ExplaiaARM:RTSC Desiga Philasapy

CozeusesadRsiahitcctine RrSC isadia

The
desgn philaSaphy aimed at deliveza:nq Simale ht poweztwl
insfuckons toat Exete thia asagle yce ata high clock
Speedi
Ehe Rasc philósopky lonteohates on ~educing the -Camplex:ty of
iashuctioas peatone bu the hadbane. betaaeitis Easse
aaude gntatea ileabil:aodntll:geste 10 Sakeant xahci thas

CISC
Caogplea LomplealCompile
Code Code
sencaton
CacaBca
Bmplert oCes soz pilort som Processor 9
12Tastauchiodsi- Rss paotesskshaçe a sieduce aumbex od instudo
classes, These classes pxoukde Simple opesatians that Can Each.
at in,a Single uycle The lámpilex os pagsamntx Synthe
Lampliaek
2 Pipekaes 2 The pacotessing at instauctionss baokeo dews inta
Smalea uaits that Con se nGuted in ganalled by pipeknes
Tdtally the ppeine aduasceA dy oat step on gan.
each iyle to
malinba thughpud. Tostauckaran be decoded in ole ppek.
uted
Sage Thee
 3Reastess&
3) RTsc_machines haie alange gentzal -pmpas
haxdatd
Any meazste| Can Condah
stex setAaip
adaness Registea aclaa the tast lacal entmany toe o
al data piotessing opeäatias,
4 Loadstast amchttecunei The pnoCessox apezahs oa data
hdd h3egisteat Sepasat oad and staxç instuchaás ros
txdotahetueea e xegisex bank and EutaalneMoy.
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an

9>Euglain Embedded System Handulane & Softoane

EbeddedSuta, Hasdwnee
ARM, RON
SRAM
Processoy memory onrolles FLASHROM
-DRAM
Ttesupt AHG-&xtenal bride -External Bus
ontrottert
tAHtabta
|AHG-APB bidge
Ethoret EHhexngt
Readime clk Physia
doivex
Consale Seial UARTS
Hauntal-inasl
(ARM). (Contellers (Peroheials) Bus
 The ARM_ pxocessoxCoátols Hhe abedded deuice Dilleyent
VeXsion at Hhe ARM Oxogess0X ane avatlable to Sut the desixcd
oexatig chaactskcsl AnAR poLeSsOX Canapises 'a (oxe
the eecakos Engine that psatess inshuctiunscand anipulaty
data plus the Susssndna Coagoneath tad intahce it witha
bu.
onhallexs Cooxdsaatk indaortot fanctooal bldcks od the Systn
Tuo Commanly faua d ontialleasiome intaaut &'neHoy mekoay
Cashallexs
The peziahexals pavide all the ingt-oudaut Capabilty Eatuat
to the Chp od ane nespons:ble fos the uaigueness O4 he Eab.
-edded device
Abus is uSed 4 oinroua; codt bèlueen ditlexent ponts ot the
Ldeusce

Embedded Syston Saftuaane

Applicatfons
OPeroting System
TaitializotDevice douvest
Hondione device

shaws e
A Eoshedded Syutem_needs sluw to die it Rgune Enbeddel
ycal Softaane ComponEats ieguircd to ianto an
device
The ioialzaio Code isthe tzst Code Evetuted on the boand
aad is Spetifc to a panstula age ox guAup laatrel ot tanget
Ihe gptzahag Syutem pxouides aa inkaskuctue
qptzating to
agalitaions mage honduane nesouxcea, Many Em
beddedSysteans do nat msguiYe afall opexoting Sato
 out mexely-a [inple ask Schedules Haat is &Hex
ox-poll dven.
3Thedeuce doiNesdné thethisd
g lhay psaide a Consstend
Conapontats shaa
slu iotaface to the
The Sottwant Companénts Caa Xun Kam RoM RAM R
Cade thad is Bxcd an thdideuice fos Extanple the intal
Code iscalledxnwave

