Introduction To Web Development

Unit 3.3
ATHE Level 3 Diploma In Information and
Digital Technologies

NAME: Aulrich Jay P. Montesur

TUTOR: Abdurrahman Maihula

1.1 Explain the methods that can be used to create a website ......................................... 2

1.2 Outline the importance of having a responsive website .............................................. 5

1.3 Explain website design issues to consider................................................................. 9
1.4 Explain the tools used for website development ...................................................... 11
1.5 Define the languages used for website development ............................................... 14
1.6 Create a storyboard for a website design ................................................................ 17
1M1 Explain the benefits of using a storyboard design for developing a website .............. 21
1D1 Analyze the impact of designing a website without sufficient pre-planning ............... 24
2.1 Explain the laws, regulations and standards relating to website development ........... 26
2.3 Setup and configure a database to link to a website ................................................. 33
2M1 Evaluate the impact that laws, regulations and standards have on the design of a
website ..................................................................................................................... 35
2D1 Include features that provide additional functionality in a webpage development. .... 40
3.1 Explain the reasons for testing a website ................................................................ 42
3.2 Describe the methods of testing a website .............................................................. 46
3.3 Create a website test plan ..................................................................................... 49
4.1 Describe the process of publishing a website online ................................................ 54
4.2 Explain the purpose of a domain name ................................................................... 59
4.3 Describe website hosting considerations to make ................................................... 62
4.4 Setup and configure a web hosting solution ............................................................ 64
4.5 Upload a website using FTP ................................................................................... 67
Reference: ................................................................................................................. 73

1.1 Explain the methods that can be used to create a website

Website Builders (No-Code Solutions)

Website builders enable users to build websites through simple interfaces that do not need
programming skills. Users can build web pages through these platforms by selecting graphical
elements that drag and drop visually so they can place items on their pages while brand
customization options exist. Website builders function as software services which let users create
websites through interchangeable component blocks. (Starr, 2024)

examples include:

• Wix
• Squarespace
• Weebly
• Shopify (for e-commerce)
• GoDaddy Website Builder

Advantages:

• Extremely user-friendly for beginners (Website Builders always have a beginner tutorial)
• Quick setup (often within Minutes)
• Hosting and domain registration often included
• Responsive designs that work on mobile devices
• Built-in templates for different industries and purposes

Limitations:

• Less flexibility for custom functionality

• May have monthly subscription costs
• Limited ability to export your site if you want to switch platforms
• Performance might not be optimal for complex or high-traffic sites

Content Management Systems (CMS)

Content Management Systems exist as a solution which combines the features of both ease of
use and flexible customization capabilities. A CMS enables both non-tech personnel and
developers to function independently through separate administration zones which let content
editors update content without affecting the underlying platform architecture.

examples include:

• WordPress (powers about 43% of all websites)

• Joomla
• Drupal
 • TYPO3
• Ghost (focused on blogging)

Advantages:

• Extensive plugin ecosystems to add functionality

• Customizable themes and templates
• Strong community support
• Scalable for different site sizes
• Good balance of user-friendliness and customization

Limitations:

• Steeper learning curve than website builders

• Requires some technical knowledge for setup and maintenance
• Need for regular updates and security maintenance
• May require separate hosting arrangements

HTML/CSS/JavaScript (Traditional Web Development)

When developing websites using basic web technologies you maintain entire authority for your
site's configuration alongside design attributes and operations abilities. The website functions as
a file system containing HTML for structure and CSS for design and JavaScript for user
interaction which servers deliver directly to browsers or processes before transmission.
(Kalkman, 2012) (W3Schools, 2019)

Components:

• HTML (HyperText Markup Language) defines the structure and content

• CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) controls visual presentation
• JavaScript adds interactivity and dynamic features

Web Frameworks and Libraries

Developers who work on complex web applications and websites use frameworks together with
libraries to obtain preloaded components along with structures. Web development tools support
developers to achieve efficient creation of intricate web applications by delivering architectural
templates and useful elements as well as optimized design workflows.

Advantages:

• Complete creative freedom

• Potentially better performance (less unnecessary code)
• No ongoing platform fees
• Full ownership of code
• Valuable skills for professional development

Limitations:

• Significant learning curve

• Time-intensive development process
• Requires knowledge of web design principles
• Need to implement your own content management solution
• Responsibility for all security considerations

What I prefer to Utilize

I prefer to utilize Traditional Programming like Html and CSS for front-end developing while
using MySQL, JavaScript and PHP for back-end programming because they offer complete
creative freedom on how I want the website to look, function and interact which makes this
programming language very versatile to allow me to design the website based on my knowledge
of it, encouraging me to study and learn more about the language to give me access to more of
the languages have to offer which heavily incentivizes me to acquire more valuable skills in
programming through the use of this method.

1.2 Outline the importance of having a responsive website

The Importance of Having a Responsive Website

A responsive design for websites has become an absolute requirement in developing any
functional web platform. Modern digital practices rely heavily on responsive design for many
reasons, such as having greater flexibility, versatility in its design and readability while
maintaining a coherent design. (WebFX, n.d.)

Consistent Experience Across Devices

A responsive website uses automatic adjustments to optimize its layout images and functionality
according to the device type including desktops tablets and smartphones. The consistent layout
enables users to navigate your site without any problems using any access device.

Reduced Bounce Rates

Viewers automatically abandon websites that force them to deal with usage problems on their
devices including hard-to-click buttons and picture zooming and screen scrolling needs. The
continuous engagement of users depends on responsive design because it gives them an easy-to-
use experience leading to decreased bounce rates.

Faster Page Loading

Responsive web pages designed correctly offer multifaceted optimization which leads to quicker
page loads than standard non-responsive websites. The critical nature of page load speed for user
retention results in greater customer satisfaction because 53% of mobile users will abandon sites
that need more than 3 seconds to load.
(Gregory, 2019; Seattle New Media, 2023; WebFX, n.d.)

Business Advantages:

Mobile Traffic Dominance

Modern web traffic splits into two groups with mobile devices claiming approximately 60% of
the total traffic share worldwide. Businesses that do not implement responsive design effectively
dismiss or deliver inferior experiences to most of their potential visitors.

Competitive Edge
A responsive website design represents mandatory practice in numerous industries today. A
failure to adapt to mobile optimization will make businesses appear unprofessional because
competitors provide better mobile usability.

Single Website Management

The employment of responsive design lets companies manage their website content efficiently
because it unifies all versions into a single platform that functions across all devices.

Cost Effectiveness

Your long-term maintenance expenditures decrease substantially because implementing

responsive design deduces website maintenance to single platforms instead of multiple versions.
Even though initial responsive design investment exceeds static design costs.
([Link], 2025)

Search Engine Optimizations and their Marketing Impact:

Google's Mobile-First Indexing

Google indexes websites through their mobile version content before any other format. Search
engine rankings place sites with mobile responsiveness higher than ones which are not optimized
for mobile viewing irrespective of their quality or relevance to the search query.

Improved Local Search Performance

The number of mobile searches with local intent continues to grow year after year because users
frequently search for things near their current location. A website with reactive capabilities
optimizes its potential for local customers because mobile devices heavily use near-me-based
search strategies particularly benefiting businesses with storefronts.

Enhanced Social Media Integration

Your positive first impression on new users comes from having a responsive design when social
media site visitors share your content through mobile interfaces.
(BrowserStack, n.d.)

Technical Advantages:

Future-Proofing

The market introduces new devices that feature various screen dimensions and display
resolutions. A design approach based on responsiveness allows your site to deliver smooth
usability alongside visual appeal across upcoming devices so you need not design again
frequently.

Accessibility Compliance

Your website becomes accessible to users with disabilities when you implement responsive
design because such approaches adhere to accessibility best practices. This practice meets legal
requirements for digital accessibility.

Page Load Optimization

The configuration options in responsive design enable different image sizes for device-specific
capabilities thus mobile users avoid wasting bandwidth on downloading non-mobile appropriate
images and boost performance quality.

Real-World Impacts

Higher Conversion Rates

The conversion rate for websites showing adaptability reaches consistently higher levels
according to proven research findings. E-commerce sites generate higher revenue through this
direct impact and service businesses receive more form submissions and calls.

Extended Session Duration

The ease of using your platform on any device helps users stay longer with improved page
interaction which produces better brand relationship.
Improved Brand Perception

The delivery of a smooth communication flow between different devices makes brands appear
professional and devoted which builds trust in customers.
(Web Development(Linkedin), n.d.)

