SUSTAINABLE SOURCE

Science Holiday Homework 2022-23

Army Public School Dhaula
Name – Saachi Oberoi Class – X-D
Kuan
 Acknowledgement

First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my science teachers,

Veena Singla ma’am, Meenu Agarwal ma’am and Shweta Khurana ma’am, who
guided me in doing this project. Their suggestions, motivation and help contributed
tremendously to the successful completion of the project.

I would also like to thank the principal, Komal Sood ma’am, for
providing me with the opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
‘Sustainable Sources of Energy’, which has helped me become more aware of
my responsibilities towards the Earth.

Last but definitely not least, I would like to thank my parents, whose
continuous support was the key to the completion of this project. Despite their
busy schedules, they were able to guide me throughout the making of the
project, helping me at every step of the way.

Thank you.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Title Page

no.

1. Energy and its sources 4-5

2. Types of sources of energy 6-9

3. Sustainable Development 10 - 12

4. Alternate sources of energy 13

5. Solar Energy 14 - 16

6. Wind Energy 17 - 19

7. Geothermal Energy 20 - 23

8. Hydroelectric Power 24 - 26

9. Energy 27 - 29

10. Tidal Energy 30 - 31

 11. Conclusion 32

ENERGY AND ITS SOURCES

Energy is defined as the capacity of a physical system
to perform work. It exists in several forms such as heat
energy, mechanical energy, light energy, electrical
energy, magnetic energy, chemical energy nuclear
energy etc.

Whenever work is done, energy is needed. This energy

is supplied by a ‘source of energy’. Different sources of
energy are used depending on the ‘type of work’.
A source of energy is one which can provide adequate
amount of energy in a convenient form over a long
period of time.
Some sources of energy may be good whereas others
may not be so good.

Do a large
amount of
work per unit
volume or
mass.

Does not
cause
environmental
GOOD Easily
accessible.
pollution.
SOURC
E OF
Safe to
ENERG Easy to store

Y
handle and
and transport.
use.

Econimical.
All the sources of energy can be divided into
two main categories –
 Non-renewable Sources of
Energy
 Renewable Sources of Energy

Sources of
Energy

Non-Renewable Renewable

Produced
Cannot be replaced
continuously in
quickly when
nature and are
exhausted.
inexhaustible.

Eg - Biomass Energy,
Eg - Fossil Fuels Hydroenergy, Wind
and Nuclear Fuels. Energy, Solar Energy
etc.
(I) Non-Renewable Sources of Energy-
Those sources of energy which have
accumulated in nature over a very, very
long time and cannot be quickly replaced
when exhausted are called non-renewable
sources of energy.
For example – Fossil fuels like coal,
petroleum & natural gas.

Non-renewable resources are present in

limited quantities on Earth and hence they
will get exhausted one day. Thus, they are
also known as exhaustible sources of
energy.

(II) Renewable Sources of Energy-

Those sources of energy which are being
produced continuously in nature and are
inexhaustible are call renewable energy
resources.
For Example – Hydropower, Wind
energy, Solar energy, Tidal energy,
Geothermal energy, Biomass energy etc.

These sources of energy can be used again

and again as they will never get exhausted.
Thus, they are also known as
inexhaustible sources of energy.
 Conventional & Non-
Conventional Sources of
Energy

Sources of energy can also be classified into –

 Conventional Sources of Energy
 Non-Conventional or Alternative
Sources
of Energy

Non-Conventional
Conventional (Alternative
Sources)

Traditional sources
of energy which Up and coming
are familiar to sources of energy.
most people.

Non-Renewable in Renewable in
nature. nature.

They are They are eco-

hazardous for the friendly sources
environment and that do not cause
cause pollution. pollution.