32Exglain ARA Corat Dota Claa Model

Data
Woite Sign
Read
|Regstes
RoRs
Ale RA
Rusutt

RnA
Baspe MAGH
LALU

Reoiste

AddnesseA
 An ARM (oxe dataow madelmay bcthought ot ay
Kunctona uaits Conaected by data buses, Sth theatoLAs
IepaL Senting data lou the lines mepa¢senting busts, aad the
gpeakog uat ox a
nepicsenting &thex an Qpexating
he diagnam dearctsbath the dota flow and the abshat am
poaeks that make ua da ARM Coxe.
The Data bus iS wheze data Satezs thè CPU Coxe the doda
might be aa Sueautable iCamnid ox á data ahjed.
T ARM is impleaantd
inple mtntd by VanNaumad, with data itemns
ad instuctons shaing H Some bus.
Te ARM implenätatoaiat Hansad, ôn the othex haad.
Eplay tua Sepanate buses
Befoáastatckoas ac Bxteutcd, theiiastuctiaa detodex indx
pxeis thero, achinstuctontnol is Eieaitdis_pant at a
Te load-stoze anchitectune ssed by the ARMoKessoz, as
its by All Rusc processoxs.
This ioplits there ane tuoisoxts not inshuctiaas tas
ng data sn aid aut ot thepaLessot; lood ioshictiAs Cogy
foxmnenaxy toiCaxenegistcis, whileStoxe iastac
hons Gop. datafoaÒ meaistéxs to menay
Data pot Ssing ootLO)
inshuctia& that dixeclyaaipuate dota
ailable
i nenaxy aue
As a mlslt dataprouessing simited to'xeaiste
Theregiste lea
patesUanlsoade
negiste- swheze data okects ane sted,
22-bil
&sl instucioas Canstde y the geistezs o hauing Stqaed
wasianld32-bif vaued Siacethe ARg loy?is
32 -b:l psoessox
 plaia. Baozel shitea Opeiakon
Splaa 3sage pioalig
in ARMI
ia ARM7 Riocessoz
acesso,
Ro Rm
Non Pse
Pesng BoJDel shifo)
Preepsares'sng by Result

\Arithmetic loq unit

Rd
pxetessotetha
A Uaigue'and bouexfa tatune ot the ARM pxo(eSoz i
Hhe abil:ky to hif! the [Link] hinary pattezi taaae d
the Saunce&ngisteas lePf iax xtght b'a Spethc aunby
This shl! iala62Aes the pawex ad eibilkky a may
data pxoLessiag apexaioas.
Theye ane dta pxa Cessiaq:iAshucion that da nt Use Hhe
bannesh!A, fox Easale Hhe MOL Lulkply) CL2lisuat
leading 2eXOs) aad ADn CSigotd Satumated 39-bt ada)
insteuctions
Pre-poteasing ox shitouA ithin the yele time o
Hhein Shhuctoá.
Th:s isi pantiulaiy uselJ fox loadng ConsBaati toto
masta aad Sauhieng
achis Liaesax diisian by.
Maeoaic shilLResult shill aaia!
LSL loqgcal shift let!xLsLY
LSR XLeY
ASR
Athmehc
shift xASRY # 1-39 ox Rs
RoR
RRX Rolake sughtxRORY|unstmed)X>>y #131 o Rs
Rolade xRRX Cetl31)
6

