University of Baghdad

College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Ch.3 Extraction

B Partially Miscible Solvent

inert (solvent)
carrier
solute

A+B A+B+S Co-current

S A+B+S Counter current

selected solvent

Here we have mixture of 2 liquids or more, it is desired to separate A

from the mixture so it should be select a solvent has special properties
(cheap, available, not toxic, not volatile, …), this solvent can dissolve
A (desired) and leave B, if not, then it should be select a solvent can
dissolve B and leave A, otherwise, we have to select a solvent can
dissolve A and little bet of B, this is the meaning of partially miscible.

‫هنا لدينا مزيج من سائلين او اكثر ونريد ان نفصلهما فيجب علينا ان نختار مذيب ذو مواصفات‬
‫ المرغوبة ويترك‬A ‫) يقوم باذابة المادة‬... ‫غير متطاير‬-‫غير سام‬-‫متوفر‬-‫خاصة منها (رخيص‬
‫ المرغوبة وفي حالة‬A ‫ ويترك المادة‬B ‫ فاذا لم يتوفر فنختار مذيب يقوم باذابة المادة‬B ‫المادة‬
‫ وهذا‬B ‫ و جزء قليل من المادة‬A ‫عدم توفر الخيارين نضطر الختيار مذيب يقوم باذابة المادة‬
.‫ما يعرف باالمتزاج الجزئي‬

Inert B (solvent carrying solute in the feed) is partially miscible with

pure solvent used to extract the solute A, there are two cases depends
on the mode of flow:

Case 1: Counter Current Flow (F & S)

To understand this case, we will take the example bellow

1
Dr. Wadood T. Mohammed & Sarmad A. Rashid
University of Baghdad
College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Ch.3 Extraction

Example 2:

In a Counter current extraction system, 100 kg/ hr of 40% acetone

water solution is to be reduced to not greater than 10 % acetone by
extraction with pure trichloroethane (TCE) at 25℃ ?

a) Find the minimum solvent rate.

b) If the solvent rate is 1.3 times the minimum, find the number of
stages required.
c) For condition of part (b) find the weight of all streams.
d) Repeat b & c for the case of co-current.

Tie line equilibrium data at 25℃ are:

Weight% in water layer Weight% in TCE layer

TCE (S) H2O (B) Acetone (A) TCE (S) H2O (B) Acetone (A)

0.59 93.52 5.96 90.03 0.32 8.75

0.73 82.23 17.04 73.76 1.1 25.14

1.02 72.06 26.92 59.21 2.27 38.52

1.17 67.95 30.73 53.92 3.11 42.97

1.6 62.67 35.73 47.53 4.26 48.21

2.1 57 40.9 40 6.05 53.95

3.75 50.2 46.05 33.7 8.9 57.4

6.52 41.7 51.78 26.2 13.4 60.34

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Dr. Wadood T. Mohammed & Sarmad A. Rashid
 University of Baghdad
College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Ch.3 Extraction

Solution: The solution is by following these steps:

1. Plot equilibrium curve (inside right triangle) from points of

solute A and solvent S (from the table of data), each point
represents the relation between solute A and solvent S, each two
opposite points represent tie line.
2. Specify F point on Y axis which is the concentration of A in feed
(XF or Xo) then plot the line F-S representing the operating line.

A A

Plate point
70
1 70 2
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

B S B S

A A

E.C.
70
3 70 4
60 60
50 50
O.L.
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

B S B S

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Dr. Wadood T. Mohammed & Sarmad A. Rashid
University of Baghdad
College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Ch.3 Extraction

Calculation of minimum solvent rate Smin

a. Plot line equivalent to the nearest tie line from XF (0.4) to

intersect the equilibrium curve in a point, from this point find

Ymin on Y axis (Ymin = 0.535).
b. Plot the line Ymin – Xn which intersect the line XF – S at point

Mmin then find Xmmin from Y axis (Xmmin = 0.32).