1.3 Explain website design issues to consider

Visual Hierarchy
Users determine their page observations through visual hierarchy since this system shapes what
grabs their initial attention and how their attention moves during their navigation. Aesthetic
considerations alone do not serve users because proper visual hierarchy works strategically to
lead them to critical content and actions. Design processes should analyze how elements on a
page must be emphasized using size or color variations or positioning and contrast levels. Users
become confused about their next action because of excessive competing elements on the page.
On e-commerce product pages the product image receives the largest space followed by product
name below it and price displayed before the "Add to Cart" button in contrasting colors stands
out the most. The page layout guides users efficiently since designing this visual routing enables
their natural progression towards conversion.
(Admin, 2023)

Cognitive Load
Each page component demands users to perform mental operations before they can understand it.
Each additional element you include increases the mental workload for users. The main
advantage of minimalistic design approach is its ability to minimize user mental task
requirements during site understanding and usage.

Example:
A crowded restaurant site confuses its visitors by combining rotating animations with self-
starting videos and complicated dropdown menus. Users who want to find opening hours or the
menu will experience frustration which leads them to leave. Designs which make the most
important information easy to find enable users to maintain an acceptable cognitive burden.
Consistency and Predictability
Internet users make psychological representations of website operation through their existing
exposure to digital systems. Users can perform actions naturally on systems that stick to standard
patterns because these patterns mirror their existing experiences. The functionality extends
across all design elements including where buttons should be positioned as well as the use of
color schemes.
Users expect to find homepage access through logos and navigation menus positioned at the top
of the page and blue underlined text to function as clickable links. Any deviation from standard
conventions needs a compelling reason because it leads users to experience confusion and
frustration.

Technical Issues:

Page Load Speed

Users now expect websites to load quickly because they have developed shorter patience for
slow page speeds. Research indicates that mobile users will leave a page if it takes more than 3
seconds to load since 53% of mobile users abandon pages under these conditions. Lastly the
design choices themselves control the website loading speed.

• Your site will experience significant delays because of large unoptimized image files.
• Complex animations and effects increase processing requirements
• The performance of analytics tools and social media widgets diminishes web page
loading due to their addition of extra loading time.

Each design choice needs to undergo performance impact assessment before implementation.
Users will not engage with slow websites that feature exceptional beauty since page load times
prove intolerable.
Browser and Device Compatibility
Your site which appears flawless inside Chrome on desktop screen may exhibit issues when
viewed using Safari on mobile and Firefox on tablet screens. A website can develop design
problems during cross-platform display across different browsers and devices.
The adaptive capabilities of responsive design implement adaptable grids together with layouts
and queries to optimize content presentation according to screen dimensions. The
implementation of responsive design principles should be followed by extensive platform-level
testing to identify all compatibility problems.

Accessibility
The design requirements of accessibility make it possible for users with disabilities to efficiently
operate your website. Users who experience visual impairments along with those who have
auditory, or motor limitations or cognitive disabilities need to be considered. Accessibility
considerations include:

• Sufficient color contrast for users with visual impairments

• Alternative text for images for screen reader users
• Users who cannot operate a mouse can navigate through the website using their
keyboard.
• Simple, clear language for users with cognitive disabilities
(Admin, 2023; [Link], n.d.)

1.4 Explain the tools used for website development

Tools for Website Development

The website development process requires tools at two ends of complexity including basic text
editors alongside advanced integrated development environments. Different development tools
match your expertise level alongside the project needs and your work strategy. These tools can
be examined in separate categories to offer you a detailed comprehension.

Code Editors and IDEs

The basics of website development depend on tools that enable code writing along with editing
functions. These range from lightweight text editors to feature-rich integrated development
environments (IDEs).

Text Editors

An environment that simplifies code writing processes with minimal overhead exists within text
editors. Such software suits fast editing needs and smaller projects.

Popular text editors include:

Visual Studio Code which has earned its spot as the preferred development environment of
numerous developers due to its efficient combination of capabilities with high performance. The
tool functions as a text editor yet users can enhance its capabilities through plugins to achieve
IDE functionality. The built-in terminal together with Git integration and extensive extension
marketplace provides remarkable versatility to this tool.

Sublime Text performs at peak levels with expansive file sizes because it provides users with
time-saving features including multiple selections and command palette functionality. The
straightforward design of this application conceals advanced features which start emerging when
developers learn more about its operation.

Atom as a GitHub-developed platform gives users control over customization as well as active
community participation. The hackable nature of this software allows users to customize it
precisely according to their work preferences although it operates at a slightly slower pace than
other options.

Notepad++ continues to be favored by Windows users because of its small system impact and its
ability to handle multiple programming languages. The program starts up quickly while
performing standard development operations smoothly.

Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)

IDEs provide developers with more than text editing functions through debugging tools
combined with built-in terminals and project management utilities.

WebStorm by JetBrains delivers code completion features that specialize in JavaScript and its
related programming languages. The built-in debugging tools of this IDE are exceptionally
powerful while its refactoring tools automate time-consuming manual code restructuring.
The development environment PHPStorm specializes in PHP development through strong
framework support facilities both for Laravel and Symfony. The tool analyzes your code context
to detect potential errors which prevents them from reaching production.

Eclipse continues to serve enterprise needs and Java-based web application development despite
its age. The platform's maturity level enables developers to access plugins that cover all
development [Link] exclusively on Mac platforms. The plugin ecosystem of this
platform enables users to boost functionality through features that produce realistic data and
generate animations.

Frontend Development Tools:

The process of frontend development requires professional tools to build user-facing website
sections along with HTML and CSS and JavaScript.

CSS Preprocessors

Through Sass users obtain CSS extension features such as variables while using variables and
nested rules and mixins for better maintenance. The conversion process from Sass's .scss files to
standard CSS requires compilation although it leads to improved code structure through
additional compilation steps.

Less provides functionality analogous to Sass by using syntax that parallels standard CSS
therefore making it easier for people familiar with CSS to learn.

PostCSS operates through a modular system that enables users to select and implement only
essential plugins. The system allows developers to implement advanced features one by one
without fully embracing a complete new syntax.

JavaScript Frameworks and Libraries

The user interface building platform React lets developers construct interfaces through its
component-based design and virtual DOM system created by Facebook. The framework supports
efficient state management through its data flow mechanism but users need to use separate
libraries for routing-related operations.

Vue unites the most beneficial elements from multiple frameworks to create a framework that is
both accessible and powerful. You can adopt Vue framework for new projects while maintaining
your current ones because it supports gradual implementation.
Angular delivers an extensive framework because it integrates built-in solutions for routing as
well as forms processing and state management. The opinionated method decreases choice-
related fatigue yet demands knowledge of Angular's default ways of working.

The older jQuery framework continues to serve projects that need basic functionality or require
maintenance of legacy code. The basic syntax of DOM manipulation and AJAX requests became
the principal advancement in coding with JavaScript due to its initial release.

Database Management Tools:

MySQL Workbench exists in a visual format. What makes the MySQL Workbench remarkable
is its SQL editor which highlights syntax while suggesting code completion to users for writing
clear and effective queries.

pgAdmin from PostgreSQL suits PostgreSQL database management through its own advanced
tools alongside PostgreSQL special capabilities such as JSON operations and full-text search.

MongoDB Compass enables users to visualize and explore MongoDB document-based data
structure with specific exploration tools. Users can build complex queries by using the query
builder tool because it eliminates the need to memorize exact syntax.

(BrowserStack, n.d.; Chung, 2022)

1.5 Define the languages used for website development

HTML: The Structural Foundation

Every website depends on HTML (HyperText Markup Language) to create its basic structure.
The architectural blueprint functions as an organized structure which positions every piece of
content properly. The fundamental purpose of HTML is to specify structural definitions while
elements do not receive visual instructions or behavioral rules.

HTML functions through elements which appear as tags that establish semantic meanings. The
<header> element marks the top section of a page and <nav> contains navigation links. The main
element contains primary content which is structured through section and article tags. The
HTML structure of a webpage becomes visible through the viewing of its source code.
The semantic method of HTML plays an essential role in making content accessible to all users.
Screen readers as well as assistive technologies process information meaningfully for disabled
users by using proper HTML structural elements. Headings from <h1> to <h6> receive unique
announcements from screen readers while normal text within <p> blocks is treated differently
which enables disabled users to use semantic structure for navigation rather than design features.

CSS
The structure created by HTML becomes visually animated by CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
which gives the structure its visual design. CSS functions as a complete toolkit to control
visualization elements including colors, typography designs, spacing between boxes and sizes for
user interfaces along with animation features and responsive design operations.

