Grammar Chapter

Level Four
 Gerund
Definitions:
The (v+ing) form of a verb that works as a noun is called gerund. Due to its functions, we
also call it verbal noun and it does what a noun does in a sentence.

Functions:
A. Gerund as subject of a sentence:
Examples:
 Reading story books helps us improve our reading comprehension.
 Respecting people makes me a respectful person.
 Studying hard helps you be what you want to be in the future.

B. Gerund as an object:

a. Gerund as object of verb:

Examples:
 I hate laughing at the people.
 We appreciate studying hard.
 They avoid telling the truth.
 We suggesting studying grammar more often.
 They gave up playing games.

Note: the following is the list of verbs after which we use gerund.
Admit, enjoy, feel like, finish, hate, keep, like, avoid, deny, dislike, love, mind, miss,
practice, prefer, recommend, spend time, stop, suggest, give up, keep on, quit, postpone,
put off, discuss, mention, consider (think about) , delay.

b. Gerund as object of preposition:

Examples:
 I have no objection to hearing your story again.
 To tell you the truth, I can fix the cars besides driving them very well.
 We are good at discovering new things.

C. Gerund as complement: (to be verb + gerund)

Examples:

1. My target is being the president of my country.

2. When you are a child, your job is just studying.

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D. Gerund in short prohibitions:
Examples:

1. No smoking. 2. No parking. 3. No recording.

E. Gerund as compound nouns:

A. Noun + noun Bedroom

B. Noun + gerund Handwriting
C. Gerund + noun Living room, dining room
F. Gerund after some expressions:

1. Can’t help (can’t stop) She can’t help crying.

2. Can’t stand (can’t endure) I can’t stand seeing a poor being sneered.
3. Worth (having value) It is not worth laughing at each other.
4. Have fun/good time We had fun/good time playing football.
5. Have trouble/ difficulty/ hard time/ difficult time
6. Spend/ waste + expression of time or money + ing
7. Find/catch + (pro)noun + ing

Adjective + Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds

The following list is ONLY A SAMPLE LIST of the most commonly used adjective +
preposition combinations that can be followed by gerunds.

Accustomed to He is accustomed to having his own office.

Addicted to She is addicted to watching TV.
Afraid of She is afraid of speaking in public.
Anxious about Norma is anxious about making the presentation.
Bored of I am bored of doing the same job
Capable of He is capable of taking first position.
Committed to She is committed to improving her English.
Concerned about Nancy was concerned about missing the test.
Content with Tim content with winning second place.
Dedicated to The organization is dedicated to ending poverty.
Disappointed with Sahel was disappointed with coming in third place.
Discouraged by He was discouraged by not getting the job.
Excited about The teacher was excited about going to Africa.
Famous for That actor is famous for being extremely weird.
 Fond of She is fond of having picnics.
Frightened of She is frightened of being alone at night.
Guilty of The banker was guilty of stealing the money.
Happy about He was happy about winning the lottery.
Interested in She is interested in learning knowledge in America.
Involved in He was involved in making movie.
Known for She was known for causing problems.
Opposed to They are opposed to building a new road in the park
Proud of He was proud of winning the gold medal.
Remembered for She is remembered for protecting mountain gorillas.
Responsible for He is responsible for causing the damage.
Scared of He is scared of speaking in front of the class.
Terrified of The civilians are terrified of being attacked by terrorists.
Tired of Margaret is tired of making dinner every night.
Worried about The hikers were worried about not having enough water.

 Common preposition combinations followed by gerunds.

Complain about/of Keep (sb) from In addition to
Dream about / of Prevent (sb) from Be devoted to
Think about/ of Prohibit (sb) from Look forward to
Talk about Stop (sb) from Object to
Be used to
Apologize for Believe in
Blame (sb) for Participate in
For the purpose of
Forgive (sb) for Succeed in
Instead of
Have an excuse for
Insisted on form of theTake advantage of
HaveComplete the sentences with
a reason for the gerund verbs in parentheses.
Take care of
Thank (sb) for

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 Exercises: Use correct prepositions with gerund.
1- She is good …………………….. (dance) .
2- He is crazy ………………………..(sing) .
3- I don't like (play) ……………………….cards.
4- They are afraid ………………………..(swim) in the sea.
5- You should give up ………………………………(smoke) .
6- Sam dreams (be)…………………… a pop star.
7- He is interested (make) ………………………friends.
8- My uncle is afraid ……………………… (go)by plane.
9- We insist ……………………………..(cook) the dinner ourselves
10- He didn’t enjoy …………………………….(write) his books.