c. Finally, Smin can be found from material balance

‫ في حالة الجريان العكسي والموازي‬Smin ‫طريقة ايجاد قيمة‬

‫) ومبتدأ ً منها ليقطع منحني التعادل من جهة اليمين‬XF( ‫ نرسم خط موازي ألقرب خط ربط يمر بالنقطة‬.1
)XF ‫ بحالة توازن مع‬Ymin( 0.535 ‫) وهي هنا تساوي‬Ymin( ‫بالنقطة التي تمثل‬
‫ من‬Xmmin ‫ ثم نقرأ قيمة‬Mmin ‫ بالنقطة التي تمثل‬XF – S ‫ ليقطع خط التشغيل‬Ymin- Xn ‫ نرسم الخط‬.2
0.32 ‫ وهنا تساوي‬Y ‫محور‬
‫ من موازنة المادة كما موضح أدناه‬Smin ‫ أخيرا نجد قيمة‬.3

M.B.

F + Smin = Mmin ….. (1) F, XF Mmin FB , XM

F (XF) + Smin (Yo) = Mmin (Xmmin) … . (2) S ,YM XMmin Smin, Yo

2 eqns. And 2 unknowns, fin Mmin and Smin

100 (0.4) + Smin (0) = Mmin (0.32)

Mmin = 40 / 0.32 = 125 (sub. in eqn. 1)

Smin = 125 – 100 = 25 kg/hr

Note: this is general way for calculation of minimum solvent

rate Smin in cases of co-current and counter current flow.

4
Dr. Wadood T. Mohammed & Sarmad A. Rashid
University of Baghdad
College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Ch.3 Extraction

Calculation of the number of stages and intermediate concentrations

A. Find value of actual amount of solvent (S).

B. specify the point representing (M) on the figure after finding the
value of XM from material balance as follow:

S = 1.3 Smin = 1.3 * 25 = 32.5 kg / hr

M.B.

F+S=M ….. (3) F, XF FB , XM

M
F (XF) + S (Yo) = F(XM) + S(XM) …... (4) S ,YM S, Yo
XM
F (XF) + S (Yo) = (F + S) XM (divided by S)
𝑭 𝑭
(XF) + Yo = ( +1) XM Note: all concentrations should
𝑺 𝑺
be found (read) from Y axis
𝑭
𝑿 + 𝒀𝒐
𝑺 𝑭
XM = 𝑭 ….. (5)
+𝟏
𝑺

𝟏𝟎𝟎
(𝟎.𝟒) + 𝟎
𝟑𝟐.𝟓
XM = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 0.3
+𝟏
𝟑𝟐.𝟓

C. Specify location of XM on Y axis and plot horizontal line from XM

to intersect the line F-S at point M.
D. Finding location of point P:
1. Plot the line M-Xn which intersect the eqm. curve at Y1 (Y1 = 0.48).
2. Plot the lines Y1-XF and S-Xn, they intersect at point P outside the
triangle.
E. Find X1 on the eqm. curve from Y1 and a line equivalent to the
nearest tie line (X1 = 0.37).
F. Plot line P-X1 which intersect eqm, curve at Y2 (Y2 = 0.42).
G. Find X2 on the eqm. curve from Y2 and a line equivalent to the
nearest tie line (X1 = 0.33).
H. And so on we continue until reach Xn or pass it, number of stages
and intermediate concentrations can be found graphically.
5
Dr. Wadood T. Mohammed & Sarmad A. Rashid
University of Baghdad
College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Ch.3 Extraction

From figure

N=6

Calculation of inlet and outlet amounts for any stage from these steps:

1. Over all material balance should be done in order to find E1 & Rn

O.M.B

F + S = Rn + E1 F, Xo Rn , Xn
1-n
100 + 32.5 = Rn + E1 E1, Y1 S, Yo

Rn + E1 = 132.5 ..… (6)

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Dr. Wadood T. Mohammed & Sarmad A. Rashid
University of Baghdad
College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Ch.3 Extraction

Solute M.B

FXo + Syo = Rn Xn + E1Y1

(100) (0.4) + 0 = 0.1 Rn + 0.48 E1 ..… (7)

From eqns (6) and (7)