Monthly allows designers to apply styles to elements based on their specificity rankings. When
CSS styles target the same element various rules apply but the programming language uses a
specific algorithm to specify which style rules will dominate. The cascading structure enables
developers to create efficient code through broad general style definitions which can be
overridden specifically when necessary.

JavaScript
Websites become portable applications with interactive features through JavaScript which
activates website contents into dynamic applications. User actions create responses in web pages
because JavaScript enhances the development of dynamic content through real-time content
modifications and asynchronous server interaction while adding complex visual effects to pages.
JavaScript functions as an event-triggered programming language. The application detects events
caused by user actions such as button clicks and keystrokes or form entry and executes pre-
defined computational procedures. The event system provides developers with methods to build
interfaces which operate according to normal user interactions. A user click on the "Show More"
button leads JavaScript to intercept the action which enables fetching additional content before
adding it to the page silently without refreshing the full page.
JavaScript gains most of its abilities to control the browser through the Document Object Model
(DOM). JavaScript operates on the DOM which displays HTML content through an object-based
tree structure that developers can modify. The browser performs automatic updates to user view
when JavaScript modifies the DOM. JavaScript can locate a paragraph element in the DOM and
modify its text content or CSS properties which results in immediate visual changes on screen.
The evolution of modern JavaScript has been substantial since ECMAScript 6 (ES6)
standardized the language and its subsequent versions. The implementation of arrow functions
along with template literals and destructuring and async/await features produce codes that are
simultaneously concise and readable. JavaScript has obtained essential native functions to deal
with asynchronous tasks and array and object management alongside complex state management
systems.
(Wikipedia Contributors, 2019)

Backend Development
Frontend technologies known as HTML, CSS, JavaScript rely on backend systems to run
operations which make web applications operate invisibly. The backend section manages data
manipulation together with business processing as well as authentication requirements and data
interaction through databases and external systems.
Server-side programming languages function as the fundamental components of development
work on backend systems. Each programming language within [Link] (JavaScript) and Python
and PHP and Ruby and Java and C# executes server-side code independently from browser
execution. The server operates independently from the client to execute secure operations which
should not run on the client side.

Back-end systems implement various architectural patterns for correct code organization. MVC
Model-View-Controller stands as an architectural design pattern which splits application data
processing tasks (Model) from the user-interface logic (View) along with application control
capabilities (Controller). RESTful API design principles determine the method through which
backend systems make their front and mobile application accessible through endpoints. The
architectural approaches enable better management of application complexity while maintaining
separate areas of concern during application growth.

Dynamic websites function through databases which organize and store their essential
information. MySQL and PostgreSQL establish their relational database systems by constructing
tables that define pre-set relationships between them while providing transactional consistency.
MongoDB adopts the NoSQL approach to store data as flexible documents that work alongside
horizontal expansion through relaxed consistency measures and adaptable schemas. Each
application requires unique requirements that determine which database type will be selected.

(Felice, 2024; Wikipedia Contributors, 2019)

1.6 Create a storyboard for a website design
1M1 Explain the benefits of using a storyboard design for developing a
website

The Website Development Process

The website development process benefits greatly from applying the film and animation-based
storyboarding method. Website storyboards serve as a basic visual guide which shows user
movements throughout online pages before developers start their complete work.

Strategic and Communication Benefits

Visual frameworks help stakeholders by providing concrete images that transform vague ideas
into understandable visuals which all participants including clients and designers alongside
developers and marketers can unite about the website path. This pictorial presentation stops
misunderstandings while building a unified mental understanding of the project outcome among
all team members.
The visual website outline enables stakeholders and potential users to provide feedback before
development costs rise through the roof. The feedback mechanism reveals problems or
enhancement possibilities at a point when modifications remain economically feasible to
execute.

The visual understanding portrayed by storyboards eliminates communication barriers that exist
between people who do and do not work with technology. The same storyboard allows
marketing directors and developers to understand the intended user journey despite their different
professional viewpoints.

User Experience Benefits

The storyboard method automatically directs users to consider their perspective throughout the
process. The process of developing site user flows makes you examine every stage from the user
perspective by analyzing their needs and intentions alongside potential negative experiences.

Websites function as narrative guides that present stories regarding brands or products and their
services. The narrative structure of storyboarding enables you to develop it skillfully such that
the sequence of pages offers smooth transitions while creating a sequential thematic path.

The visual representation of user journey allows you to discover usability problems before
writing any code because it enables early detection of navigation barriers and unclear interface
patterns and complex process steps. The site structure reveals that an essential call-to-action
button exists in a location that makes it difficult for users to find.

(Chaturvedi, 2023)

Early Usability Testing

Users can find usability issues during early stages of development while mapping user flows
because it reveals navigation problems and confusing layouts or overly complicated processes.
The site structure reveals that an essential call-to-action button exists in a location that makes it
difficult for users to find.

Design and Development Benefits

A design roadmap provides designers with an efficient process by ensuring they concentrate on
execution rather than periodically questioning website designs and user paths. The development
process becomes more efficient because developers work with a complete storyboard which
leads to reduced number of required revisions. The specific picture produced important economy
and reduced delivery timeframes.
 Storyboards enable planning of responsive design because they help designers achieve layout
adaptations across various screen sizes to create consistent experiences which optimize each
screen resolution.
The visual site layout helps content creators identify necessary content requirements for each
page which enables them to prepare suitable text and media assets.

(Newman, 2024)

Example: E-commerce Website

You are creating an e-commerce website from scratch. Your storyboard might include:

• The homepage serves as the first stop for users who visit the website.
• Browsing product categories
• The website allows users to sort their search results by price and specific item features.
• Viewing product details
• Adding items to cart
• Proceeding through checkout
• Receiving order confirmation

The storyboard displays complete visual representations of screen designs and essential elements
alongside user interface interactions for every step. The visualization enables you to confirm that
customers experience a smooth and effortless journey from discovery to purchase.

Implementation Approaches
Website storyboards exist at different levels of detail which you can develop.
The lowest level of fidelity presents paper drawings and whiteboard sketches which depict
essential information about page structure and user movement.
The digital wireframes at this stage consist of structured interface information with enhanced
layout organization beyond basic structure details.

(Chaturvedi, 2023; Newman, 2024)

1D1 Analyze the impact of designing a website without sufficient pre-
planning

User Experience Degradation

The development of websites without proper planning leads to major deterioration of user
experience. The design of this digital environment lacks coherence thus users struggle to reach
their objectives because it proved difficult to navigate.
When user journey mapping does not take place users need to search deep through several clicks
to find essential features which results in confusing navigation. A banking website without
proper planning may hide its login function in an inconvenient location which forces users to
search for it. Every instance of confusion generates user friction which drives users toward
leaving the website.

The website loses its ability to serve genuine user requirements because it lacks established user
personas and defined goals. You can imagine surfing an online shopping website that shows
mismatched product filter features from your normal searching habits and requires too many
stoppages to complete the checkout process. Each interaction adds more pain points which
eventually leads users to leave the website. (Interactive, n.d.)

Design Inconsistencies and Visual Chaos

Unplanned websites tend to present disorganized visual elements that result in a disjointed
instead of unified brand message. Pages lacking design system standards operate independently
from other pages on the site.
The website employs different font types across its pages because some sections display serif
while others display sans-serif. Users experience disorientation when color schemes change
without warning which makes them think they have moved to a different website. The absence of
standardization in button styles would create a unprofessional look and limit usability along with
form elements and interactive components.
The mismatch in design spreads from visual appearances into the composition of operational
characteristics. Each page displays its search bar either in the header or sidebar section. User
navigation patterns become harder to learn because these variations require users to relearn
multiple times leading to reduced experience quality.

Technical Debt Accumulation

The failure to plan properly leads to the development of technical debt which becomes the most
expensive long-term effect. Developers who do not follow proper architectural planning tend to
implement temporary solutions which eventually create complex maintenance problems within
the development lifespan.

Websites developed without proper planning usually result in the following problems:

• Writing duplicate functions several times in different styles across the system leads to
complicated maintenance problems during update needs. The absence of reusable
components forces developers to modify multiple locations when updating a basic
contact form.
• Organizational structures of databases fail to maintain proper content evolution. The
initial success of a hastily designed product catalog will fade when new product
categories or relationships emerge because it needs extensive database restructuring.
• The modification of a single component leads to unexpected system failures throughout
the entire system. Development planning becomes vital because it lets developers predict
component relationships before software modifications introduce unexpected fragility
into the system.

Resource Inefficiency and Extended Timelines

Many people think planning wastes time but unplanned website development ends up using
significantly more resources throughout its lifecycle. The initial appearance of movement
through the project changes to multiple revisions and corrections that extend project timelines.