Disaus Von-Neunan anchtectune ith Cache &

Lanchitcctune with TCM Hayand
ARM ha tuo toxms o cache
ARM Core )} The xstiis toundattached tothe
onicd Cache Jon Neumao-StyleCoxes
TtCombines bat data &istuck
AmBA buh inéfel
sion ioto a Single wnifcd
ontd Cache
uoit mernor
y fox Sinplcihyehawe Called
CA-chip AMBA Bu
the gue lagi Hhak Coanecks the
memouy sstem to the AMeA
bua loacand ontal
By cashact the Second toxn
CARM Caxt atached to the Honsand Stye
Coxes haA Sepanate Caches foxL
Datal nshaD data &instiucions
TCMHTem ACachepaovides aá NEtal in
Ams bu intoface
pexfamaaie but at
Main
the fredichable
DtI
&xeution,
On-chip AM&A buy
 Gutfo eal time Syattms itisponanouat thatico
Sxecubon s detexmn:c he fine taken for loading :
Stozing tasthuctians a~ data must be pkedictable
This i& achicied ustioga foxm of imemozy Called t¡hlt
Caupled
TCM 1s memai
Pasl
y
iS. sRAMlootd close to the Co3e
Lone ir gunahtegc
the clocks cycles ngimaéd. to fetch instuckons doata
Cakcaloxcal-inng algoxihons neguiing deteim:aSk
behato.
4>Dfente hetweaA.
EmheddedA Suaten
duwane andagené[Link] 0s-punpose hamduane & Eghe
Speial
app lkcations Speahc set ot aptaka
Contaias aeneialrou0se Lmay nathotaia
Apalitaoas Ane aahle by Agalktakiuis ane non- altah
by the sexi
Apphtataa Sspeckc xeguta
factos.
Poiwer Constuaghus LesL
Response Toe sNat Citial Kespoose Tine is Caitcal
tox Some
The agplkcahians &the
bihe opexatiag, Cusally he applitai &
Syatem ane dshibuted he Systn an dishibuted
Sepanaels
aaSingle image
Rua mang appkcaions Rus
Sngle sgaliatu
 Sottuane Apzoach Handuuone Aproach
AIldes gstas staae data 'oxadDedicaded xegistcxs fux speaß
upnpase
Sied inshuctien foxmad Vavuakle iaskuction foxmah.
AlL instuction ane Eacuted in Mlkple clock cycles ane used
Single clock Gycle binshucons fax Extaukon.
Spekd Lmoxe instuctio
aiegisteas xefex menany
Ruced inshuctions classec Congplex iatuchions claser
ICaiekly descahe the dilfeaol classkcation at &mbedded sy

Limiked mtaaky, Sinale Goatal task

Bxonple Gat CaluulatosSmple ashag machi
paoce[sos.
Bptea Speddmemaxy mulktaskng pissable.
SsmpleiAdvanced audiaSyatkns Ealy mobile phag,
xd GenezahosUsed 32bit o% 64-bit proe ssoxs, DsP FPaAs
xHgh pextaaaie, mulkitasking, xtal tme paaessing
anple? Smant TVs ngbatis aduanced medital'g
focun anAT TOI, machiaeleanaing
NExamplei Smanl hame devzcei, silf-ing Con Sy
iBasedon Comley&pexfoamasle leguizeneas o
Small-Stale Enbedded Systms Üse Qolk-bit mtaeoatollex
Mediun Stale Enbeddlgutns
Saphishtated Eonbedded Syaeai Enplayoulkple 30-biE
ü2Based on Deteamtazshc Gehawionie
Hand RealTione Sytensi Reguiae shicly ine- boun
whexe missed deadiaes Caa hae Seyere ansegueac
Saft Rea-Time Syatens: Allow fox Some flex:
hei mised delalaes might nak he Gikial
N Based
Eveat -DnenThé System waits fox a spechci Eve!
butan paes,-Seasas ioput)to iggex an actn
Tnt -DNEn: The Sytem opegate bastd dna pxedebned
le &xecatag take ad specshe ine intaals
H Explain (eSR eajstex ot ARMAin dedail
Opeatións
xThe CÁSR Is aldedtated 39-bif negistex& estdes in he
The cpSR RS divded iato un kelds fach sbits wr
wide
ThtcAsiaa, aod staku felds ane Cuntatly metaincd t
fieUsage in unent
The paocestoz aode, Status, and intu! mack bits
acuded in the andyal eld The Cosdiionloaa ane Sha
in the flog, field
Exha bit haue ben ássgnt to Seme ARM moceSox Ca
The I bit in the laga zld is oaly aalate
On Tazelle- Coahled pxotessoXS that Ca Euetute & bit
inshuctioas
futine designs one almost lextaialy aoiag te have ma
bids fay ieataiay g
Gonthdli
 The (PSR CCisnnt
|ARMN7 keeps tack pxagnamme Sta ). ze6lz),
The bits ane set accosding to the mast ecest AL) instuchion
th the "s» SuflThe *adds" inshrucioan, ox &sampls
Lmodiiesthe statu bits bud he addfastuchan does not.
Discuss SJAR inshuchon with Example.
The SwAP instuctiaa is aa special (ase oda load- stoze stbucl
ion Tt suJaps the Contents oi memaxy asth thf Coatents ot a
Izeaistta Ths inshuchien is an atoi opexoticA- it xeads wrib
a lotatun in th» Same bua apezatin,preventingaay ather iachu
ctians famiimending
Campletes.