Complete the sentences with appropriate prepositions.

1. I'm thinking …………… learning either Italian or Spanish.
2. The noise prevented us ………………sleeping.
3. We talked …………… going to Canada for our vacation.
4. Who is responsible …………….washing and drying the dishes after dinner?
5. I don't succeed ………….. memorizing so many words!
6. She's not good ………….. managing her money !
7. He insisted ……………..being paid immediately.
8. He apologized …………….. being late.
9. He is accustomed …………..drinking tea early in the morning.
10. They had a good reason ……………..leaving Afghanistan.
11. Keith is good ……………..speaking English.
12. Julie complains ……………….. losing her books.
13. Stephen and Mark are afraid …………….losing their books.
14. They are tired …………….working in coal mines.
15. They are looking forward …………….. going to France.
16. Anne dreams ………………living in the countryside.
17. Dale said he was sorry ………………..being late.
18. He thinks ……………playing cricket after work.
19. Sarah insists ……………..going out with Wendy.
20. Do you agree ……………..staying on strike?

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Use gerunds as object of preposition.

1. Kostas went to bed instead (finish)

2. I thanked my friend (lend)
3. I’m excited (go)
4. I’m not accustomed (live)
5. Omar did not feel good. He complained (have)
6. I don’t blame you (want, not)
7. I have a good reason (be)
8. It’s getting late. I’m worried (miss)
9. I’m interested (find out about)
10. I’m thinking (go)
11. I apologized to my friend (be)
12. I am used (drive)
13. Nothing can stop me (go)
14. In that office, who is responsible (take care of)
15. I look forward (go)
16. The thief was guilty (steal)
17. Sonya has two jobs. In addition (work)
18. Please forgive me (write, not)
19. Sara is an honest person. She is not capable (tell)
20. Ill health keeps my grandfather (travel)

Write an example for the following.

Example: Enjoy + read the newspaper.
I enjoy reading the newspaper every morning while I’m having my breakfast.
1. Mind + open the window
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2. Give up+ eat dessert
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3. Finish + eat dinner
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4. Postpone + do my homework
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5. Avoid + answer my question
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6. Keep + work
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7. Think about + get a job
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8. Suggest + go on a picnic
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9. Talk about + go to a movie
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10. Put off + do my homework.
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 The Infinitive:

The base form of a verb without any inflections (s/es/ d/ ed/ ing) is called
infinitive.
Example: He is ready to pass the test.

Kinds of Infinitive

Bare Infinitive Full Infinitive

A: Bare Infinitive:

An infinitive without (to) is called bare infinitive.

Usages of bare infinitive:
1. After let, have and make, if the person is not mentioned, we use a bare
infinitive.

A: Let; permit, to give permission of doing sth.

B: Have; Request, to request to do sth.
C: Make; Force, to force sb to do sth.
Formula:
S + let, have, make + sb + bare infinitive.

Examples:
1. I let my friends enjoy their spare times.
2. We have the president solve our problems.
3. Most of the commanders make the soldiers obey the rule.
4. Poverty makes me leave my education.

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 2. After all modal auxiliary verbs we use a bare infinitive.

Examples:
1. He may come here.
2. I will be doing my assignment.
3. Ali can fix your computer very well.

3. After had better (expression) we use a bare infinitive.

Examples:
1. We had better return back to our own debate.
2. You had better study hard. ( It is good for you to study hard)

4. After would rather and would sooner we use a bare infinitive.

Examples:
1. We would rather think of our future.
2. They would sooner come to the party.

5. After some verbs including verbs of perception, if the person is mentioned,

we use either bare infinitive or gerund. Such as the following verbs;
Feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe, overhear…………..

A: If we use a bare infinitive, it shows a completed action or it means that we watch or

notice the action from the beginning till the end.

Examples:
1. I see people deceive each other while they are working together.
2. She saw my brother smash the bottle.
3. We notice our president forget his duties.

B: If we use gerund, it shows the continuation of an action or it means that we saw only a
part of an action.

Examples:
1. We notice our president not working honestly for the people.
2. I saw Ali watching TV all the day.
3. I feel here being cold now.

