SECTI

ONC

1.OCCUPATI
ONALPERMI
T
ThePublicHeal
thActstatesthatabui
ldi
ngorel
ectedst
ructur
eshal
lnotbeoccupi edbyan
i
ndivi
dualnotunt i
lthe ownerornot i
fi
esthe l
ocalauthori
tyand upon recei
ptoft hat
noti
fi
cati
on,i
nspecti
onsshallbeconduct
edonthebuil
dingtoascer
tainifi
t’
sf i
tforhuman
habi
tati
on.

I
fthehealt
hissat
isf
iedwi
tht
hecondi
ti
onandstateofthebuil
ding,
occupat
ionper
mitshal
l
beissuedt
otheowneroft
hebui
l
dingi
nrednessf
oroccupati
on.

2. a.FUNCTI ONSOFCEMENTI NGREDIENTS

 Ironoxi degivesthecementitscol
our
 Alumi naisforcementset t
ing
 Calcium sulphateisforcementset
ti
ng
 Sili
cai scementst r
ength
 Limeaddsst rengt
ht ocement

b.USESOFLI
ME

 i
t’
susedf orpl
aster
ing
 I
t’susedtoneutr
ali
seaci dsoil
 I
t’susedtomakear ti
fi
cialst
ones
 I
t’susedascementi ngr
edient

3.a.TESTFORABURNTBRI CK
Abri
ckshouldbewellbur
nti
nor
dert
ofaci
l
itat
elay
ing.Agoodbur
ntbr
ickshoul
dhav
ethe
f
oll
owingchar
act
eri
sti
cs:

 shoul
dnotbreak
 shoul
dnothavecracks
 shoul
dnotabsorbwat erofabout20%ofi
tswei
ght
 shoul
dbefir
eresist
ant
 shoul
dproduceamet all
icsound
b.CHARACTERI
STICSOFFI RSTCLASSBRI CKS

(
i)Goodshape.
(
ii
)Durable(longlasti
ng).
(
ii
i)
Produceamet all
icsound
(
iv)
Nocr acksorchi pofanykinds
(
v)Unif
or m colourorevencolour
(
vi)
Shouldnothav eanyotherdefi
cit
swhi
chwi
l
lrendert
hem becomeusel
ess
forbuil
dingconst r
ucti
on
4.FACTORSTOCONSI
DERWHENPLANNI
NGAVI
LLAGE

PLANNI
NGAVI
LLAGE

• Thesit
echosenfortheestabl
i
shmentofav il
lagemustbewelldrai
ned,f
ree
fr
om cont
aminant
sandotherhealthhazar
dsandmustnotbetoolowlayi
ng.
• Locati
onofsoci
alamnesti
esinv i
ll
ages
• Soci
alameni
ti
esmustbewi threachsoastofacil
i
tat
eeasya

Heal
thSer
vices

• Acli
nicorhealt
hcent
remustbepr
ovi
dedi
nor
derf
ort
hev
il
lager
stohav
eaccesst
o
heal
thser
vices.

School
Ser
vices

• Adequateschoolsmustbepr
ovi
dedsoasf
ort
hev
il
lager
stohav
ebasi
ceducat
ion
wit
hinthevi
cini
tyoft
hevil
l
age

Agr
icul
tur
alSer
vices

• Adequatelandforagr
icult
uralpur
posesmustbepr
ovi
dedandagr
icul
tur
alext
ensi
on
ser
vicesshouldbeavail
abletothevi
l
lager
s

Mar
ket
s

• Placeswher et hevil
l
agescan t
radet
hei
ragri
cul
tur
alproduceshoul
d bemade
availabl
eandsupportmustbegi
vensoast
oencour
agethem topr
oduceevenmor
e
agricult
ural
product
s

• Bur
ial
Grounds/
Cemet
ery

• Adequat
eandconv
eni
entgr
oundsf
ort
hebur
yingl
ovedonesmustbepr
ovi
ded.

Ani
mal
Kraal
s.

• Spacef
orkeepi
ngani
mal
sli
kecat
tl
e,pi
gs,
goat
s,et
c.mustber
eser
ved

• Wat
erSuppl
y

• Adequatewat
ersuppli
esmustbeprovi
ded.Thi
scoul
dei
therbeapr
otect
edspr
ing,
pr
otectedwel
lorbet
terst
il
labor
ehol
e.