Eg - Solar Energy,
Eg - Coal,
Tidal Energy,
Petroleum, Natural
Geothermal
gas etc.
 Sustainable
Development
Sustainable development is described as
“development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.”
Energy is at the heart of many of these Sustainable
Development Goals – from expanding access to
electricity, to improving clean cooking fuels, from
reducing wasteful energy subsidies to curbing deadly
air pollution that each year prematurely kills millions
around the world.
Sustainable energy is a form of energy that meets our
today’s demand for energy without putting them in
danger of getting expired or depleted and can be used
over and over again. It should be widely encouraged as
it does not cause any harm to the environment and is
available widely free of cost.
All renewable energy sources like solar, wind,
geothermal, hydropower and ocean energy are
sustainable as they are stable and available in plenty.
Fossil fuels, on the other hand, are not considered as
sustainable energy sources because they are limited,
cause immense pollution by releasing harmful gases
and are not available everywhere on earth.
Reasons for using
Sustainable Sources
of Energy

Fossil Fuels are limited and will not last for long.
They also lead to degradation of the
environment. Burning of Fossil fuels causes a lot
of pollution and also leads to global warming.
Use of alternate sources of energy will reduce
energy dependence on fossil fuels.
ALTERNATE
SOURCES OF
ENERGY
Solar Energy

Wind Energy

Geothermal
Energy

Hydroelectric
Power

Wave Energy

Tidal Energy
 SOLAR ENERGY

Place
where Everywhere on the surface of Earth.
found

Various Solar Cells

Solar Solar
Uses Heaters Cooker

Actual/ The use of solar energy as an alternate source of

Potential energy has increased over the years but it still
Resource has much potential for further development.

Localized/ It is ubiquitous as it is present everywhere.

Ubiquitous
 The energy obtained from the sun is called solar
energy. The nuclear fusion reactions taking place inside
the sun keep on liberating enormous amounts of heat
and light energy. Sunlight is the largest source of
energy received by Earth. If suitably harnessed, it has
the potential to satisfy all future energy needs.
 Uses of Solar Energy –
 Solar Electricity
 Solar Water Heating
 Solar Heating
 Solar Ventilation
 Solar Lighting
 Solar Transportation

Advantages of Solar
Energy -

It is a renewable source of energy which is

inexhaustible unlike fossil fuels which are present
in limited quantities.
It is a clean source energy which does not pollute
or harm the environment.
Once a solar panel is installed, solar energy can be
produced free of charge.
Limitations of Solar
Energy -

Initial investment in solar panels is high.

Cannot generate energy at night.
Production of energy is low during winters and
on cloudy days.
 WIND ENERGY

Places
Jiuquan Wind Power Base in China, Jaisalmer
where
Wind Park in India, Alta Wind Center in USA
wind farms
etc.
are located
Pumping
Various Generating Grinding wheat
water from
Uses Electricity. into flour.
wells.
High speed winds were a potential resource
Actual/ two hundred years ago. Today they are an
Potential actual resource and wind farms generate
Resource energy using windmills like in Netherlands
and on the Gujrat coast.

Localized/ As wind is found everywhere it is ubiquitous.

Ubiquitous

Wind possesses kinetic energy due to its high speed

or motion. This kinetic energy of wind is utilised for
doing work. Wind blows due to the uneven heating of
Earth by the sun in different regions. Thus, wind energy
comes from the sun in an indirect way.
India is ranked 5th in the world for harnessing wind
energy for the production of electricity. Denmark is
called the ‘country of winds’ because more than 25% of
the electricity needs of Denmark are met by utilising
wind energy.
 Uses of wind energy –
 In the past, wind energy was used through
windmills to lift water from wells and to grind
wheat into flour.

 Wind turbines are used to generate

electricity from the kinetic energy of winds.
When the fast-moving winds strike the blades
of the turbine, then the wind turbine starts
rotating continuously. The shaft of wind
turbine is connected to a small generator.
When the wind turbine rotates, its shaft also
rotates and drives the generator. The generator
produces electricity.

Advantages of Wind
Energy -

It does not cause any pollution.