Full Infinitive:
The form (to + base form of a verb) is called full infinitive.
Usages of full infinitive:

1. Full infinitive as a subject of a sentence:

Examples:
1. To save money is everybody’s wish now.
2, To squander time seems to be a completely unacceptable action.
 2. Full infinitive as object:

A: Formula: S+ V+ full infinitive

Examples:
1. I need to buy a house.
2. She was expecting to be the first woman who can answer that question.

The following is the list of the verbs after which we use full infinitive.
Decide, expect, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, try, want, would
like, ask, agree, intend, can’t afford, arrange, claim, deserve, hesitate, struggle, wish, swear…

B: Formula: S+ V + a noun/ pronoun + full infinitive.

1. The teacher advise his student to work hard.

The following is the list of the verbs after which we use pro(noun) + full infinitive.
Advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, convince, dare, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hire,
instruct, invite, need, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, urge, want, warn …

3. Full infinitive as complement of a sentence:

Examples:
1. They are to train Afghan Troops.
2. She really needs to be taken to the hospital.

 The formula (to be + full infinitive) expresses instruction, plan, or order.

Examples:
1. American troops are not to destroy our country.
2. We are not to think of selves, we are to think of our people as well.

4. Full infinitive can express purpose. A:

Full infinitive alone:
Example:
1. Americans are here to reconstruct our country.
B: In order + full infinitive.
Example:
1. Americans are here in order to reconstruct our country.

C: So as + full infinitive:
Example:
1. Americans are here so as to reconstruct our country.

5. Full infinitive can be used after certain nouns like; promise, agreement, plan, wish,
arrangement, decision, demand, desire, failure, offer, refusal, tendency and threat.
Examples;
1. My promise to hold an especial program may become the truth.
2. Our decision to elect Hamid Karzai as the president led us towards many problems.

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 6. Full infinitive can be used after certain adjectives like:
happy difficult shameful harmful good bad useful useless
pleased likely stunned proud willing reluctant astonished ready

1. She was reluctant to quit her job.

2. It is useful to manage our time correctly.

7. Full infinitive can be used after too and enough.

Example;
1. I think we are too lazy to have an improved country like Japan.
Example:
1. Ali is intelligent enough to be the editor for our newspaper.

8. Full infinitive can be used with W.H. words.

Verb + W.H. words + full infinitive.

Examples:
1. I found out where to make a gas company.
2. I am completely confused and I don’t know what to do.
3. Do you know why to live in this world?

Gerund and infinitive

1. Remember
A: Remember + infinitive: It means you remember first, then you do something.
Example:
I remember to lock the door.

B: Remember + gerund: It means you do something then you remember it.

Example: I remember going to America as a child.

2. Forget

A: Forget + infinitive: It means you didn’t remember to do something.

Example: I forgot to bring your CDs.

B: Forget + gerund = you did something and you won’t forget it. It is more common in the negative.
Example: I’ll never forget seeing the Taj Mahal.
3. Regret:

A: Regret + full infinitive: It means that we are sorry for the action that we are doing now.
Examples:
1. We really regret to disturb you in the middle of your operation.
2. I regret to manage such a useless company.
B: Regret + gerund: It means that we are sorry about what we did.
Examples:
1. They regret not helping with your school problems.
2. Karzai regrets spending money for nothing.

4, Try:

A: Try + infinitive: It means to make an effort to do something.

Example:
I tried to open the window.

B: Try + gerund: It means to experiment to see if something works.

Example: Try calling John on his cell phone.
1. We try finding a way out of this prison.

5. Stop:

Stop with full infinitive means stopping for a moment for the purpose of doing
something but stop with gerund means finish doing something.
Examples:
1. I stopped to buy a bottle of mental water.
2. Due to an order we stopped searching about the new plan.

5. After some verbs like start, continuous, begin, cease, like, love and hate we can use a
gerund or infinitive without any differences in meaning.
Examples:
1. I like to study politics.
2. I like studying politics.