• Sani
tar
yAccommodat
ion

• Adequat
esani
tar
yaccommodationj
ustbepr
ovi
ded.Pr
efer
abl
ythi
sshoul
dbeaVI
P
andshoul
dbekeptcl
eanatal
lti
mes.

• Bat
hingShel
ter

• Bat
hingshel
termustbepr
ovi
dedandshoul
dbekeptcl
eanatal
lti
mes.
 Di
shRack

• Pl
ates,di
shesandot hercooki
ngut ensi
l
smustnotbeplacedont hegroundtodry
af
terwashing.Theseshoul dbeplacedonarackwhichi
swel labovet
hegr oundso
astoavoi
dcont aminationbychi
ckens

Ki
tchen

• Cooki
ngfaci
l
iti
esmustbeprovi
ded.Usual
l
ytheki
tchen i
slocat
edout
sidet
hemai
n
houset
opreventf
ir
ehazar
ds.

WHATI
SBUI
LDI
NGTECHNOLOGY

Theterm‘buil
dingtechnol ogy’r
eferstothetechnicalpr
ocessesandmet hodsusedinthe
const
ructi
ng of bui l
dings. Thi s has become an i ncr
easinglyimportaspectof
const
ructi
onindustry,asbui ldi
ngshav emov edfrom beingevoluti
onsofstandar
dtypes
tobecomingone- of
fpr ototypes,buil
dingperfor
mancer equi
rement shavebecomemor e
demanding,andthenumberofpr oductsandspeci al
i
stsuppli
ershasincr
eased.

WHATI
SACHI
MNEYANDHOW DOESI
TWORK

1.CONSTRUCTI
ONPROCEDUREOFSOLI
DGROUNDFLOOR

Thesef l
oorsar
emadeofconcr
etewhichislayeddi
rectl
yonthegr
oundoronf i
l
ling
mat er
ial
sofhardcor
e.Hardcorei
sacol l
ectionofloosebr
okenbri
cks,bl
ocksor
st
onespl acedont
hegroundt
oaf i
rm bedreli
abl
eforconcr
etesl
aboftheconcrete
groundfloor
.

Themassoft herecommendedt hicknessis150mm andl ayonhar dcor ethe

recommendedt hi
cknessis100.Thi sconcretesl
aborov ersit
econcreteismade
project50mm bey ond t
he ext
ernalwal l
s.Thisproj
ect
ing partoft he oversite
concr et
eorconcr
eteslabiscal
ledtheguar dort
heantiproof.Causeisprovidedin
ordert oenabl
eoccupantstoseet ermsast heyarebuil
dingsot hattheydestroy
them.

Theyaresev er alf
ini
shersthatcanbeappl i
edt osoli
dgroundfloors(
Concr et
efloors).
Thetypeoff inishgivent othefloorwil
linf
luence the int
ernaltemperatureoft he
room andt hechoi ce thechoice ofthef i
nishershoul
dbemadeoraf tercarefull
y
consi
derationsand ev aluat
ion ofsever
alf actor
s.Howev er
, t
hechoi
cei sthedut y
ofthear chitect.Thef oll
owingar eamongt hecommonf i
nishes;Terr
azo,cement
sandscreed, woodf loorandboar dset
c.

TERRAZZOFLOORFI
NISH

Thi
sfl
oorf
ini
shi
scommonl
yusedi
ndi
ninghal
l
sandi
npl
aceswher
eresi
stancet
o
chemi
calat
tacksi
srequi
red.I
tconsi
stsofacol
our
edcementbi
ndercal
l
edmat
ri
x
whi
chi
smi
xedt
oget
herwi
thmar
blechi
pswhi
chcont
ainv
ari
ouscol
our
s.Ther
eaf
ter
i
tisl
aidont
opoft
heconcr
etef
loorsl
ab.Themat
eri
alsar
emi
xedandl
aidont
opof
t
heconcr
etef
loorsl
ab,t
her
eaf
tert
heyar
egr
oundedandpol
i
shedt
oasmoot
h
sur
facewhent
heyar
edr
y.Thegr
indi
ngexposest
hemar
blechi
pswhi
chcont
ain
v
ari
ouscol
our
s. Thi
sfi
nishi
shar
dwear
ing,at
tr
act
iveandr
esi
stantt
ochemi
cal
at
tacks.I
tsdur
abi
l
itydependsont
hebondbet
weent
hef
loorf
ini
shandt
heconcr
ete
sl
ab.