It is a renenewable source of energy which will never
get exhausted.
Use of wind energy to generate electricity will help
 GEOTHERMAL

ENERGY
Heat energy obtained from the earth is called
geothermal energy. The temperature in the interior of the
earth rises steadily as we go deeper. The word ‘geothermal’
comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and therme (heat). It
is a renewable energy source because heat is continuously
produced inside the earth.
Due to geological changes, molten rocks formed in the
deeper hot regions of earth’s crust are pushed upward and
trapped in certain regions called ‘hot spots’. When
underground water comes in contact with the hot spot, steam
is generated. Sometimes hot water from that region finds
outlets at the surface. Such outlets are known as hot springs.
The steam trapped in rocks is routed through a pipe to a
turbine and used to generate electricity.
The most active geothermal resources are usually
found along major tectonic plate boundaries where most
volcanoes are located. One of the most active geothermal
areas in the world is called the Ring of Fire, which encircles
the Pacific Ocean.
USA has the world’s largest geothermal power plants
followed by New Zealand, Iceland, Philippines and Central
America. In India, geothermal plants are located in Manikaran
in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley in Ladakh.

 Uses of Geothermal Energy –

Geothermal energy in the form of hot springs has been

used for cooking, heating and bathing for several years.

Geothermal power plants use steam to produce

electricity. The steam comes from reservoirs of hot
water found a few miles or more below the earth's
 surface. The steam rotates a turbine that activates a
generator, which produces electricity.

Geothermal heat pumps or GHPs function by using

geothermal energy found within 300 metres of Earth's
surface, which has a moderate temperature. This GHP
system is made with a pump and a loop of pipes
implanted in the ground that transfers heat energy
between the surface air and Earth. The GHPs help draws
warm air from a building to cool them down during
summer. On the contrary, it warms the buildings in the
winter season.

Limitations
Advantages of of
Geothermal
GeothermalEnergy
Energy
The extraction
Geothermal of is
energy geothermal energy from
more environmentally the grounds
friendly than
leads to a release of greenhouse gases like hydrogen
conventional fuel sources such as coal and other fossil fuels.
sulfide, carbon dioxide,
The hot reservoirs within themethane
Earth are and ammonia.
naturally However,
replenished,
the amount
making ofrenewable
it both gas released is significantly lower than in
and sustainable.
the case ofenergy
Worldwide fossil consumption
fuels. is currently around 15
It is location
terawatts, whichspecific and the
is far from there
totalare very few
potential commercially
energy available
from geothermal
viable sites wheresources.
such Itenergy
is currently
can beestimated that
exploited.
geothermal
The regionspower
that plants
consistcould provide between
of geothermal plants0.0035
oftenand 2
terawatts of power.
experience minor seismic activity.
 HYDROELECTRIC

POWER
Hydropower, or hydro energy, is a form of renewable
energy that uses the water stored in dams, as well as flowing
in rivers to create electricity in hydropower plants. It is one of
the oldest and largest sources of renewable energy

The falling water rotates blades of a turbine, which then

spins a generator that converts the mechanical energy of the
spinning turbine into electrical energy. Hydroelectric power is
a significant component of electricity production worldwide.
Hydropower plants consist of two basic configurations:
with dams and reservoirs, or without.
 Hydropower dams with large reservoirs can store water
over short or long periods to meet peak demand. The
facilities can also be divided into smaller dams for different
purposes, such as night or day use, seasonal storage, or
pumped-storage reversible plants, for both pumping and
electricity generation.
 Hydropower without dams and reservoirs means producing
at a smaller scale, typically from a facility designed to
operate in a river without interfering in its flow. For this
reason, many consider small-scale hydro a more
environmentally-friendly option.
India is home to many hydroelectric power plants,
ranking fifth in the world for potential hydropower capacity,
which currently stands at more than 50 gigawatts (GW).
Located at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and the
Bhilangana rivers, near the city of Tehri, the Tehri Dam in
Uttarakhand is the highest hydroelectric power project in the
country.
 Uses of Hydropower –
It is used to drive watermill which carries mechanical
processes like grinding, rolling and hammering.
Hydroelectricity is the biggest hydropower
application. Hydroelectricity generates about 15% of
global electricity and provides at least 50% of the
total electricity supply for more than 35 countries.

Advantages of
Hydropower
It is a renewable source of energy.
The creation of hydroelectricity does not release emissions into
the atmosphere.
Hydropower is, by far, the most reliable renewable energy
available in the world. Unlike when the sun goes down or when
the wind dies down, water usually has a constant and steady
flow 24/7.