Teams spend unnecessary development hours because they must repeatedly question the
structure and functionality of their work product. The implementation of a feature which requires
10 hours with proper planning could expand to 30+ hours when developers build it through a
process of trial and error.
Accessibility and Inclusion Failures
Web sites built without planning usually fail to meet accessibility requirements by ignoring them
altogether or trying to add accommodations after construction which results in both greater costs
and ineffective outcomes than initial planning and integration would provide.
Websites that are rushed to completion often present problems with color contrast as well as
keyboard defects and screen reader troubles. Users with motor disabilities cannot use forms
while videos need captions and images require alternative text descriptions.

Errors in web design constitute both a deprivation of potential users and legal consequences
stemming from accessibility regulations such as the ADA as well as WCAG compliance
standards thus endangering organizations through regulatory and financial risks.

Real-World Business Consequences

Unplanned websites generate multiple technical and experience problems which directly affect
business operations. Development costs increase because teams must repair issues that proper
planning would have prevented. A planned system development would have cost $50,000 but
without proper planning the estimated expense has risen to $80,000 or higher.
Online users abandon their purchase journey because they face difficulties with poorly organized
interfaces and navigation systems. The cart abandonment rate for an e-commerce site reaches
80% because of checkout friction while the industry standard remains at 70%.

Users develop negative brand impressions when they connect website difficulties to the brand
itself. A website that lacks proper planning will not only fail to convert visitors but it will also
negatively affect how users perceive the organization behind it.
The lack of competitive advantage occurs when better-designed competitor sites successfully
attract market share from businesses. For businesses facing stiff competition the quality of their
website often decides which product wins over others that are comparable.

(Arenas, 2016; Interactive, n.d.; Ridley and SiteGround Web Hosting, 2024)

2.1 Explain the laws, regulations and standards relating to website

development

Website Development Laws, Regulations, and Standards

Website development exists where technical standards meet accessibility requirements and
privacy regulations and other standards. We need to study the main legal standards along with
regulatory provisions which determine website development practices.

Accessibility Laws

The law requires websites to have a design that accommodates persons with disabilities. The
following represent important rules among others:

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) continues to apply to websites despite its original
purpose being digital spaces. All businesses need to provide their websites with accessibility
features that serve people with disabilities. The failure to comply with accessibility standards
results in lawsuits that have surged significantly during recent years.

Section 508 demands that federal agencies must provide accessible electronic and information
technology solutions for people with disabilities. The government standard directly affects public
websites, yet it shapes accessibility requirements for private sector platforms.

The European Accessibility Act demands accessibility for specific products and services
including websites for persons with disabilities throughout the EU.

(U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, 2022)

Privacy and Data Protection Regulations

These laws determine the rules for website data collection and processing and storage
procedures.

When any website serves content to citizens from the EU it becomes subject to the General
Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It requires:

o Transparent privacy policies

o Clear consent mechanisms for data collection
o Users possess the right to view their data and make changes to it and request its
deletion.
o Data breach notifications
 o Limitations on data processing

California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA) -
Similar to GDPR but for California residents. Users receive rights through these laws to control
their personal data and business data usage.

According to COPPA children younger than 13 years old in the United States need parental
consent to stop web companies from collecting their personal information.

Under the ePrivacy Directive (Cookie Law) European internet users need consent for website
collection of specified cookies and tracking technology.

(European Union, 2016; Federal Trade Commission, 2013)

Intellectual Property Laws

The legislation safeguards original material concomitantly with brand visual elements:

Copyright Laws - Protect original content on websites. Unauthorized use of materials belonging
to others including images and text and media infringes upon copyright regulations.

Trademark Laws defend both brands and logos and business names. Website developers need
to exercise caution when using registered trademarks to avoid legal infringement.

Under the DMCA provisions service providers gain protection through safe harbor rules for
handling copyright infringement reports online.

([Link], n.d.; [Link], n.d.)

E-Commerce and Consumer Protection

Websites that operate as online stores must follow specific rules regarding product and service
transactions.

The Electronic Commerce Directive (EU) establishes online business requirements which
mandate transparent information disclosure about business operations and transaction
procedures.

The FTC Act of the United States prohibits deceptive or unfair business practices that occur in
commercial transactions including those conducted online.

Consumer protection legislation of each country determines the rules for returns as well as
warranties alongside the accuracy of prices that apply to e-commerce transactions.

([Link], 2024)

Technical Standards

These technical standards serve as essential requirements for achieving compatibility and best
practices although they do not have legal status.

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) serves as the most commonly applied
standard to achieve web accessibility. The current version of WCAG 2.1 provides three levels of
conformance known as A, AA, and AAA. The benchmark for accessibility follows WCAG
compliance at AA level according to many laws.

HTML, CSS, and JavaScript standards - Maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) and ECMA International.

HTTP standards - Governed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

A Content Security Policy (CSP) shuts out cross-site scripting attacks (XSS) and different
attacks that add unauthorized content to web pages.

(W3C, 2024)

Industry-Specific Regulations

Some sectors also have additional requirements like:

Healthcare websites subject to Health Insurance Portiability and Accountability Act
(HIPAA) must implement protection measures for patient information; this includes online
databases for them.

Financial institutions must provide customer information safeguards according to the Gramm-
Leach-Bliley Act.

Websites that handle credit card transactions must follow Payment Card Industry Data
Security Standard (PCI DSS) to establish security requirements.

(CDC, 2024 ; Federal Trade Commission, 2024)

2.2 Describe how databases are used within websites

Modern websites depend on databases to act as organized data storage systems which allow
successful retrieval of all persistent information. The implementation of databases converts
simple webpage collections into responsive interactive systems equipped with memory and
content storage as well as complex operational features.

The Fundamental Role of Databases

Database systems operating within websites operate like digital memory storage to function as
the fundamental component of digital platforms. The website code controls its operational
behavior but the database stores all information and maintains memory functions. Your online
experience would be completely unfamiliar to you if databases did not exist because your
shopping cart would be blank and your preferences would be lost and you would need to
remember all your login details.
The main visible website content presents itself as a browser tip to users yet the permanent data
system underneath this tip exists as a vast hidden database structure.

([Link], 2020)

Common Database Types Used in Web Development

Web architecture works with multiple database types which perform specific operational
functions.
The SQL-based database systems MySQL, PostgreSQL and SQL Server create a data structure
that uses tables with predefined linking relationships between their organized data. These
databases show advanced capabilities for establishing intricate relations between different
database entities. An e-commerce site maintains separate tables for customers and products and
orders and inventory which stay connected through relationships that protect data integrity.

Organizations using MongoDB, Cassandra and Redis run their information management system
with different methodologies. These databases avoid using structured tables by storing data in
adaptable formats which include documents and key-value pairs and wide-column stores and
graphs. Their adaptable data storage design allows them to handle information with unknown
structures during rapid application growth. The data storage system for user-generated content on
social media platforms often relies on a NoSQL database because these platforms cannot easily
categorize the generated content.

The In-Memory Database technology Redis and Memcached stores most data in Random Access
Memory instead of disk storage to deliver lightning-fast performance for specific operations.
Traditional databases work together with these systems to store frequently requested data in
memory which improves system performance.

Practical Applications in Website Functionality

User Authentication and Profiles

Your website account stores your username together with your securely hashed password and
profile information in a database. The website checks its database for authentication purposes
after every login to give users personalized settings. The database persistence system prevents
users from needing to establish new accounts during each website visit.

Content Management

All content including articles images videos and their metadata publication dates authors
categories gets stored in databases for blogs news sites and most content-driven platforms. The
homepage displays content that the website retrieves from the database according to its latest
updates or relevance. The database searches for content matches whenever you conduct searches
for particular topics.

E-commerce Functionality
Online stores depend on databases to handle three essential functions:

• Online stores use databases to store product catalogs alongside descriptions and prices
and inventory information.
• Customer information and purchase history
• Order processing and status tracking
• The website maintains shopping cart contents which stay active between different
browsing sessions.

The database tracks your cart actions when you select items for purchase. Your shopping cart
information stays intact because the database retrieves stored data when you return after leaving
the site.

Dynamic Web Applications

Modern web applications including project management tools and online editors and social
networks require databases to fulfill these functions:

• Store and organize lots of user-generated content

• This tracks interactions between users
• Complex operations need to be kept in their current state
• Supports real-time collaborative features

A database maintains the most recent version of shared documents by managing simultaneous
edits from multiple users.

(Britannica, 2018; Liquid Web, 2018; Nations, n.d.; [Link], 2020)

2.3 Setup and configure a database to link to a website
I have connected my database and linked it to my website where each patient registration
and patient appointments is recorded and sent to two different tables in my database.