C: Split infinitive:
A split infinitive is a structure in which an adverb is put between ‘to’ and the infinitive of a
verb.
Examples:
1. I want to really experience it.
2. He decided to definitely deal with the problems.
3. He decided to gradually change his method.
4. She wanted to completely abandon her hometown.
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks either with full infinitive or bare infinitive.
1) She's late. She must (forget) our appointment.
2) He hopes (be) selected to play in next week's football match.
3) I offered (pay) for the meal, but she refused.
4) I'd like (meet) Princess Diana.
5) I sent my suit (dry-clean).
6) Sue and Richard are always arguing. They seem (have) a few problems.
7) I'm sorry (disturb) you, but can you tell me the time?
8) You should (work), not watch the television.
9) I'd like (see) her face when you told her the news!
10) I'm glad I'm not famous. I’d hate (be) recognized all the time.
11) You should (tell) me if you want to here.
12) This homework is late. It was meant (be) handed in last week.
13) You should (meet) your parents.
14) He doesn’t know where (buy) a book.
15) I never let my brother (go) out at night.
16) They forced me ( leave) the country.
17) We had better ( obey) the rules and regulations of our class.
18) They would like (meet) us on Friday.
19) He would rather ( speak) English in the class.
20) Unemployment made our people ( immigrate) to foreign countries.
21) She intended (study) computer science.
22) I had my classmates (help) me with my lessons.
23) We plan ( see) that new movie.
24) I encourage them (take part) in speech contest.
25) He wants (pursue ) his higher education abroad.
26) You must (drive) fast get there on time.

Exercise 2: Join together the following sentences by using infinitives.

1. He did not have even a penny with him. He could not buy a loaf of bread.

E.g.: He did not have even a penny with him to buy a loaf of bread.

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 2. He went to the market. He wanted to buy some vegetables.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. The robber wielded a knife. He intended to frighten the poor traveler.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it.
_________________________________________________________________________
5. He wants to be rich. He works hard for that reason.
_________________________________________________________________________
6. He has five children. He must provide for them.
_________________________________________________________________________
7. Everyone should do his duty. The nation expects this of every man.
_________________________________________________________________________
8. She helps the poor. She is eager to relieve them of their suffering.
_________________________________________________________________________
9. He collects old stamps. It is his hobby.
_________________________________________________________________________
10. She wanted to impress her host. So she conducted herself gracefully.
_________________________________________________________________________
11. That young man has squandered away all his wealth. He must have been very foolish.
_________________________________________________________________________
12. She quit the job. She wanted to pursue higher education.
_________________________________________________________________________
13. The boy was happy. He received the prize.
_________________________________________________________________________
14. Byron awoke one morning. He found himself famous.
_________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3: Use a gerund or an infinitive to complete each sentence.

1. We are going out for dinner. Would you (join) ………………….us.
2. Jack avoided (look) ……………..at me.
3. Fred didn’t have any money so he decided (get) ………………….a job.
4. The teacher reminded the students (do) ………………….their assignment.
5. I was broke, so Jenny offered (lend) …………………..me a little money.
 6. Do you enjoy (play) ………………..soccer?
7. Lucy pretended (know) ………………….the answer to my question.
8. I don’t mind (live) …………………alone.
9. Paulo intends (send)…………………… his friend a letter.
10. I was advised (find) ………………………a new apartment.
11. Jack advised him (find) …………………….a new apartment.
12. Someone asked me (mail) ………………….this package.
13. Joan and David were considering (get) ………………..married in June, but they finally decided
(wait) ……………………..until August.
14. The teacher seems (be) …………………in a good mood today, don’t you think?
15. My boss expects me (finish) …………………….this work as soon as possible.

Exercise 4: Complete the sentences with either gerund or infinitive.

1. I enjoyed ……………………………..
2. She didn’t allow me ………………………………
3. We plan ………………………………
4. Please remind me ……………………………
5. I am considering ………………………………..
6. The director postponed ………………………………
7. He persuaded me …………………………………….

8. I don’t mind ………………………………………

9. Everyone avoided ………………………………
10. I refused…………………………………
11. I hope …………………………………….
12. She convinced me …………………………………
13. He mentioned ……………………………….
14. I expect ……………………………………..
15. I encouraged him ………………………………
16. I warned him not ……………………………..
17. We prepared ……………………………..
18. I don’t recall …………………………………
19. We decided …………………………………
20. Did someone offer ………………………….
21. When did you finish …………………….
22. Did you practice ……………………..
23. She agreed ……………………………..

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 24. I keep ……………………………
25. I don’t force him ……………………
26. Somehow the cat managed ………………………….
27. Did the little boy admit …………………………..
28. He denied ……………………………
29. I didn’t mean ………………………..
30. She swore …………………………..
31. He suggested …………………………….
32. He advised me …………………………..
33. I struggled ………………………………
34. I don’t want risk ………………………………
35. I miss ……………………………..
36. I can’t imagine …………………………
37. She threatened ………………………….
38. The children begged …………………………….
39. She challenged me …………………………….
40. Do anticipate …………………………….

