CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes Chapter 3: In Chapter 3 of CBSE Class 11 Chemistry, we

learn about how elements are grouped and organized based on their properties. This
organization helps us understand the behavior of different elements better. We study the
periodic table, which is like a big chart showing all the elements arranged in a specific order.
This order is based on things like the number of protons in an atom and how the electrons are
arranged around the nucleus. By studying this, we can see patterns in how elements behave.
For example, some elements are more reactive than others, and some are better conductors of
electricity. Understanding these patterns helps us understand chemistry better.

CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes Chapter 3 Classification

of Elements and Periodicity in Properties PDF
You can read the notes for Chapter 3 of CBSE Class 11 Chemistry, titled "Classification of
Elements and Periodicity in Properties," by clicking on the PDF link provided below. This chapter
talks about how scientists organize elements based on their properties and why they arrange
them this way.

It helps you understand why some elements behave similarly and others don't. The notes in the
PDF cover all the important points in an easy-to-understand manner, making it easier for you to
learn and remember.

CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes Chapter 3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in

Properties PDF

CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes Chapter 3 Classification

of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Dobereiner's Triads

Dobereiner's Triads were proposed by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner. He
attempted to classify elements with similar properties into groups of three elements each, called
"triads." The key idea behind these triads was that the atomic mass of the element in the middle
of the triad would be approximately equal to the average of the atomic masses of the other two
elements.

For instance, one of Dobereiner's triads consisted of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium
(K). The atomic mass of lithium is 6.94, and that of potassium is 39.10. Interestingly, the atomic
mass of sodium (22.99) falls nearly in the middle of the atomic masses of lithium and potassium.

However, Dobereiner's Triads had limitations:

1. Not all elements known at that time could be classified into triads.
 2. Only four triads were identified by Dobereiner, leaving many elements unaccounted for.

Newland’s Octaves

John Newlands, an English scientist, made significant contributions to the early development of
the periodic table. In 1866, he arranged the 56 known elements in increasing order of atomic
mass. Newlands observed a pattern where every eighth element exhibited properties similar to
the first. This observation led to the formulation of Newland’s Law of Octaves. According to this
law, when elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic mass, the properties of two
elements with an interval of seven elements between them would be similar.

However, Newland’s octaves had limitations:

1. The classification of elements based on octaves was only successful up to calcium.

2. The discovery of noble gases posed a challenge to Newland’s arrangement, as they did
not fit into the periodic pattern without disrupting it completely.

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, introduced his periodic table in 1869. He
noticed that the properties of elements, both physical and chemical, repeated periodically with
their atomic masses.

Mendeleev's Periodic Law, also known as Mendeleev’s Law, states that the chemical properties
of elements are a periodic function of their atomic weights.

Advantages of Mendeleev’s Periodic table:

1. It accommodated newly discovered elements without disturbing the table's structure,

including germanium, gallium, and scandium.
2. Mendeleev’s table helped correct inaccurate atomic weights that were prevalent at the
time.
3. It introduced variations from the strict order of atomic weights.

Limitations of Mendeleev’s Periodic table:

1. Hydrogen's position in the group of alkali metals contradicted its halogen-like qualities.
2. Isotopes were not considered, leading to inconsistencies in the placement of elements
like protium, deuterium, and tritium.
3. Some elements were anomalously positioned, such as cobalt (atomic mass 58.9)
appearing before nickel (atomic mass 58.7).

These methods laid the groundwork for the modern periodic table, with Mendeleev being its
most significant contributor. He is often referred to as the Father of the Modern Periodic Table,
and the modern periodic law is also called Mendeleev’s Law in his honor.
Modern periodic table

In 1913, English physicist Henry Moseley conducted groundbreaking research on the

characteristic x-rays emitted by different metals. He discovered a direct correlation between the
square root of the frequency of these x-rays and the atomic number of the elements. Based on
his findings, Moseley formulated the modern periodic law, which states:

"The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic
numbers."

Unlike atomic mass, which is influenced by the mass of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, the
atomic number solely determines the number of electrons in an atom. Since chemical properties
primarily depend on the arrangement of electrons in different energy levels, elements with
different electronic configurations exhibit distinct chemical behaviors. Therefore, Moseley
argued that atomic number, not atomic mass as proposed by Mendeleev, should be the basis for
classifying elements in the periodic table.