2M1 Evaluate the impact that laws, regulations and standards have on
the design of a website

The Impact of Laws, Regulations, and Standards on Website Design

Website design extends beyond visual design and functional requirements because many varied
legal standards and technical requirements now control its elements. Websites transform
according to how these legal requirements affect user interfaces as well as visual presentation
and system operations for users. The following section shows how these requirements enhance
design development across the development cycle.

Accessibility Requirements
Website design receives its most noticeable transformation from accessibility laws including the
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 508 and the European Accessibility Act.
The requirements force designers to make fundamental changes to their decisions which users
often fail to detect immediately. Designers face limitations regarding their choice of colors since
businesses cannot use personal color preferences without regard to accessibility guidelines.
Designers must maintain proper contrast ratios between text and backgrounds which require
4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large text according to WCAG 2.1 AA standards. Such
requirements force designers to drop low-contrast styles from their practice while adopting
designs with higher contrast ratios.

The current navigation systems require complete redesign to operate without mouse input. The
redesigned navigation affects both menu designs as well as the behavior of interactive
components along with page layout organization systems. The design of dropdown menus which
depend on mouse hovering requires total redesign to operate effectively with keyboard
navigation while producing different user interactions and visual indicators.

The design of forms requires explicit labels which maintain their connection to input fields
throughout screen reader interpretation of the page. Error messages need to provide clear
explanations while being linked to specific fields through programming and avoiding the
exclusive use of color for problem indication.

The outcome produces designs that are both structured and easy to organize which benefit all
users beyond the disabled population.

(U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, 2022)

Privacy Regulations

Privacy laws including GDPR and CCPA together with comparable regulations worldwide have
introduced new design elements which now appear on every web page.
The cookie consent banner stands as the most visible outcome of privacy regulations because
these requirements introduced this new design element to most websites. Users need proper
notification design since poor execution could impede obtaining consent from users without
breaking their journey.

The expansion of privacy regulations has promoted the visibility of legal information which used
to remain hidden before. Privacy statements evolved from regulatory footnotes that practically
no one read into official documents which now include strong navigation systems and orderly
organization. Designers should embed these elements across the user pathway especially at
collection points for personal information.

User account sections now require advanced interfaces to handle data access requests and export
and deletion procedures. The implementation of these requirements led to the creation of new
workflows along with interface screens that handle privacy tasks exclusively.

The establishment of privacy regulations has led designers to evaluate approaches for form
construction. Designers must evaluate each form field under the data minimization principle to
determine its necessity. The organization holds what grounds to obtain this information? The
requirement to minimize data collection leads designers to create forms with fewer fields which
represents an unusual case where legal standards enhance user experience.

(European Union, 2016; Federal Trade Commission, 2013)

Security Standards
Security standards such as PCI DSS for payment processing force regulations which although
subtle to end-users become central to designers' decision-making process.

The structure together with the flow of checkout processes follows security requirements which
apply to e-commerce websites. Security standards instead of user experience dictate the design
patterns which include distinct payment pages alongside iframe-based payment forms and third-
party redirections for processing.

The implementation of authentication systems heavily depends on existing security

requirements. Password strength indicators with multi-factor authentication flows and account
recovery processes serve as the visible indicators for security standards implemented in the
system.

Security requirements mandate core interaction patterns since timeout warnings and automatic
logouts and re-authentication prompts applied to sensitive operations get their design from
security standards instead of pure user experience principles.

Security requirements impact both the layout of URLs together with the patterns users need to
follow during navigation. The replacement of HTTP with HTTPS triggered platform-wide
changes in redirect and mixed content management which sometimes demanded structural page
redesigns to maintain security standards.

(ITGovernance, 2016)

Intellectual Property Concerns

The presentation of intellectual property in the digital world faces subtle but essential
modifications due to copyright legal rules alongside trademark laws.
 Designers should establish areas which showcase attribution information while developing
image galleries and media players because these elements need to include methods that display
proper content creator credits. The overall aesthetic design should not be interrupted by these
integrations. Standards arise due to attribution elements and hover labels plus separate attribution
areas.

Sites that use licensed content must follow presentation requirements set by terms of use which
specify logo size requirements and trademark denotation rules and particular display contexts for
certain content. The requirements restrict designers since they restrict their flexibility to establish
visual arrangements or display hierarchy.

Content management systems and user interfaces become more complex because user-generated
content interfaces need to build features for handling copyright claims and content takedown
requests.

([Link], n.d.; [Link], n.d.)

E-Commerce Regulations

Specific design parameters for internet retailers come from consumer protection legislation.
Online shoppers need to find essential product details such as price and shipping information
delivery schedule and return policies and product details shown easily on the product pages
before any purchase. The design requirements of e-commerce regulations limit both the page
organization and the placement of essential information above the initial visible area.

Pricing information is most vulnerable to governmental regulations. Jurisdictions differ in their

requirements for pricing transparency because some demand inclusive pricing that includes taxes
and unavoidable fees, but others permit fees to be added after the purchase flow. Different
markets need distinct checkout designs because they use different pricing variations.
Users need clear access to return and cancellation information which should receive dedicated
sections in the user journey instead of being hidden in terms and conditions.
Subscription-based services need to provide open billing statements about recurring fees as well
as simple exit policies which transforms how these products appear to customers at the point of
sale.

([Link], 2024)
2D1 Include features that provide additional functionality in a webpage
development.
The website now provides a smarter experience through this small script during login and
registration processes. The page performs a check upon loading to determine if the browser
contains saved email information stored in localStorage which functions as a site memory. The
website changes the register button text to "Registered as: [email]" when it detects an existing
user login. The button displays "Register" when no saved email exists.

The registration form contains a quick validation step before submission. The system verifies
that both entered passwords match each other. The system halts registration along with
displaying an alert message which states "Passwords don't match!". The site saves the email to
localStorage when the passwords match which allows it to remember users during their next
visit. The site remembers users without requiring additional logins through this convenient
system.

The PHP application contains this login functionality. The server retrieves the submitted email
and password data after form submission then verifies the login table in the history database for
matching users. The server returns JavaScript code which saves the email to localStorage while
displaying a success alert before redirecting users to the homepage. There is no server redirect
when the email and password credentials are wrong so the page stays on the same screen with
the "Incorrect email or password" notification.

3.1 Explain the reasons for testing a website

The Importance of Website Testing

A website testing phase constitutes a fundamental developmental requirement as it enables the

creation of functional interfaces that build user trust and meet all required requirements. The
following discussion explains why website testing holds such great importance.

Ensuring Functionality and Reliability

Websites must function properly as their fundamental requirement. All website buttons and
forms and links and interactive elements have specific functions which break down the entire
user experience when they fail to work properly.
The simplest process involved by customers after tapping "Add to Cart" on an e-commerce site.
The single click on "Add to Cart" activates multiple system procedures which update the cart
view while changing the total cost and save the choice in your account before verifying stock
conditions and generating delivery calculations. The delicate sequence of processes functions
properly due to testing procedures.

The failure of essential functions occurs unpredictably when testing is not performed correctly.
The checkout process functions without issues when customers purchase one item yet collapses
entirely when they choose multiple products. The contact form shows a successful submission
notification yet fails to transmit the message to the intended recipient.

Web testing as a systematic approach confirms that each user pathway on the site performs
correctly under different situations. The testing process reveals errors that developers would not
normally detect during site development because it examines how users interact with the site
through unexpected sequences and abnormal inputs.

Cross-Platform and Cross-Browser Consistency

Users should encounter identical experiences for all platforms where the site is accessible.
Multiple formats of devices in combination with different browsers and diverse connection
speeds allow users access to the web today. Users access your website from devices with
different screen sizes which range from 27-inch to 5-inch and employ browsers such as Chrome,
Safari, Firefox, and Edge while operating from Windows to iOS to Android OS.

Your website operates within various separate functional environments formed by these different
combinations. Perfect website design cannot protect you from discovering that your site fails to
function properly on certain devices or browsers unless you conduct testing.

A navigation menu functioning correctly on desktop screens transforms into an unusable

navigation on mobile devices. A form which operates flawlessly in Chrome browser shows
errors when users access it through Safari. Users encounter usability problems due to
inconsistent interface behavior caused by using non-approved devices.

The testing process for different platforms helps find compatibility problems early so your site
delivers dependable performance to users using various access methods. The approach
recognizes that users choose their preferred technology so developers must provide services at
their preferred locations.
Optimizing Performance and Speed

The digital economy demands fast delivery as a core operating standard since users expect it.
Studies prove that slow website loading speeds drive users to leave websites instantly while brief
page delays create major usage abandonment.