Exercise 5: Make up completions. Express the purpose of the action.

1. I went to Chicago to visit my relatives.

2. Tom went to Chicago for having a business conference.
3. I went to the market for
4. Mary went to the market to
5. I went to the doctor to
6. My son went to the doctor for
7. I swim every day to
8. My fiend swims every day for
9. I drove to the service station to
10. They stopped at the service station for

Exercise 5: Use the correct form of the verbs in the blank spaces.
1) I couldn't sleep so I tried ………………..(drink) some hot milk. .
2) She tried ……………(reach) the book on the high shelf but she was too small. .
3) They tried ………………….(get) to the party on time but the bus was delayed. .
4) We tried ……………(open) the window, but it was so hot outside it didn't help.
5) He tried ……………(get) a job in a newspaper firm but they wouldn't hire him.

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6) He tried …………….(get) a job in a newspaper firm but he still wasn't satisfied.
7) You should stop ……………….(smoke) , it's not good for your health. .
8) We stopped ………………(study) because we were tired. .
9) They will stop ………………(have) lunch at twelve. .
10) We stopped ………………(have) a rest because we were really sleepy. .
11) Oh no! I forgot ………………(buy) milk. .
12) Please don't forget ……………….(pick up) some juice on your way home. .
13) I forget …………………(lock) the door, but I'm sure I must have locked it. .
14) Have we studied this before? I've forgotten ………………(learn) it. .
15) Please remember …………………(bring) your homework. .
16) I remember …………………(go) to the beach as a child. .
17) Finally I remembered …………………(bring) your book! Here it is. .
18) Do you remember …………………..(eat) steak in that little restaurant in Rome?
19) I regret ………………(tell) you the train has been delayed.
20) I regret ………………(tell) Julie my secret; now she has told everyone.

Exercise 7: Choose the correct form (infinitive with or without to or gerund).

On 17th February 2003, a congestion charge for ………………..(drive) in central London was
introduced.

The aim was ………………….(reduce) the number of vehicles in London's City.

People now have the choice between ……………………(pay) the charge and not
…………………..(drive) into the City.

The charge has proven very successful in ……………………(turn) away traffic from the City.

As the traffic has been reduced by about 20 percent, journey times in the City tend
……………………(decrease).

According to an opinion poll, more than 50 percent of Londoners say that it is okay
………………..(charge) people for ……………………..(drive) into the City.

They are relieved …………………..(find) the traffic more easily.

Before ………………(introduce) the charge, average speed in the City was about 10 mph.

Now, people who decide ………………..(pay) the charge can …………….(travel) at a higher speed,
approximately 20 mph.

Many Londoners, however, have chosen ………………..(go) by bus as delays to buses are now down by
half.

London's buses have seen passenger ………………(rise) numbers by 14 percent.

Exercise 8: Supply an appropriate form, gerund full or bare infinitive, of the verbs in
parentheses.

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1. Mary reminded me (be, not) late for the meeting.
2. I don't (enjoy) it.
3. We went for a walk after we finished (clean) up the kitchen.
4. Please go on (write) ; I don't mind (wait)
5. I forgot (take) a book back to the library, so I had to pay a fine.
6. They refused (accept) the bribe.
7. When do you expect (leave) on your trip?
8. I saw the driver (open) his window and (throw) a box into the bushes.
9. He proceeded (fighting) his campaign.
10. The baby stared (talk) when she was about eighteen months old.
11. He was made (sign) a paper a paper admitting his guilt.
12. I don't mind (wait) for you. Go ahead and finish (do) your work.
13. Here come the police, You had better (explain) it to them.
14. Do stop (talk) ; I am trying(finish) a letter.
15. I've decided (stay) here over vacation and (paint) my room.
16. We discussed (quit) our jobs and (open) our own business.
17. I'm getting tired. I need (take) a break.
18. Sometimes students avoid (look) at teacher if they don't want (answer)
question.
19. The club members discussed (postpone) the next meeting until March.
20. Most children prefer (watch) television to (listen) to the radio.
21. How dare you (open) my letters?
22. My grandfather prefers (read) .
23. Did Carol agree (go) (camp) with you.
24. As the storm approached, the birds quit (sing) .
25. The taxi driver refused (take) a check. He wanted the passenger (pay)
cash.
26. The soldiers were ordered (stand) at attention.
27. The travel agent advised us (wait, not) until August.
28. We have a plumber (fix) the pipe leakage.
29. I need not (report) to them.
30. You will soon get used to (work) under pressure of workload.

