Cs i y (Heh |~The measuring unit is (kg/m). *Some conversions Vor -Note: When mixing two or more materials then: M1 (ni) =H F esaceeeene + P Voi (mb = P1 (Vor)at P2 (Voi)2+ -------+ Vor (mix) = (Voi)at(Void2+- cs poe ez ? mk PL ez Factors that affect the density: 1-Atomic weight of the element or the molecular weight of the compound. 2-The distance between atoms or molecules. * Applications on Density: > 1-Indicating how well the battery of the car is charged: -Scientific idea Measuring the density of the electrolyte solution inside it. -Explanation: When the battery is discharged, the density of its electrolyte solution decreases and when the battery is recharged the density of electrolyte increases again. Explanation: The normal density of the blood ranges from 1040 kg/m? to 1060 kg/m}, So if the blood density preceded 1040 kg/m, This indicates decreases in the concentration of the red blood cells which indicates anemia. 3- Dsterminins the concentration of salts in urine: idea ™ Measuring the urine density.ure at a point: -When the force: -(a) perpendicular (b) making an angle (8) (c) making an angle To the surface. with the surface. (©) with the normal FE Fsine F cos © F r S F In ¥ FCos@ Fsino@ BES F Cos al A %* The measuring unit of pressure *G.R: Tires of heavy trucks are wide. => Because fr +) so by increasing the area the Pressure due to the weight of the car on the road decreases. So, the tires do not sink in sand roads. 2*G.R: The sewing needle has a very sharp tip: 1 => Because @x 4) So When the tip is very sharp very high pressure is produced and the needle penetrates the cloth easily. -Normal person has two values for blood pressur* Deductic« fthe Pressure value at 2 poi Imagine plate (X) of Area (A) at depth (h’ -The force acting on the plate (00 is the weight of the Ii -The weight of the liquid column (F,! -Fe=me = SmM=PVor » Va=Ah F_Apgn x > pat Fe=Apgh 5 fs If the liquid surface is open to air then the total pressure at this point. %*G.R: 1) Dams are built such that they are thicker at their bases. ™ Because the pressure is directly proportional to the depth (h) inside the liquid ‘so it must be thicker at its base to bear the increase in pressure which is due to the increase in depth. 1-Co ected ve: - Structure: Container consists of many vessels of different geometrical shapes connected at its base. - Idea of work: Pressure at all points in the same horizontal plane in a liquid is the same. -so Pa= Ps= Pc 2) U-shaped tube: - Idea of work: Pressure at all points in the same horizontal plane in a liquid is the same. Ise: 1-Comparing the density of the two 2-Determining the density of a liquid by knowing the density of another 3-Determining the relative density of a liquid that doesn’t mix with water (immiscible liquid). we Dete sity of Pa Pa Sity Of oil by know! nination of the d: ne the di: points (1) and (2) at the same horizontal plane +: (Px) = (P2) + Pa + Pogho = Pa + Pwehw + oho = Pwhw (3)xNotes: aie height of the liquid in the tube is inversely proportional to its density (ha-_). ° 2) Radius of the tube doesn’t affect the height of the liquid in the sides of the tube. So, we can apply the relation (pihi = p2h2) in U-shaped tube with different diameter. 3) In case of miscible liquids, they can be separated by a third liquid that is immiscible with each of them like mercury which can separate water and alcohol. Pihi = p2h2t psh3 4) When pouring an amount of liquid X in a U-shaped tube whose arms have cross- sectional areas Ai ,A2,, then an amount of another liquid Y is added in one of its arms, the surface of liquid X in this arm gets lowered down a distance hi and itrises in. the other arm a distance h2 and at all times: (1) The volume of the liquid which is displaced downward (Aih:) = The volume of the liquid which is displaced upward (Azh2) (2) The height of liquid X that is displaced upward in the tube above the level of the interface between the two liquids hy = hi + hz (3) The height of liquid Y above the level of the interface: hy =i + hs (4) At the level of the interface: pxhu= pyhy* Factors affect the reading of the mercuric barometer: 1- Temperature of atmosphere. 2- Height from the sea level. *W.D: Torricelli vacuum disappear in the barometric tube? When the vertical height of the tube from the mercury level is less than or equal 76 cm. * Uses of the mercuric barometer: 1- Determination of the atmospheric pressure. 2- Determination of the height of a mountain or a building. 3- Determination of the density of air. Wher: Pug (hi-ha) = Pair Hmountain (hy) height of mercury at sea level. (hz) height of mercury above the mountain. >How manometer is used ? -In this case: Pa=P gas P gas > Pa P gas < Pa AP= P gas— Pa = zero Pgas=Pat+pgh Pgas=Pa-—pgh AP= zero AP =P z.;— Pa AP =P ,s— Pa AP =pgh(N/m?) AP =—pgh(N/m?) If the liquid used is mercury then: AP= zero Peas = Path P gas=Pa-h AP = +h (Cm Hg) AP =—h (Cm Hg)*Cases of hydraulic press f 1 i v i] ais] Il ain The volume of fixed mass of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure, at constant temperature. OR At constant temperature the product of a certain volume of any given mass of a gas and its pressure is constant. iP * Pa(Vo1)1 = P2(Voi)2 = Pa(Voi)s = Constant NA Vv * G.R: The Volume of air bubble in water increases when it raised to the surface of water. ™> Because by decreasing the depth the pressure on the bubble decreases, so the volume increases, where (Pa _ ). Vor * Note: 1) If two gases are mixed with each other, we can calculate by using the following the relation: “(P “( = Pa(Voi)1 + P2(VoilzWhen the tube is placed horizontally then held vertically with the open end downwards and another time upwards: 1) Pa(Voi)1 = Po(Voi)2 2) Pali =(Pa—h) ly el Ne Pe Sa zs 3) Pal, = (Pa+h) lL, t (a) “3 (Pa = 76 cm Hg) (3) *The measuring unit of (ay): (Kelvin)? = (K+) * Deduction of the mathematical formula of charles’s law: “2 (A ABC) is similar to (A ADE) BC _ DE z aE (Vor) [Voi)a , DE = (Void2 AC=T, , AE=Tz Wols Wwobz Third: Jolly’s law (Pressure law): Deduction of pressure expansion coeff -At constant volume the increase in pressure (AP) is directly proportional to : (a) Original pressure at 0°C (Po) mam} AP a Port (b) Increase in temperature (At) mmm AP a At + AP o PosC Atm AP =constant Po»c At+= (4 ABC) is similar to (4 ADE) BC _ DE “AC AE Y. es = T. Ey oy = = = = E| _ 2 Pat From the previous relation: q ti t; ~ Pa i , Te27aet eee 3 P2 Tz ~ Pa = 273+h Pal 2s Py 14+ es, “Tae Fourth: General gas la 1 -from Boyle’s law (Vo. a =) & From Charles’s law (Voi a T), a T * Voi ot — —————— +. Vol = Constant x — P P Py P2 If the density changes = = At constant mass. p1T1 e2T2 a _gr. miT1 —-m2T2 If the mass changes mm At constant volume. If two gases mixed then (Fe ) = PaWvoNa,, PaVonz mix. = T T%1 Tz (S.T.P) meaning P =1.013 x 105 N/m? T=273°k (8)