The evaluation of system performance reveals hidden performance problems together with
possible optimization solutions. Slow page loading could be caused when specific images need
optimization and when external scripts trigger unexpected time delays. Database queries that
power your product catalog display slow search result loading because they operate inefficiently.

The performance-related problems appear unexpectedly when development activities finish. A

website passes developer testing locally because developers assess it on their fast connection
through their strong computing power device. The majority of speed issues reveal themselves
only when testing procedures analyze systems under real-world conditions alongside properly
designed performance tests.

Before releasing your product you must resolve speed-related issues that guarantee users get
their expected fast performance even when their connection speed is limited and devices have
varying abilities.

Security improvements and user data protection form the core of this testing
process.
Websites process multiple types of sensitive information which includes login credentials and
payment details and personal data. Your website contains multiple entry and exit points which
serve as potential security weaknesses that cybercriminals can use to their advantage.
Security testing determines and reveals security flaws so they remain unexploited. Security
testing must verify the presence of SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS) and cross-site
request forgery (CSRF) and authentication bypass vulnerabilities.
The process of user password submission on your login form requires examination. Security
testing reveals that unencrypted sensitive information transmission exposes data to network
monitoring entities. Your form could remain exposed to automated password attack attempts that
launch thousands of password guesses.
Platforms that manage financial data need security testing as their top priority because e-
commerce sites fall under this category. Payment processes should undergo extensive testing to
maintain total data security protection of sensitive financial information through each process
step with compliance to PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) standards.
Testing enables verification of data protection systems which include secure user information
storage and proper access control mechanisms. Your users receive safeguards through the
implementation of privacy protocols which satisfies the requirements of GDPR or CCPA and
beyond.

Ensuring Accessibility for All Users

The worldwide population with disabilities amounts to 15%, while additional users experience
temporary or situational limitations. The ethical need to design websites usable by everyone has
become a legal requirement because of accessibility laws including ADA and Section 508 and
similar standards across the world.

Your website accessibility tests reveal obstacles which stop disability users from using your
platform. For instance:

• Can users access your website through keyboard navigation since some users cannot
operate a mouse?
• Screen reader users who cannot see images need appropriate alt text to understand their
content.
• Users with visual impairments need sufficient color contrast to use the website.
• The description provided with form elements accurately explains what information needs
to be entered.
• The video content contains captioning for users who are deaf or hard of hearing.

Obtaining specialized accessibility testing helps teams detect hidden issues because team
members who lack disability barriers frequently overlook them. Your site will serve everyone by
implementing systematic accessibility tests which provide service to people with and without
disabilities.

(Expert Panel, 2023; [Link], 2022; Zahair, 2023)

3.2 Describe the methods of testing a website

Website testing handles diverse methods which evaluate separate functions of website
performance and user experience and system functionality. These testing methods require a
detailed analysis which determines their operation mechanisms in addition to their specific
application times and their importance in website development life cycles.

Functional Testing
The purpose of functional testing is to confirm that all website features function according to
design specifications which are:

• All forms need testing to verify data collection and processing along with valid input
validation as well as exceptional scenario handling. A contact form requires validation to
check email addresses while restricting phone number entries to numbers and showing
correct error messages to users. Form testing requires evaluation of system responses to
valid yet unconventional data entries such as lengthy names or special characters that
could potentially damage backend infrastructure.
• The testing process verifies that users can navigate the site effortlessly while the menus
operate properly together with functional links throughout the system. Users should test
breadcrumbs to match their current page location simultaneously with checking for active
hyperlink functionality and non-existent links. The back button functionality should be
verified by user simulation and state maintenance should be tested while users move
between different pages.

• The search system must be tested to ensure results match expectations while filters
operate correctly and the search process delivers fast performance. Testing of search
functionality includes studying how the system handles situations that occur at the edges
including scenarios where no results are found and cases involving incorrect spellings
and alternative search term wording.

• The core website functions such as e-commerce checkout processes and user account
creation and content management must operate as specified in business requirements. The
testing process needs to validate mathematical operations such as tax calculation and
shipping computation and discount application and total generation across all possible
situations including unusual but essential edge cases.
Performance Testing
Performance testing evaluates the operational behavior of websites by examining their various
operational conditions.
Load testing measures a website's operational capacity to deal with predicted traffic levels thus
determining its ability to handle normal user number without slowness. Realistic user traffic
distribution patterns need to replace simple request volume assessments when conducting load
tests since this approach ensures better prediction of operational performance in actual usage
situations.
A stress test pushes the website to its limits by monitoring system failures that occur during
excessive traffic flow. Modern stress testing evaluations reveal the breaking point of systems and
assess their failure characteristics after the load returns to normal levels while showing how well
systems can handle structural failures.
The evaluation of page load speeds and resource loading times and performance metrics
including Time to First Byte (TTFB) and First Contentful Paint (FCP) constitutes speed
testing. The advanced evaluation of site speed includes measurements of Time to Interactive
(TTI) and Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) which affect user perception of performance instead
of purely focusing on technical load speeds.
Website users should expect immediate responses when they press buttons or submit forms
through a responsiveness testing process. A good responsiveness test evaluates both actual
performance and the way the interface communicates during operations to prevent users from
perceiving unresponsiveness while the system processes requests.

Security Testing
The assessment detects security weaknesses which criminals might take advantage of.

Security testers attempt to exploit system weaknesses through penetration testing to access
restricted data and system functions. Penetration testing differs from automated scanning because
it uses attacker methods to discover security weaknesses that form when different system
components interact.

Automated tools perform vulnerability scanning that detects well-known security problems
within your website systems. Set a regular scanning schedule to identify fresh security issues
which appear in your code base as well as the third-party components your platform depends on.

A proper authentication testing process verifies user authentication functionality while

validating its resistance to bypass attempts. The testing process evaluates multi-factor
authentication sequences together with password reset protocols and session expiration rules and
protection against brute force attacks and credential stuffing attempts.
The process of data validation testing checks that all user-managed inputs receive complete
validation to stop SQL injection attacks as well as cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. The
complete validation assessment includes front-end along with back-end validation because it
aims to stop malicious data from overcoming client restrictions and accessing susceptible server
operations.

Automated vs. Manual Testing

A complete testing strategy requires the integration of these two testing methods.

A testing framework utilizes pre-defined programs with software tools to execute specific tests
on demand. The method works best for tasks that need repeated execution and regression testing
and scenarios that need standardized execution. These tests excel at continuous integration
because they can execute several times rapidly. The implementation and continuous maintenance
of automated tests costs considerable time and money before and throughout website
development.

Manual testing enables testers to conduct website exploration by executing test cases and
performing exploratory testing. The manual approach helps identify human-based issues which
automated tests cannot detect therefore enhancing usability testing and visual appearance
verification along with detecting unanticipated situations. Manual testing enables testers to
discover issues which automated tests would never detect because they were not included in the
test design.

Testing Tools

Functional Testing Tools

Selenium and Cypress and TestCafe and Playwright serve as functional testing tools which
deliver robust frameworks to automate browser relations and check expected application
behavior. The experience of developers working with Cypress tool stands out since it shines in
debugging tools but Selenium stands out for its ability to move across multiple browsers and
platforms.

Performance Testing Tools

Different load scenario simulation along with performance measurements become possible
through the use of JMeter, LoadRunner and Gatling and WebPageTest as performance testing
tools. WebPageTest produces detailed waterfall analysis of resource loading while LoadRunner
and JMeter perfect the creation of realistic load patterns that replicate actual user activities.
Security Testing Tools
The vulnerability scanning system comprised of security testing tools such as OWASP ZAP,
Burp Suite and Acunetix which scan for common vulnerabilities using automated exploitation to
verify their impact on the system. Security researchers discover new attack vectors which leads
these tools to receive regular updates with new vulnerability definitions.

Usability Testing Tools

Real user site interactions become visible through usability testing tools including Hotjar, Crazy
Egg and UserTesting. These online assessment tools use both the numbers of user clicks for
statistical understanding and real-time user reviews to generate an all-inclusive user journey
report.

Accessibility Testing Tools

The accessibility testing tools WAVE, axe and Lighthouse implement automatic checks to
measure compliance with accessibility standards together with accessibility best
recommendations. These tools serve as a starting point to identify typical accessibility problems
which would impede users with disabilities but they cannot substitute for testing with actual
assistive technologies.