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 Speculation
When we are not sure of something we use the structure of speculation to speculate or
assume about it.
1. When we are speculating about present actions we are using the following formulas
A. Sub + must + Bare infinitive. (95%)

B. Sub + may(not) /might(not)/ can/could + bare infinitive. (50%)

C. Sub + Couldn’t / Can’t + Bare infinitive. (99 %)

Examples:
They must take their final test in June.
They may take taxi to the city.

2. When we are speculating about an action which is in progress in the present time we
use the following structures.
A. Sub+ must+ be +v+ ing.
Examples:
 He must be talking on phone.
B. Sub + may/might/could +be + v + ing.
Examples:
 Ali could be working on your proposals.
 The vice president may be reviewing our reports.

3. When we are speculating about a past action we use the following structures.
A. Sub + must + have +3v.
B. Sub + may /might/could + have +3v.
Examples:
Trump must have decided about American troops in Afghanistan.
They might have visited the Taj Mahal Palace.

4. When we speculate about an action which was going on in the past we use the following
structures.
A. Sub + must + have + been + v + ing.
B. Sub+ may/might/could +have +been+ v+ ing.
Examples:

1. They must have been studying since last night.

2. She may have been sleeping for 3 hours yesterday.
3. Tom could have been sightseeing since two hours ago.
4. Obama might have been speaking since 2 hours ago.
5. Iran government could have been exiling our ambassador.

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Exercise: Choose the best option for each of the following sentences.
1. Is Jeff a good student?
He . I don’t know him well, but I heard he was offered a scholarship for
next year.
a. must be b. could be c. is
2. Do you know where Eva is?
She at Barbara’s house. she said something about wanting to visit after
work today, but I’m really not sure.
a. must be b. could be c. is
3. I stayed up all night finishing this report for the boss.
A: you really tired. B: I do.
a. must feel b. might feel c. feel
4. Do you think the grocery store is still open?
It . I can’t ever remember what their hours are.
a. must be b. could be c. is
5. Where is the left-over chicken from dinner last night?
I just saw it when I got some ice cubes. It in the freezer.
a. must be b. might be c. is
6. It’s supposed to rain tomorrow.
I know, but the forecast _ wrong. Weather forecasts are far from 100 percent
accurate.
a. must be b. could be c. is
7. Excuse me. Could you tell me which bus I should take to get to City Hall?
Hmmm. Bus number 63 there. But you’d better ask the driver.
a. must go b. could go c. goes
8. Which bus should I take to get to the main post office?
Bus number 39. It right to the post office.
a. must go b. could go c. goes
9. Do you suppose Mrs. Chu is sick?
She . I can’t think of anything else that would have kept her from coming to this
meeting.
a. must be b. may be c. is
10. Is that Adam’s brother standing with him in the cafeteria line?
It , is suppose. He does look a little like Adam.
a. must be b. could be c. is
11. Yesterday I fell running and I think I my ankle.
a. might have sprained b. might sprain c. sprained
12. He the competition. He is the best by far.
a. must win b. might win c. wins
13. The light in scot’s room is on. He computer games.
a. must play b. must have played c. bust be playing
14. He German very well. He’s only lived I Germany for one month.
a. couldn’t speak b. must speak c. speaks
15. I a lot as an accounting manager, but the job was just too boring.
a. might earn b. could have earned c. must earn

Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with may/might/could or must or the negative forms.
1. you be tired. You haven’t done anything today.

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 2. Paul be ill. He didn’t come to the class today.
3. We be going to Italy next summer, but we haven’t decided yet.
4. They don’t look very happy. They have been arguing again.
5. Remember to take an umbrella. It rain later.
6. I don’t know where Sarah is. I think she have got lost.
7. Why didn’t you tell me you were coming? I have met you at the station.
8. This parcel be for you it’s got your name on it.
9. We haven’t got a lot of money, so we go on holiday next year.
10. It snow later. I’m not sure.

Advisability
With the structures of advisability we advise sb to do sth which is useful and effective or we use to
regret about past Actions.
1. Advisability for present tense:
A: S + should / had better + bare infinitive.
B: S + ought + full infinitive.

Examples:
1. I should work hard in order to get a good result.
2. You had better work on your pronunciation.
3. They ought to drive carefully.