Di
agr
am: Ter
razzof
loorf
ini
sh

Concr
etef
loorsl
ab

Har
dCor
e

2.LAYI NGPROCEDUREOFPOLYVI NYLCHLORI DE( PVC)TILES

Thisisanot hert
ypeoff loorfinisherlayontopofcementsandscr eedusingan
adhesive.Thesetil
esareat tr
act i
ve,smoothandcool .I f damaged t heycanbe
repai
redeasilyastheyaremade i nsmallsquaresizesusually150mm by225mm
howev erthese ti
l
esof t
en fellaf terf
ewy ear
s off i
xing,byli
ft
ing ortheyusuall
y
come outdue t ot hepoorwor kmanshi pandthereforethefoll
owing precaut
ion
arenecessary whenf i
xi
ngt heset il
es.

 Washt hefl
oor
 Fl
oorshouldbeal l
owedt odryup
 Ensurethatadhesiv
eisnotpartl
yopen
 Applyadhesiveappropr
iat
ely
 Laythetil
esont hefl
oor
 Di
agr
am: PVCTi
l
es

CementSandScr
eed

Concr
etef
loorsl
ab

Har
dCor
e

DESCRI
BETHECONSTRUCTI
ONPROCEDUREOFAHOLLOW GROUNDFLOOR

Thesef
loor
sar
emost
lyr
ecommendedt
obeusedi
npl
aceswher
ether
ear
ever
ywet
gr
oundsandwher
eiti
sal
sov
eryexpensi
vet
opr
eventwat
erpenet
rat
ioni
ntot
he
bui
l
dingst
ruct
ure.Thesef
loor
sconsi
stofser
iesofshor
twal
l
swhi
char
ebui
l
tont
op
oft
hesol
i
dgr
oundf
loor
supt
o3cour
seshi
ghandpl
acedatr
egul
ari
nter
val
sof
1.
36m apar
t.Ont
opoft
heseshor
t(sl
eeperwal
l
s)t
her
eisat
imberpl
atf
orm whi
ch
i
snai
l
edt
oti
mberj
oist
sfi
xedont
opoft
heshor
twal
l
s.

Theseshor
twal
l
sar
ehoneycombedi
nor
dert
oal
l
owf
reeai
rci
rcul
ati
onunder
neat
h
t
het
imberpl
atf
ormsandkeept
hemoi
stai
rdr
y. Damppr
oofcour
sesar
eal
so
pl
acedbel
owt
het
imberj
oist
sfi
xedont
opoft
hesl
eeperwal
l
sorshor
twal
l
sinor
der
topr
eventt
hepenet
rat
ionofmoi
stur
eint
oti
mberf
loorf
ini
sh.
Di
agr
am: Boar
dsnai
l
edonwoodf
il
let
sint
heconcr
etesl
ab

Har
dCor
e Concr
etef
loorsl
ab

DI
SCUSSCEMENTSANDSCREEDFLOORFI
NISH

Theconcr
etef
loorsl
abmaybef
ini
shedwi
th25mm t
hickcementsandscr
eedwhi
ch
i
sshi
nedt
oasmoot
hfi
nish.Theusualmi
xisonepar
tofcementt
othr
eepar
tsr
iver
sandandacol
our
ingagentmaybeaddedt
othemi
xinor
dert
oobt
ainamor
e
at
tr
act
ivef
ini
sh.

Whenacol
our
ingagenti
sused,t
hemanuf
act
urer
’sspeci
fi
cat
ionmustbest
ri
ctl
y
f
oll
owed.Themi
xmustbeasdr
yaspossi
bleandt
hesandmustbewel
lgr
adedand
cl
ean t
o av
oidt
he shr
inkage and cr
acki
ng whi
ch mi
ghtoccurwi
th a wetmi
x
Ther
eaf
ter
,thef
loorf
ini
shmustbecur
edcar
eful
l
yaf
terl
ayi
ngi
t.

Di
agr
am:
CementSandScr
eedFl
oorFi
nish

CementSandScr
eed

Concr
eteFl
oorSl
ab

Har
dCor
e
4.USEOFSUSPENDEDCEI
LINGI
NTHEBUI
LDI
NGSTRUCTURE

Thisi
sacei li
ngboardnail
edont heti
ebeam whichisf
ixedtot hetr
ussesinorderto
creat
espaceorv oi
df ori
nternalinst
all
ati
onssuchaselectr
icalcabl
es,watertanks
andot herfi
tmentsfixedundert heroof.Thespacepi
v otal
soact sast her
moand
soundi nsul
atort
othebuil
ding.

5.PURPOSEOFFOUNDATI
ONFORTHEBUI
LDI
NGI
NDUSTRY.