(Bose, 2024; [Link], 2024; Nottage, n.d.; Unadkat, 2023)

3.3 Create a website test plan

1. Registration Functionality

Form Validation:

• The system must enforce all necessary fields including full name, gender, address, phone
and email and password.
• The system should display an error message when the "password" field does not match
the "confirm password" field.
Data Insertion:

• The system should accept valid registration data and confirm that the new record appears
in the login table of the history database.
2. Login Functionality

Credential Check:

• A test with invalid login credentials should display the correct error message ("Incorrect
email or password").

3. Appointment Booking

Form Validations:
 • The system must enforce all required fields including name, age, height, weight, phone,
email, preferred date, time, selected doctor.

Data Insertion:

• The system should accept valid appointment information and verify that the appointment
data properly inserts into the appointments table within the history database.
4. UI and Integration Tests

Header and Navigation:

• The header containing logo and navigation links and register button must display
properly across all web pages.
• The register button text should display “Registered as: [email]” when localStorage
indicates a successful login.

4.1 Describe the process of publishing a website online

Planning Your Website

Decide your website's main target before going live along with defining its intended audience.

• Determine the purpose of your website because you need to establish either product sales or
informational distribution or community engagement or digital brand recognition. Your website
will follow specific objectives that direct future choices.
 • Create thorough user personas to determine your site visitors through specific descriptions of
their age group and interests along with their concerns and how they use the internet. By
understanding audience characteristics, you should design website content and structure to fulfill
their requirements.
• The planning phase requires mapping site pages with navigation routes in order to develop logical
navigation systems for easy content access. You should develop either wireframes or site maps
that display the arrangement of page content combined with page connectivity.

Method 1: Content Management System (CMS)

Select your CMS from WordPress, Joomla or Drupal according to your technical experience and site
requirements and website purpose. The various platforms possess individual advantages suited to
different website categories.

1. You should select a theme that matches your brand image while offering essential functions
which your website requires. Search for adaptable themes that handle various device formats with
excellent results.
2. Install required plugins/extensions which provide extra functionality but avoid selecting multiple
plugins/extensions to avoid site slowness and technical flaws.
3. The addition of content on pages should serve your target audience while implementing search
engine optimization basics at inception for improved search engine discoverability.
4. Product photos should be optimized through file compression to strike a balance between speed
and visual quality and this strategy enhances both customer comfort and SEO performance.

Method 2: Custom Development

Make programming choices suitable for your project needs and match them with the development team
skills. Users will experience an intuitive interface with excellent visual aesthetics because experts will
design it while prioritizing user experience principles throughout devices.

• The front-end architecture should deliver an interactive system with superior performance quality
alongside full accessibility standards.
• Your website requires back-end functionality to support its needs through databases and APIs and
server-side processing which enables your site features to operate.
• Security measures should be implemented at the start of development through input validation
and secure authentication and protection against common vulnerabilities.
Method 3: Website Builder
Your choice should fall between Wix, Squarespace, or Shopify since each platform offers distinctive
design flexibility, e-commerce potential along with budget-friendly options.

• A template matching your brand vision should be your selection to reduce customization work yet
keeping your brand visible.
• Your unique design elements will need to have their colors, fonts and layouts customized yet you
must preserve the template-based responsive features.
• Include additional content blocks as well as widgets to your site that increase its functionality but
avoid creating visual confusion or complexity among visitors.

Every setting for SEO should be configured and analytics enabled for social media integration so your site
becomes more visible through search engines and monitors how users interact with your site.

Choosing a Domain Name

Your domain name must reflect your company branding and minimize difficulty for users to remember it.
Research domain availability by consulting multiple domain name registrars until you find names which
excellent match your brand standards and remain accessible in visitors' memories. Your domain selection
should be straightforward and easy to recall because this helps users locate your site without needing to
perform additional searches.

Use domain registration to integrate appropriate business keywords when possible yet avoid making your
domain name difficult to manage by including too many keywords.

Pick a domain from the range of TLD options (.com, .org, .net and so on) that best matches your
website content and audience demographics especially since .com domains have the most established
reputation as reliable internet addresses.

• Your domain needs to be purchased through established domain registrars including GoDaddy,
Namecheap, or Google Domains based on price point and support quality and vendor services.

Selecting Web Hosting

Select a hosting provider which fulfills all technical specifications of your website.

Evaluate your needs by understanding what kind of hosting your site requires according to its dimensions
and projection of traffic alongside your technical requirements since website scale determines required
resource levels.

The selection process should involve assessment of shared hosting, VPS hosting, dedicated servers,
and cloud hosting systems to discover the optimal combination of performance reliability and cost
effectiveness for your particular [Link] hosting provider reputability by reading customer
feedback in addition to ensuring uptime reliability. Focus on evaluating both support quality and their
response speed.

Use providers who offer simple expansion options because your site needs room to expand while traffic
grows along with changing [Link] host must offer SSL certificates combined with regular backups
together with firewalls while providing malware scanning features which secure your site and its
visitors.

• The selection of a server location needs evaluation to choose one that operates near your
customer base so page speeds become faster.

Check the control panel options: Verify your hosting provider includes either cPanel or Plesk as their
control panel since these interfaces provide easy site management for users with different technical
abilities.

Uploading Your Website

Group all required files into a logical folder structure which matches their server access paths.

Set up an FTP (File Transfer Protocol) client through FileZilla, Cyberduck or WinSCP using the
connection details your hosting company [Link] server requires you to put your website files into
the public_html or www directory following correct folder organization. Proper file permissions must be
set to achieve security alongside script execution capabilities on your server. Follow CMS installation
procedures by uploading core files and creating a database and executing the installation script following
platform documentation.
Through your hosting control panel establish any necessary website databases by creating required tables
and importing required data. Update your domain DNS settings to connect your domain to your hosting
server while recognizing that global DNS propagation requires 24-48 hours to finish.

Testing Your Website

Conduct a complete website examination before you make your launch announcement. Inspect your
website through different browsers including Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge for maintaining visual
alignment and operational consistency on all dominant platforms.

The site must display appropriate performance on devices ranging from smartphones to tablets through
testing of navigation features reading quality and interactivity across [Link] all links by
conducting tests on every internal and external connection to verify their destination accuracy while
finding broken links for repair.

All forms and interactive features should be submitted for testing to verify their proper functionality and
data processing and storage capabilities.

Perform a review of content by verifying image accessibility and proofreading every line for spelling and
grammar mistakes as well as ensuring appropriate alt text is present. Test all pages for proper
implementation of SEO elements such as meta titles, descriptions, and headings in order to achieve
maximum search engine visibility.

Uploading Your Website

• Transfer website files to the server directory by placing them into either public_html or www
with proper file structure in place.
• Proper file permissions must be set to achieve security alongside script execution capabilities on
your server.
• Follow CMS installation procedures by uploading core files and creating a database and
executing the installation script following platform documentation.
• Through your hosting control panel, establish any necessary website databases by creating
required tables and importing required data.
• Update your domain DNS settings to connect your domain to your hosting server while
recognizing that global DNS propagation requires 24–48 hours to finish.

Testing Your Website

Conduct a complete website examination before you make your launch announcement. Users should test
their website across Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge because it helps verify uniform display and
operational characteristics across different platforms.

Mobile responsiveness needs testing for various devices such as smartphones and tablets through
assessments of navigation together with text readability and device elements behavior.

• Perform link testing to verify that both internal and external connections lead users to proper
pages while searching for broken links to repair.

All forms and interactive features should be submitted for testing to verify their proper functionality and
data processing and storage capabilities.

The text needs a complete review for both grammatical and spelling errors while image visual
presentation must include correct alt text for accessibility standards. A thorough verification of SEO
elements must be conducted to guarantee proper implementation of meta titles and descriptions with
headings alongside other search engine optimization elements throughout all webpages.

(Cardello, 2020; Mailchimp, n.d.; [Link], n.d.)

4.2 Explain the purpose of a domain name

The Structure of Domain Names

Domain names follow a hierarchical structure that starts with the rightmost side and moves leftward.

The final segment of a domain name shows its Top-Level Domain (TLD) with .com, .org, .net and .edu
extensions. The second-level domain represents the registered name that you select (e.g., google in
[Link]). Subdomains represent optional prefixes which precede the second-level domain name
(e.g., mail in [Link]).

For example, in [Link]:

• .com is the top-level domain

• example is the second-level domain
• blog is a subdomain

Organizations benefit from domain names which let them add subdomains like:

• [Link]
• [Link]
This structure allows each section to maintain consistent company branding.

The domain name system features an infinite expansion model where different authorities control each
hierarchical level.
The internet achieved its long-lasting stability through decentralized management strategies across
multiple years of expansion.