2. Advisability for present continuous tense.

A. S + should/ had better + be +v+ing.
B. S + ought + to be+ v + ing.

Examples:
1. You should be studying your lessons.
2. You had better be continuing your own plans.
3. You ought to be writing carefully.

3. When we regret about undone past action, we use the following structures.
1. Simple past action:
A: S + should/ had better + have + 3v.
B. S+ ought + to have+ 3v.

Examples:
1. Yu should have not eaten meat.
2. You ought to have locked the door.
4. Past continuous action.

Examples:
1. I should have been studying computer.
2. They ought to have been cleaning the room.

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 Exercises:
Choose the best modal for each sentence.

1- Dave loves chocolate, but he too much or he will get fat.

a) should eat b) shouldn’t eat c) should eat not
2- I'm going to visit your country. Where if I want to go shopping?
a) should I go b) I should go c) ought to I go
3- A: I’m so hot. B: You your coat!
a) should put on b) should to take off c) should take off
4- It's raining and I don't want to get my dress wet. I an umbrella.
a) had better to bring b) had better bring c) had better not bring
5- My mother isn't feeling well, so I told her that she to the doctor.
a) ought to go b) ought go c) ought
6- The airline only allows two pieces of luggage. You pack too
much or you will have to take it out at the airport!
a) better not b) had not better c) had better not
7- A: I think that the grade my teacher gave me on my test is wrong.
B: Really? You to her after class today.
a) ought talk b) should to talk c) ought to talk
8- I need help, doctor. My baby doesn't sleep well. What ?
a) had I better do b) I should do c) should I do

Write a piece of advice on each of the following situations.

1) I’m writing a composition, and there is a word I don’t know how to spell.

2) I don’t feel well. I think I’m catching a cold.

3) My foot is asleep.

4) My roommate snores, and I can’t get to sleep.

5) I can’t stop yawning.

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6) I have a toothache.

7) I need to improve my English.

8) My apartment is mess, and my mother is coming to visit tomorrow!

9) There is no food in the house, and some guests are coming to dinner tonight.

10) The room is very dark; I can’t read the book.

Choose the correct ones.

1. You should/ shouldn’t try and get enough sleep.
2. You should/ shouldn’t worry. It’s not good for you.
3. You ought to/ shouldn’t keep your friends waiting when you meet each other.
4. You ought to/ shouldn’t concentrate on what you are doing.
5. You should/ shouldn’t drink plenty of water.
6. You had better/ shouldn’t apologize to your mother immediately.
7. You should/ ought not to study hard for the test.
8. You had better/ shouldn’t play lots of games.
9. You ought to/ shouldn’t brought your workbook on time.
10. You should/ had better not make a noise when you are in the class.
11. You ought to/ shouldn’t respect the rules of your country.
12. We shouldn’t/ ought to postpone our test for the next week.
13. You ought to/ shouldn’t drink too much tea.
14. You had better/ shouldn’t have come late.
15. You should/ shouldn’t have argued with your parents.
16. You had better/ shouldn’t left the class early
17. They should/ had better not have spoken rudely to their teacher.
18. We had better/ shouldn’t have played the music so loudly.
19. You had better/ shouldn’t have done your homework on time.
20. You ought to/ shouldn’t have driven so carelessly.
Level Four Glossary
Unit One
1 Allergic Having an allergy to sth
2 Container A box, bottle, etc. in which sth can be stored
3 Carp A large freshwater fish that is used for food
4 Mullet A sea fish that is used for food
5 Salmon A large fish with silver skin and pink flesh
6 Squid A sea creature that has a long soft body
7 Tuna A large sea fish that is used for food
8 Lamb Meat from a young sheep
9 Beet A plant that is used for making sugar
10 Raspberry A small red soft fruit
11 Boiled Cooked in boiled water
12 Roasted Cooked on fire
13 Baked Cooked in an oven
14 Grilled Cooked over a fire
15 Fried Cooked in hot oil
16 Steamed Cooked over boiling water
17 Canned Kept in a can
18 Frozen Kept at a very low temperature
19 Low-fat Containing a very small amount of fat
20 Raw Not cooked
21 Spicy Having a strong taste
22 Margarine A yellow substance like butter
23 Pudding A cold dessert
24 Depressed Very sad and without hope
25 Alternative That can be used instead of sth else
26 Therapy Treatment
27 Medication A drug or another form of medicine that you take to treat an illness
28 Prescribe To tell sb to take a particular medicine
29 Passion A very strong feeling of enthusiasm
30 Hire To give sb a job
31 Trainee A person who is being taught how to do a job
32 Parent A person’s father or mother
33 Brother-in-law The brother of your husband or wife
34 Immediate family People who are very closely related to you
35 Extended family Parents, children, uncles, aunts, grandparents, etc.
36 Statistics A collection of information shown in numbers
37 Afford To have enough money or time to be able to buy or do sth
38 Elderly Old
39 Decline Decrease
40 Adult A fully grown person
41 Daughter-in-law The wife of your son
42 Tension A situation in which people do not trust each other
43 Rebellious Unwilling to obey rules
44 Sensible Able to make good judgments
45 Influence To have an effect on
46 Attitude The way that you behave towards sb
47 Innocent Not having done sth wrong
48 Imaginative Having new and exciting ideas
49 Get-together A party
 Unit Two
1 Cynical Believing that people only do things to help themselves
2 Offensive Rude
3 Rhyme To end with the same sound
4 Bargain A thing bought for less than the usual price
5 Scam A clever and dishonest plan for making money
6 Deliver To take sth to sb
7 Encyclopedia A book that gives information about all areas of knowledge
8 Janitor Sb who takes care of a place
9 Entrepreneurial Making money by starting a business
10 Paper route The job of delivering newspapers to houses
11 Self-made Having become rich through your own hard work
12 Rise The act of becoming more important, successful, powerful, etc.
13 Inspiring Exciting and encouraging you to do sth
14 Literally Used to emphasize a word or phrase
15 Slam To shut with a lot of force
16 Backer A person or company that gives support to sb
17 Charitable Helping people who are poor or in need
18 Brand A type of product
19 Sponsor To pay the costs of sth
20 Rainforest A forest with a lot of rain
21 Risky Dangerous
22 Infested with Full of
23 Paddle To move a small boat using a paddle
24 At times Sometimes
25 Inspire To give sb the desire, confidence or enthusiasm to do sth well
26 Boiling Very hot
27 Exhausted Very tired
28 Furious Very angry
29 Tiny Very small
30 Terrified Very frightened
31 Enormous Very big
32 Freezing Very cold
33 Filthy Very dirty
34 Hilarious Very funny
35 Amazed Very surprised
36 Altogether Used to give a total number or amount
37 Wildlife Wild animals
38 Iguana A large lizard