SP Sunpawand bla meany &axegistx Lmpemem39e.]

Sanpa byte behwteaimeinag [Link]& CRa

meng[ka:Rm

athex bus acces. Lie say he Syoten "holds [Link]" unk

He tansaction is Conplete
Evanple: Tke Suwap inshucicn loads a wozd hom minasy iato
Yo ad oNe%ulsitesthe wrth registe&
 PREnem 3o Cox 9o06) = ox 1934S678

31 0X IW29.9,.9

PosT mem32ox400d 012929

Xd20x1934S61

This iostklckon is pantulandy uselhd uwhea iaplemenkag Sena

Stroa
kbhxes andautial Salusia& in onQpexahng Sytn

and backuand Baanch

A hxonchnsuctio changes the flos ot Eueuion ax is
used ctaicau a zautiae. Thi ype ot inshucton allaws piogus
tohae Subaouatinesjif then else shuctunes, andaapc
The thoagenat Exetukos Plau fozces he pagnon
p topkiat to aa aew add¬ss.
Thé AAMySE instuction set includestouz dilloreat bionch
TnstuctioasBie

Bfeconds label
AL{etaod>abel
 B bãaach Pl=lahel
8LLbanch ith liakpclabel
Jeaddacssot te nexd iashuctioo afk he BL

ALxbxonch Enchane
with liak
pczlabel Te4
Lxzaddness od the netinstucia afk 813
The addi¿ss label is stoxediothe instucioa aà a Siqntd pc-xl
ve oset and must be wsthin GgaioxinaBey 32Ma the
bxawch instuction,Txelexs tothe Thimbbit in thé Cosx,
bhea insthuchion SetT te ARM Suitches To Taunb state

folwandBzanchBackuwandGaaochi
This Eiaople. shawsa toiwahd backusand buanch, Geca thcse
locps ane addnes speat, we donat iacude the pat- and past
Candelons. Thel-fownd bxanch skp thaee ststucias The
backusand-bionch Cztatsaa iafa:te loop
ADD 139 #4
ADD
ADD
fozwan d
SUB:XLX9 #4
bacdswond
ADD
YL32,t#4
ADOu, 36, 1
backwand
 Graches ane used to chaag IÆNeCution flaus. Mas!
hide the details oa bxaah inshucton Escodisg
backwamd
byus
a
labels T this Suamale fwamd and
Lahels.

plaia toad estote instauciba &shitE &Rotate insi

Load sstoze instuctions. tians ex data betawteA
piocesox meg;stexs. Thexe ane thxee tyaes o oad -ste
askuciansasagle- xcaskei hoaskay mulkple -agisk
Thiese iástiuchona Ane Qsed fox mouinga Single data ito
datayo Suppted. ane Sgag!
Ad asigaed uagnds ta-bie), halkuds Clsebil), od
Syadox 1DRLcand> salH)SH Rd, addnesSing
STR Ricond> HRd, addressing 9.
RdL-mem32Laddzess
LDRG laad but totrto QnegisaRdl-mens Caddnesl
1DRHoad halfussd toto &'catstcx RaL-menssLaddzess

|LDRSH load Sgned halaadinta.a

 shilt and Rotate Tnchucions e
1 SHRi shift Rightie
The SHR insthuction is an abbicviation tz shill Right'
This inshucion Simply shils the mestontd bits in the Yegista
to tht igh Side oay'ane by iosexing the Same inwnb od
Siyatan e SHR Registez Bits

9SAR shift Astameie Righ

The SAR inshuction Standa fox sh;?! Azitsmetic Right'
Tis inshuchn shilts the meniantd btsio the Xeaistcat the 4
bht SideOnE by aae but instad ot cinsextiag tzexocs fos
the left d, "the MsA is xe stoxed.
[Link]
SARLReaista &its
Bitsaiaae a l a t c
HData
LA

This iostaction sotais the mehioaedbits iathe egistex

the lell Side ane by dne such hatletndst bit H is
being 3otaded is agpinstaxed'authe ightmast bit in the
e a tis alse staxed inthe CanyAlagilCe)
Sotano Rol Reqista G3
Data k!