The Business and Practical Value of Domain Names

The domain which you select serves as the primary stage for first-time visitors to discover your online
presence. Your business can develop brand recognition through an appropriate domain name which also
improves customer search and recalls abilities.

Professional websites establish credibility through their own domain names instead of using free hosting
subdomains ([Link]).
When Internet visitors discover a website with its own domain name, they view it as a professional and
authentic operation.

Your domain name stays the same when you upgrade hosting services or recreate your website
because it offers continuous recognition for your audience.
Different TLDs provide context by indicating website nature through their extensions such as:
a. .edu for educational institutions
b. .gov for government sites
c. .org for non-profits users gain clarity about website content through domain names
before they access the site.

Your domain name enables you to establish professional email addresses (name@[Link])
which strengthen your brand identity in every sent message.

1. Domain Name Recognition

The domain name "[Link]" has evolved into a direct representation of the company itself. Your trip
to "[Link]" requires more than a website address because the domain became essential for
recognizing the brand.

2. Protection and Management for your domain name

Business asset protection requires domain name security to be considered a vital step. Companies protect
their domain names by registering different versions and common misspelled variations to stop
competitors from exploiting user mistakes or creating deceptive websites.
Domain registration renewal remains vital because expired domains create opportunities for competitors
to acquire them or domain squatters to seize them.

Domain monitoring services warn businesses about inappropriate actions to claim similar domain names
which defend your brands from scams and trademark violations. Large corporations build extensive
domain name portfolios which number in the hundreds or thousands to safeguard their intellectual
property.

3. The Evolution of Domain Names

The extensive growth of the internet has resulted in massive expansion of the original set of TLDs
(.com, .org, .net). The net now features hundreds of specialized TLD options that include industry-
specific names including .tech and .photography and .restaurant and also includes geographic TLDs
including .nyc and .london.

Internet users now have access to various new domain names which allow them to create detailed domain
addresses that match their brand identities while benefiting website discoverability in search results.
International Domain Names (IDNs) enable domain names written in Arabic and Chinese and Cyrillic and
additional non-Latin scripts. Through the global expansion of domain names the internet has become
more friendly for worldwide users.

4. Domain Names and SEO

The ranking process used by search engines includes domain names as one of their competitive criteria.
Search algorithms have evolved to the point where domain name keywords lose their effectiveness in
visibility enhancement for relevant search traffic.

Search engines value domains that have lasted longer in the market compared to newly established
domains when establishing rankings. A market has emerged for domains that possess advanced age
combined with solid history links and backlink profiles.

Domain name length affects effectiveness because shorter names provide better memorability and typing
accuracy. Businesses now choose between creative domain names and alternative TLDs because generic
short .com domains have nearly reached full ownership.

Legal things to consider for Domain Names

Domain name registration stands in direct legal relation to trademark laws as they meet and overlap in
multiple areas. The use of trademarks belonging to other companies in domain names may provoke legal
controversy which exposes domain ownership to ICANN Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution
Policy (UDRP) removal.
Domain name ownership remains subject to dispute when another party demonstrates valid ownership
rights to the name especially when the domain appears to have been registered with the intent to profit
from another company's trademark or block its legitimate use.

([Link], 2023; DomainTools | Start Here. Know Now., n.d.; Miller, 2024;
Wikipedia Contributors, 2019)

4.3 Describe website hosting considerations to make

Your technical requirements form the base for selecting an appropriate hosting solution. The performance
needs of your website establish necessary resources needed to achieve optimal performance combined
with user satisfaction. Analysis of your present requirements and projections for upcoming growth needs
will prevent you from constantly moving your operation between servers.
The technical specifications of your website determine its response under traffic loads since they affect
page load duration and your capacity to manage traffic spikes.

Prediction of future traffic volume requires you to choose a hosting plan which keeps websites
operational during high demand moments. You should assess your daily visitor numbers as well as
predictive peak traffic volumes that come from promotional events and seasonal demand changes.
Low estimates of traffic levels can cause severe performance problems that could lead to website
shutdowns during important peak traffic times.

Storage Needs and Content Expansion

Your website storage requirements should be evaluated based on the number of files, databases, and
media content you need to store. Giving hosting services to sites which maintain large media libraries and
provide downloadable content or operate elaborate databases which demands very substantial storage
capacity.
Your website storage requirements will expand automatically because your site will naturally acquire
more content features through time.

Bandwidth Capacity
The website needs adequate bandwidth capacity to handle data transfers particularly when it contains
videos and high-resolution images and downloadable files. Your website internet connection being
unusable during peak usage periods can occur when you reach your bandwidth restriction level which
ultimately leads to higher costs.
Determine estimated bandwidth needs through multiplying typical page dimensions with predicted site
visitor figures.
Hardware and Software Compatibility
Determine CPU together with RAM and disk input/output requirements based on your application
requirements. The server setup for e-commerce programs and customized CMS applications and
database-driven websites needs durable hardware to fulfill their functional requirements.
The choice between Linux and Windows server technology can affect your development process based on
your existing programming framework.

Overview of Hosting Types

Your website infrastructure develops from the hosting type you choose. The various options bring
distinctive levels of resource management alongside varying degrees of responsibility and technical
control and expense structures. Deciding between hosting types involves a careful evaluation of
performance requirements and financial limitations combined with the present technical skills.

• Shared Hosting
Users who need an inexpensive platform can opt for shared hosting except they share their server
resources with multiple websites. This hosting solution matches the requirements of enterprises
with occasional visitors or those running small operations or personal websites.
Performance may suffer from other site activities if you host your website on the same server
because of the "noisy neighbor" effect. This limits your website performance. The server
distributes its CPU and RAM resources equally to all websites it hosts which results in
performance degradation when many websites reach their peak usage periods.

• VPS (Virtual Private Server)

With VPS (Virtual Private Server) you get reserved resources from a combined physical server to
experience higher isolation along with more predictable performance than basic shared hosting
setups.
VPS provides dedicated resources which remain unaffected by other customers so you gain better
reliability and control. The VPS solution works well for websites that have progressed past shared
hosting yet require more power than a basic dedicated server provides.

• Dedicated Server
A dedicated server gives you complete ownership of a physical machine thereby providing the
best security and unlimited performance adjustments.
Using dedicated servers gives you the best level of resources alongside control however their
effective management demands advanced technical skills. The dedicated server system provides
the best performance and flexibility to websites handling heavy traffic and resource-consuming
operations as well as businesses needing strict compliance standards.

• Cloud Hosting
Cloud hosting enables you to operate through distributed servers that let you enhance and reduce
 resources automatically according to demand.
Flexibility is excellent in cloud hosting and you pay for usage along with flexible billing since
your payments do not include unused resources. The model provides excellent benefits to
websites that experience changing traffic levels or rapid expansion.

Reputation Assessment and Performance Limitations

But overall, the process of assessing a hosting provider begins with a scrutiny of customer feedback and
performance boundaries as well as review ratings before making a final selection. Your website's success
together with user experience levels off directly from the hosting provider performance measures and
reliability background. Such review of customer opinions as well as uptime reports and performance
measurements help prevent damaging hosting missteps and service outages. A hosting provider that falls
short of managing your website traffic will lead to slower page speeds which both annoy users and
prompts them to leave your site. The negative experiences lead to instant conversion problems but
simultaneously damage your brand reputation as well as your search engine ranks which become
permanent issues for the long term.

(HostPapa Blog, 2020; Mailchimp, n.d.; Neri, 2024)

4.4 Setup and configure a web hosting solution

We shall use InfinityFree to host our website free and it can enable us to use FTP using Filezilla. First we
shall register and create an account. We will also use the free plan.
Then we add our domain and additional info.
After creating your account, you should be seeing this. You have successfully made a web hosting
solution.
4.5 Upload a website using FTP
Now to upload our website, click on the manage button in the home screen then click on the “Manage
SSL Certificate” button.

Then click on “Add SSL Certificate” then “Request Free SSL Certificate” and select “Use
recommended provider.
Now click on “Setup CNAME Record” in which after some time, maybe a few minutes to an hour, your
CNAME record will be set up.
Now press “Request Certificate” then “Install SSL Certificate Automatically”
After 15 minutes, your Certificate shall be available.

Go back to the homepage and press “File manager”.

Here is where we will use FileZilla (FTP) to upload our files there. Use Filezilla, enter your credentials
from the “FTP details” tab of the website and input it on Filezilla then press “quick connect”.
From here, once connected, just drag and drop your website folder to the htdocs on the right, once done,
your file has been uploaded.

Dont forget to rename your home page as “[Link]”.

And your website will be ready. My website link is [Link]

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