Unit Three
1 Across In every part of a place
2 Combination Two or more things joined together
3 Mile 1609 meters
4 Freeway A wide road
5 Platform The area where you get on and off a train
6 Scooter A light motorcycle
7 Pedestrian A person who is walking in the street
8 Speed limit The highest speed at which you can legally drive
9 Rush hour The time when the roads are full of traffic
10 Traffic jam A long line of vehicles that can only move very slowly
11 Speed camera A machine which takes pictures of vehicles that are being driven too fast
12 Enforced That sb is forced to do
13 Refuel To fill with fuel
14 Start off To begin to move
15 Approach To come near
16 Route Way
17 Credible That can be believed; convincing
18 Except Apart from
19 In charge of Responsible for
20 Colleague A person that you work with; co-worker
21 Slightly A little
22 Trivial Not important or serious
23 Fitted Having sth as equipment
24 Skeptical Having doubts
25 Claim To say that sth is true
26 Stick To continue doing or using sth
27 Commando A soldier who is trained to make quick attacks
28 Manual A book that tells you how to do sth
29 First-rate Excellent; of the highest quality
30 Pill A small round piece of medicine
31 Wipe A piece of soft paper used to clean sth
32 First aid Simple medical treatment that is given to sb before a doctor comes or before
the person can be taken to a hospital
33 Illustration A drawing or picture
34 Approach To start dealing with a problem
35 Insecure Not confident
36 Collocation A group of words used together
37 Gadget A small device that does sth useful
38 Superstition The belief that some events bring good or bad luck
39 Remind To help sb remember sth
40 Fed up Bored
41 Astrology The study of the positions of the stars
42 Adorable Very attractive and easy to feel love for
43 Passionate Having strong feelings of enthusiasm for sth
44 Tour To travel around a place
45 Difficult Not friendly or helpful
46 Easygoing Relaxed
47 Hectic Very busy; full of activity
48 Peculiar Strange or unusual
49 Charm The power of attracting people
50 Stressed out Anxious and tired
51 Irritating Annoying
52 Homesick Sad because you are away from home and you miss your family and friends
53 Practical Useful or suitable

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