The periodic repetition of similar properties among elements grouped by their atomic numbers is
known as periodicity. This concept highlights the predictable patterns in the chemical and
physical properties of elements as their atomic numbers increase.

Classification of elements in modern periodic table

The modern periodic table comprises 18 vertical columns known as groups (1-18) and 7
horizontal rows known as periods. Each period and group represent distinct characteristics of
the elements.

● The first period consists of only two elements: Hydrogen and Helium.
● The second period includes eight elements, starting from Lithium and ending with Neon.
● The third period also contains eight elements, from Sodium to Argon.
● The fourth period encompasses eighteen elements, extending from Potassium to
Krypton.
● The fifth period also holds eighteen elements, ranging from Rubidium to Xenon.
● The sixth period consists of thirty-two elements.
● The seventh period is incomplete.

Elements in the periodic table are classified into four blocks based on their electronic
configuration: s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block.

● The elements in the 1st and 2nd groups are termed s-block elements, with a general
electronic configuration of ns1-2.
● Elements in groups 13th to 18th are known as p-block elements, having a general
electronic configuration of ns2 np1-6.
● The elements from the 3rd to 12th groups belong to the d-block, with a general electronic
configuration of (n-1)d1-10 ns1-2.
 ● Lanthanides and actinides, placed separately at the bottom of the periodic table, are
known as f-block elements, with a general electronic configuration of (n-2)f1-14 (n-1)d0-1
ns2.

This systematic classification helps in understanding the properties and behavior of different
elements within the periodic table.

Periodic properties and their trends

The periodic properties of elements are closely related to their electronic configuration and
exhibit a gradual change as we move down a group or across a period.

Key physical properties such as melting points, boiling points, density, and enthalpy of fusion
and vaporization are influenced by electronic configuration. However, our focus lies primarily on
properties like atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, and
electronegativity.

Atomic and Ionic Radii:

Atomic Radii: The distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron shell defines atomic
radii, which can be covalent, van der Waals, or metallic.

Covalent radii: Half the distance between nuclei of adjacent atoms in a single covalent bond.

Van der Waals radii: Half the internuclear distance between atoms of neighboring molecules in
a solid.

Metallic radii: Half the distance between nuclei of adjacent atoms in a metallic crystal.

Atomic radii decrease across periods due to increased effective nuclear charge and increase
down groups owing to additional electron shells and shielding effect.

Ionic Radii: The effective distance from the nucleus to the electron cloud for ions formed from
neutral atoms.

Ionic radii follow the same trend as atomic radii, decreasing across periods and increasing down
groups.

Ionization Enthalpy:

● The energy required to remove an electron from the outermost orbit of an isolated
gaseous atom.
● Increases across periods due to increased nuclear charge and decreases down groups.

Electron Gain Enthalpy:

 ● The change in enthalpy when a gaseous atom gains an electron to form a monovalent
anion.
● Increases across periods and decreases down groups, with exceptions for half-filled or
fully filled orbitals.

Electronegativity:

● The ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond.

● Fluorine is the most electronegative, while cesium is the least.
● Electronegativity increases across periods and decreases down groups.

Benefits of CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes Chapter 3

CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes Chapter 3 on the Classification of Elements and Periodicity in
Properties provide several benefits to students:

Concept Clarity: These notes provide a structured overview of the classification of elements
and periodic trends, helping students understand fundamental concepts clearly.

Comprehensive Coverage: The notes cover all essential topics and subtopics of the chapter,
ensuring that students have a thorough understanding of the subject matter.

Simplified Explanation: Complex concepts are explained in a simplified manner, making it

easier for students to grasp and retain information.

Quick Revision: Students can use these notes for quick revision before exams or
assessments, helping them consolidate their knowledge effectively.

Practice Questions: The notes include practice questions and examples that enable students
to test their understanding and reinforce their learning.

Exam Preparation: By studying these notes, students can prepare comprehensively for their
exams, as they cover the entire syllabus prescribed by the CBSE board.