Foundati
onisabaseonwhi chabuil
dingrestsandit
spur poseistosafel
ytr
ansfer
thecombinedloads(deadandliv
e)ofabuildi
ngtoasuitablesubsoi
l.Thef
uncti
onal
requi
rementofafoundati
onisthest
rengthandstabi
l
ity
.

3.ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGIST I

N SCRUTINIZI
NG
BUI
LDINGPLANS.
He/sheensur
esthatbui
l
dingsmeett
her
equi
redpubl
i
chealt
hstandar
dsand
donotposeanydangert
ohumanl
i
fe.

He/
sheensur
est
hatpubl
i
cbui
l
dingspr
eventt
hespr
eadofdi
seasesand
i
nfect
ionssuchast
uber
cul
osi
s,meni
ngi
ti
s,upperr
espi
rat
oryt
rucki
nfect
ions
andhousehol
dinj
uri
eswhi
chof
tenoccurasar
esul
tofpoorhousi
ngdesi
gn
andunsani
tar
ycondi
ti
ons.

He/
sheshoul
dfocusont
hef
oll
owi
ng:

 Venti
lat
ion
 Drai
nage
 Sani
taryfaci
l
iti
es
 Space
 Suppl
yofsaf ewater
 Li
ghti
ng
  Sol
i
dwast emanagementf
aci
l
iti
es
 Mater
ial
sused

4. WHATAREAGGREGATESUSEDFORANDWHYI
SCONCRETECURED

USESOFAGGREGATES
Cementaggregat
eisusedi
nconcreti
ngI.e.manufactur
ingofbl
ocks,
slab,
ringbeam
et
c.Thepr oport
ionofcementint hemi xt
ureismor eworkabl
eandst rong;the
pr
oport
ionofcementtoaggr
egat
ei susuall
yexpressedas:

Cement: Fi neaggr egate : Cour seaggregat

e
Cement: sand : st one
1 : 3 : 6
Thisrat
ioi
susedinli
ghtf oot
edf oundati
onstabs
1 : 2 : 4
Thisrat
ioi
scommonl yusedf ornormal r
einf
orcementcementconcr
ete.
1 : 1½ : 3
Thisr
ati
oi susedinheavi
lyloadedst r
uctures.Thehigherthecementthestr
onger
themixt
ureis.

WHYI
SCONCRETECURED

Curingisav er
yimpor tantpr ocesswhi chdeterminesthestrengthofconcrete.This
i
sacont i
nuoushy drati
onofcementwhi chisachi evedbypour i
ngenoughwat erto
soli
dmassofconcr etemi xture.Ifthi
swat erdisappearsqui
cklyduetoev aporati
on,
thenhy dr
ati
onofcementwi llstop.Thiswilll
eadt opoorqual
ityofconcr
etewit halot
ofcr acksandabr asions.Cur ingmeankeepi ngnew l edconcretestrongerunder
uniformtemperatureandmoi stureduringthehy drat
ionofcementcompounds.Thi s
willmakeconcr etest rongermor edur abl
e,denserand r esist
antto abrasion.if
concreteisall
owedt odr ytooqui ckly
,thesur f
acewoul dbeweakandeasi l
ycol l
ect
dust

DI
SCUSSCASEMENTWI
NDOW

CASEMENTWI
NDOWS

Thesewi
ndowsar
eei
therr
ect
angul
arorsquar
einshape.Thecasementwi
ndows
ar
eei
thermadeoft
imberormet
alf
rameswi
thhi
ngesont
hesi
deswher
eopeni
ng
par
tsoft
hewi
ndowsar
efi
xed.

Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofcasementwi
ndowsusedi
nthebui
l
dingi
ndust
ry.Thesear
e
asf
oll
ows:

1.Si
ngl
esi
dehungcasementwi
ndow

2.Doubl
esi
dehungcasementwi
ndow

3.Tophungcasementwi
ndow

Si
ngl
esi
decasementwi
ndow Doubl
esi
dehungcasementwi
ndow

Top hung casement

wi
ndow
 PARTSOFACASEMENTWI
NDOW

Di
agr
am:

Mul
l
ion Ventl
i
ght

Tr
ansor
m

Casement

Deadl
i
ght

Hi
nges

Wi
ndowf
rame

Casement
:thi
sist
heopeni
ngpar
tofawi
ndowwhi
chpr
ovi
desnat
ural
vent
il
ati
on

1.Deadl
i
ght
:thi
sist
hef
ixedpar
tofawi
ndow whi
chpr
ovi
desnat
urall
i
ght
ing
andi
tcannotopen

2.Vent
-l
ight
:thi
sist
het
oppar
tofadeadl
i
ght
.Iti
shi
ngedt
oopenout
war
dsi
n
or
dert
opr
ovi
denat
ural
vent
il
ati
onatni
ghtwhent
hecasementi
scl
osed.