Rn = 62.1 kg/s

E1 = 70.39 kg/s

2. To find amounts between stages, material balance on stage 1 should

be done in order to find E2 & R1

O.M.B on stage 1

F + E2 = R1 + E1 F, Xo R1 , X1
1
100 + E2 = R1 + 70.39 ..… (8) E1, Y1 E2, Y2

Solute M.B

FXo + E2Y2 = R1X1 + E1Y1

(100) (0.4) + E2 (0.42) = R1(0.35) + 70.39 (0.48) ..… (9)

From eqns. (8) and (9)

R1 = 98.61 kg/s Note: all concentrations should be found from figure

& all amounts from material balance as we saw above
E2 = 69 kg/s

And so on, continue making material balance to every stage in order

to find the moderate concentrations until reaching the last stage which
its concentration get found from previse steps or reaching desired one.

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Dr. Wadood T. Mohammed & Sarmad A. Rashid
University of Baghdad
College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Ch.3 Extraction

Case 2: Co-Current Flow (F & S)

Calculation of minimum amount of solvent (Smin) is the same as

counter current flow

S Yo S Yo S Yo S Yo

FB R1 R2 Rn-1 Rn RN-1 RN

Xo
1 X1
2 X2 Xn-1
n Xn XN-1
N XN
/
E1 Y1 E2 Y2 En Yn EN YN
/

To find number of stages, these steps should by followed:

a. Specify F point on Y axis which is the concentration of A in feed

(XF = 0.4) then plot the line F-S representing the operating line.
b. Find the values of M1 and XM1 from material balance as follow:

M.B on stage 1 B

F + S = E1 + R1 = M1 S Yo

100 + 32.5 = M1 = 132.5 kg/s F, Xo R1 X1

E1 + R1 = 132.5 kg/s …..(10)

1
Solute M.B E1 Y1

FXo + Syo = M1 XM1

E1Y1 + R1 X1 = M1 XM1

100 (0.4) + 32.5(0) = 132. 5 XM1

XM1 = 0.3

E1Y1 + R1 X1 = M1 XM1 …..(11)

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Dr. Wadood T. Mohammed & Sarmad A. Rashid
University of Baghdad
College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Ch.3 Extraction

c. From XM1 (Y axis), plot horizontal line to intersect XF-S line at M1.
d. Plot line equivalent to the nearest tie line from M1 to intersect the
equilibrium curve in points X1 & Y1 (Y1 = 0.37 & X1 = 0.25).

From equations (10) & (11) (2 eqns and 2 unknowns)

R1 = 77.29 kg/s,
E1 = 55.2 kg/s
e. plot the line X1-S representing the operating line for stage 2.
f. Find the values of M2 and XM2 from material balance as follow:

M.B on stage 2

R1 + S = E2 + R2 = M2 S Yo

77.29 + 32.5 = M2 = 109.79 kg/s R1, X1 R2 X2

E2 + R2 = 109.79 kg/s …..(12)

2
Solute M.B E2 Y2
R1X1 + Syo = E2Y2 + R2 X2 = M2 XM2
77.29 (0.25) + 32.5(0) = 109.79 XM2
XM2 = 0.176
E2Y2 + R2 X2 = (109.79) (0.176) …..(13)
g. From XM2 (Y axis), plot horizontal line to intersect X1-S line at M2.
h. Plot line equivalent to the nearest tie line from M2 to intersect the
equilibrium curve in points X2 & Y2 (Y2 = 0.21 & X2 = 0.13).
i. And so on until reaching X value to Xn or pass it after that
estimate the number of stages.
Calculation of inlet and outlet amounts for any stage by material
balance on it:
From equations (12) & (13)
R2 = 46.66 kg / s,
E2 = 63.13 kg / s

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Dr. Wadood T. Mohammed & Sarmad A. Rashid
University of Baghdad
College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Ch.3 Extraction

And so on, until reaching the last stage or desired one.

X3 = 0.06, Y3 = 0.09
Note: by reaching to value of X (0.06) less than Xn (0.1), we should
stop and account the number of stages.
From graphical figure:
Number of stages = 3

From figure N = 3

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Dr. Wadood T. Mohammed & Sarmad A. Rashid