4 RoR: Rotate Righl 3

This inshuctis Standa foy Rotate Right This iashuctia
S xoHates the menhancd bits ihthe xea:tey to the Xight
Side ane dne Such that ightona bit thad sBing
 Soktd is again stoxed a the MsB in the
also Stoxeia the Cany Flag (Cf)
yataste RoR Registea, &:k
Data

is> List the pnpose ot Smbedded Systin desiga Aotth

Pocuses &ho Ceating
Eombedded Sustem desiga focuses Creaiag
pex fonso deditatd acoassptdialized
-puting Systnthat pes a
These sytms ant qpkmized -fox
pexkoxManct, pau
Key Rugasest
TAk-Speéc ogxaiao: Desgned tn penfoxonuà speihe Fuchig
SxanpleieA Kashiág 'machikesCanthalle måaaqea iashing.
tx levela, aad Spraispeed
2Real-TRne Pexfaanaa(e: 'Many abedded Syahens Dust Xesad
ioputs ox Events ithio shime conshaots
Samleso An onti- lack biaking Sytem CABes) ia aCan u
méact instaatly taubeed Soeedchéhaes kd
3fcen llou Cnsl, add Sz)ie Enbedded Systens ane a.
desiqnetai Caacune iaina
Landinto SndlSpates
Stonple e AHtoess faackex Opexatex on Qtoy batttxg aad
ts On
on the iist.
4Reltabilkky ad stabikty 2e Ebedded Systms aen ua
Coniauasly and muat Se highy nel:abl ouey tome
Exanples "A pacemakez mut Ructonic atuately aitad
s Aiehooon4ts Masf Enbedded Systems Opexate with t:ltle a
 Esnple ASmant themostad adjuats hame temptxatune based
a proqzammed setting and slasozdata
6Jateaxaton oith Hadane o &nbedded Sytns ane clasaly inte
gxald ath the handwane they Goatal
Sanale io Adiqjtal Cameàa's Embedded Syustem handles image
Captnt, piacesag 'aod Stosnge
n>Menhoa the Agplicaiun ot lahedded Systea Loith an Eaam
ple eto 8ach.
>'Aplkakòas at Embe dded Systamle
The qlobal poshoaing Systen CGas) USES Satell:tes aad xe cerve
sto Syach~oni2e lacati,velouky áad time data to poide a
aaugaian Systcon theuoild Caa hse
2>Mialdeso
authng aedge media deuices btth Eabedded Syutem one uscd
'aezuixing onstant montaing. fox stane Eonbed
ded 'Stnsoxs qathex health data Such a neadings
implanks, puls nat, aad heank iate
Enhcdded Systtms ia automahve applicahoas obanie ovexall
Salety and ex Eapexteae. Key Exonplen of Embedded Sutem
ia acBun ant adaphve speed coihialpedestian [Link],
Can bxeakdoun wanaing meaaing asistanle
4Automatd fane olleckon 2
Automated fane cllechon Solutons Enalble pubic traasp
Fozatakan passengexs tato pay thx tanes thsough aute matd
lmachines oy 8len oaline Outhoud intexachn with anotthe
humas heiag The automoic tyansit tace callechin &casya
Atm Canss d tickeing machincs, mogaehc stipe Canc
 and Samas Cands fox Iegulan toelexs, kcket aad o
checking machines,_ and aufonahci gat machined
stoestackezso
Ckoes tkoackers have belom
deuictes. tat monity healkh miehiss &odockk
odk' ack
Sucha unaiag alking ánd

Eatortainment Systems Such a elevisicAs ane aand

ia hames Aozld:de Bmbedded Systtns ane key ia e
iaputs sm Coonects, Süch aar the aatenna, Dis fot tn
ad Ethexnet

IS)Exglainithebasic Elements aD Eoabedaed Systen

device
Commuotto

Coxe. al's
CSensoxs CProcessing CActaato.

