all new construction
adheres to cyclone-resistant standards.
Use traditional media, social media, and community networks for timely warning dissemination.
Integrate local early warning systems with state and national networks.
3. Kendra Para
Focus on capacity building through workshops and training sessions. Develop detailed disaster
response plans involving local stakeholders.
Enhance the resilience of critical infrastructure such as schools and healthcare facilities. Promote the
construction of raised platforms for safety.
Establish automated weather stations for real-time monitoring. Engage local leaders in the
dissemination of early warnings.
4. Jagatsinghpur
Strengthen community engagement in disaster preparedness activities. Conduct regular mock drills in
coordination with local authorities.
Develop and maintain coastal defences such as mangroves and levees. Upgrade existing shelters
and public buildings to cyclone-resistant standards.
Utilize community radio and loudspeaker systems for rapid warning dissemination. Ensure
coordination with IMD for accurate weather forecasts.
5. Bala sore
Implement extensive community outreach programs to educate residents about cyclone risks.
Develop comprehensive evacuation and shelter plans.
Build and maintain cyclone shelters and safe houses. Strengthen coastal and river embankments to
mitigate flooding.
Use SMS, social media, and local networks to disseminate early warnings. Collaborate with local
authorities for synchronized response efforts.
Case Studies