Limitations of
Hydropower
While hydropower is renewable, there are limited places
in the world that are suitable for plant construction.
It has a negative impact on fish.
WAVE ENERGY
 Wave energy is a form of renewable energy that can be
harnessed from the motion of the waves. There are several
methods of harnessing wave energy that involve placing
electricity generators on the surface of the ocean.
As waves roll through the ocean, they create kinetic
energy, or movement. This movement can be used to power
turbines, which, in turn, create energy that can be converted
into electricity and power. There are also several ways of
harnessing wave energy that utilize the up and down motion
of the waves to power pistons/turn generators.
Since wave energy is still relatively new and some
disadvantages of wave energy serve as a barrier to its
expansion, there are fewer areas that currently have or are
installing wave farms. Some main areas for wave farms are
Portugal, the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United
States.
 Uses of Wave Energy –

The Wave energy hitting the shore is converted into

electricity using a wave energy converter (WEC),

Water desalination.

Pumping of water into reservoirs

Advantages of Wave Energy -

It is a renewable source of energy which is which will

never run out.
Unlike fossil fuels, creating power from waves creates no
harmful byproducts such as gas, waste, and pollution.
The amount of power that can be produced from the
waves is absolutely enormous.
Unlike fossil fuels, which cause massive damage to land
as they can leave large holes while extracting energy
from them, wave power does not cause any damage to
the earth.

Limitations of Wave Energy -

The biggest disadvantage to getting your energy from the

waves is location. Only power plants and towns near the
ocean will benefit directly from it.
Energy production from the waves requires a huge setup.
Thus, the cost of production is very high.
Activities from construction and operation of the wave
energy plant greatly affect the marine ecosystem. .
 TIDAL ENERGY

Tidal energy is produced by the surge of ocean

Formation waters during the rise and fall of tides.

Mechanical Protection
Various Generation crushing of to coast
of
Uses electricity.
grains in during high
grain mills. storms.

Actual/ It is a potential form of energy which has

attracted pioneering research because they are
Potential predictable, even years in advance, unlike other
Resource renewables such as wind.

Localized/ It is a localized resource as it can be harnessed

Ubiquitous only in places near seas and oceans.

Tidal energy is produced by the surge of ocean waters during

the rise and fall of tides. It is a renewable source of energy. Tidal
energy is harnessed by constructing a dam across a narrow opening to
the sea. A turbine fixed at the opening of the dam converts tidal
energy to electricity.
Tidal energy production is still in its infancy. The amount of
power produced so far has been small. There are very
few commercial-sized tidal power plants operating in the world.
Russia, France and the Gulf of Kachchh in India have huge tidal mill
farms.
 Uses of Tidal Energy-

 The most important use of tidal energy is the generation of

electricity, called Tidal Electricity.
 Tidal Energy has been in use for hundreds of years for the
mechanical crushing of grains in grain mills. Here, the
movement of the turbines powered by tidal energy was used.
 Tidal Barrages are capable to prevent damage to the coast
during high storms.

Advantages of Tidal Energy

It is a renewable source of energy and is inexhaustible.
It is an environmentally friendly source of energy and does not
release any harmful gas.
It is a more reliable source of energy compared to solar and
wind energy.
It is predictable which makes it easier to develop a system with
exact dimensions to produce energy, as we already have
knowledge of what kind of waves the equipment will be
exposed to.

Limitations of Tidal Energy

The locations where such dams can be built are limited.

It has an adverse effect on marine life anddestroys wildlife
habitat.
It is difficult to harness.
 CONCLUSION
Now more than ever, we’re aware of the damaging effects that
our current dependence on fossil fuels holds for our collective
futures. Fossil fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas and oil) are not
only harmful to the planet when burned daily for energy, but
they’re also unsustainable as finite resources.
Sustainability refers to the concept that all people can meet
their basic needs infinitely, without compromising future
generations. Sustainability in terms of energy embraces the
same principles.
Sustainable energy, harnessed from renewable resources like
the sun, wind, water, and crops, is responsible for meeting
only 10% of the world’s energy demands. As of now,
renewable energy technologies are not optimally designed or
economically profitable partially because few financial
resources are being channelled into their development.
There will never be a magic solution that eliminates all the
negative consequences of our energy demands, but we can
make educated choices about using and developing energy
sources that significantly reduce the social and environmental
impacts of our energy use.