-atin Ttqaa
Sytem
Ebedded Syatns ane bastally destgatd ta xegulat a plysta
laniahle oxto mon:pulate tne state o Some deuices hy sthdia
Some Signals to the actuzatsis o deices Gosnected to
he cutpat poat Systn, in IiCsponse tothe ie Sigoaltothe
pro
ded by the ead ussox SensoZS hich ane Conaeckd to
inputsposts
Hinte the Enbedded Systms Coa be iemed a a xeachve Systen.
The Cantalis achived by gsocessng the iofxtnahon Coaing
Rom the Seasoxs aad vsezitcfaes and ontalling Some
actuats thal negulate the phyical yaziable
Keybaands, push Kuton, Sust-kes, etc ne Ezonple 4Canas
usEx iatexfae inpud devx(es and LED, Lco Aezoelechc
buzzexs, eBo Esamplea fox Conmoà Vsex iatafate autau
devices fox a tyical
Eoahe dde Syatns
Somé fmbe satms do notaegune nay maual iattyucak
a9gui ony
Tkey audomahtally sease the saaut pogonetexsi fon real
uld thgh Sensaas ahich ane Conatced ak inputpsal
The Senso fafanatonis pased to the puoce Ssax altex Sigaal
proessax
andiontng and digitizhaa
Tke iCoxt the syten peafam Sane pode kaed qpexatung
on ingut doata wth Othe help od Emhedded fämwane ia the
Systen aadSends Some actuatia Sigaala tothe ackuno
The memony is Tespoe:ble fay halding the ode
ThereiQne two o4 memoxies ane uaed tn ay Embedded
Riued amary (ROis [Link] Stoxsing ode oy
Sytam.
Thuey Caacat change the vmwane in this tyhe t menony
The mast
mos ommoc ot Ehe dded'
es usedi6
memoies used in
 Suskn fos Conthdl algo
WEROMEERRON and fLASH
thm Stosage
An Embedded Systn uthaut Code implemeted
all he penphéaala bud s ot Capable at making
dingan the Sitational a ell as neal decisions
ozld.

1 0 eanote on Embedded fzmsae

Embedded titmane is the [Link] Chip
Specializtd Sofkuaze unath ina. chip aa
device to Coatalts
ExMNane in Enbedded Systins ltsitheSame
ROM hut can bè uodatemoze Easy tax beltex pumpoce
to onditons ox_iatcK(Onhectinq th additional &quighel
Haadusane makexs use Bobede fmsane to Coatol
Ausctans od Naiouy hamdwaze devttes and
lake a Comgute's opezaing Sgatn,
Enbedded: Aynome &xistsia
Stnple you mghti notimagne ty kad lomguteyiCorh
Tke taaster Lguld lkkey nêleyneed
auesade updakag bud the hade
Systn Sonmetimes does
R the amplexiky ad audeuice iacteasts ioften maku Sac
Mzght Caz~eck.
esbedded Aymaneis 0sed ta Contial the l:ited s
fuactions at handwane daices and Syatemsot qneati Conpl
iastad
xty buk Shll gues moxe
Sexies
ogalaae-like ulage
90Cive the mmat
inplemtrdatiun
class kcatien, Eseplaio the sRAM Cel
elvoat
th eleuant dioga
diogans.
imny Menany Malaklei
RAM CEandom Auess Mency)i)SRAM (sBakc RAM) fastca, Uses
A:p-flop Cixuitsta staxedta, does oot need tobe ne keshad
DRAM(Dyania RAM): USes Capactoxs to stxe data, ateds nequla.
mefeseshiag
Cache Meaany: Highspeed memay bekutea CPU and RAM, oftea.
made wing sRA
Regsteas:Smalest aod fasteskmemoy located iaside the CPL.
s Secandan Menoxy CNa-Valatle)
RoM (Reld onlynemay): i RoM Cp3og7amnable Ram)
6)EPROM LExasahle Peos i tEPROA (ElectÑcaly Exasable fRar
flash Menory: Atype ot EERROM USed in )sG davs, SSD,ct.
yHond islexveCHD) / Solkd -state Dxives (SsD)
SRAM Cell
Bit line g
Bit Line e\

Wec
 Gach RAM.
slatic stoxes data in the fom t volHage They
Made
h tpztal inalemeilaton, as sRAM Cell Cbt) ds e
LFau ohe tiaasit3s oane used taig building the lak
lip-flog) pant ot the menary cell and 2 fo oatall
the acCess.
stohc RAMis thel fastesttom o1 RAM avaiable
SRAM is fast inode sations due to its' esistve nekeoe
asd Suithirg Capabaliies,
Tat Cxos< oupled inveatexs ane fomed by Connectng te
t
inNestea to theaispt
esa
Tesacest ansstas ane usedtos Coata the ead aud ut
pexakons ot the SRAM Cell.i k