3.Mul
l
ion:t
hisi
sthev
ert
icalpar
toft
hecasementwi
ndowwhi
chsepar
atest
he
deadl
i
ghtandt
hecasement
.
 4.Tr
ansf
orm:t
hisi
sthe hor
izont
alpar
toft
he casementwi
ndow whi
ch
separ
atest
hev
ent
-l
ightandt
hedeadl
i
ght
.

SI
NGLESI
DEHUNGCASEMENTWI
NDOW

Thesi
ngl
esi
dehungcasementwi
ndowi
shi
ngedononesi
deoft
hewi
ndowf
rame
f
ort
hecasementwi
ndow i
nor
dert
oenabl
ethecasementoropeni
ngpar
topen
out
war
dst
oexcl
uder
ainanddustf
rom t
hebui
l
dingst
ruct
ure.

Theopeni
ngpar
tiscal
l
edt
hecasementwhi
chopensi
nor
dert
opr
ovi
denat
ural
v
ent
il
ati
oni
ntot
hebui
l
dingst
ruct
ure.Thi
sopeni
ngpar
tconsi
stsoft
hegl
asswhi
ch
i
sei
thersur
roundedbyt
hewoodenormet
alf
rame.

DOUBLESI
DEHUNGCASEMENTWI
NDOWS.

Thi
sty
peofawi
ndow hast
woopeni
ngpar
tsonbot
hsi
desoft
hewi
ndow f
rame
whi
char
ecal
l
edcasementwhi
chopeni
ngst
opr
ovi
dev
ent
il
ati
oni
ntot
hebui
l
ding
st
ruct
ure.Thecasement
sar
edesi
gnedi
nsuchawayt
hatwhent
het
woopeni
ng
par
tscl
oset
heyshoul
dmeeti
nthemi
ddl
eandshoul
dopenout
war
dst
oexcl
uder
ain
anddust
.

TOPHUNGCASEMENTWI
NDOWS.

Thi
sty
peofcasementwi
ndowi
susedi
nbat
hroomsandabl
uti
onsbl
ocks.Thet
op
hungcasementwi
ndow opensout
war
dsi
nor
dert
oexcl
uder
ain.I
tiscal
l
edat
op
hungcasementwi
ndow becausei
tisar
rangedontopoft
hewi
ndow f
ramet
o
pr
ovi
denat
ural
li
ght
ingandv
ent
il
ati
oni
ntheabl
uti
onbl
ocks.

DESCRI
BEWI
THTHEAI
DOFTHEDI
AGRAM PARTSOFTHEBRI
CK

PARTSOFABRI
CK

Di
agr
am: Fr
og st
ret
cher
Headerf
ace Ar
ri
s

Bed

DESCRI
PTI
ONOFBRI
CKPARTS

Ar
ri
s:Thi
sisanedgeofabr
ickwhi
chi
sver
yshar
p.

St
ret
cherf
ace:
Thi
sist
hel
ongestsi
deofabr
ick

Headerf
ace:
Thi
sist
heendsi
dei
fabr
ick.

Bed:
Thi
sist
hebot
tom par
tofabr
ickf
oundont
hel
owersur
faceofabr
ick.

Fr
og:Thi
sisashal
l
ow depr
essi
onofabr
ickwhi
chi
srect
angul
arort
ri
angul
ari
n
shapef
oundont
het
oppar
tofabr
icki
nor
dert
oreducei
tswei
ght
.

SI
TEI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

I
tisv
eryi
mpor
tantf
orbot
hthedesi
gnerandt
hecont
ract
ort
oknowwhati
sbel
ow
t
hegr
oundwher
ethebui
l
dingwi
l
lbeconst
ruct
edbecauset
hesear
ethegr
ounds
t
hatwi
l
lrecei
vet
hebui
l
dingandsuppor
tit
.

Thedesi
gnerandt
hecont
ract
orshoul
dknow t
henat
ureoft
hesoi
l
,thebear
ing
capaci
tyoft
hesoi
landt
hebehav
iourofsuchsoi
l
sinor
dert
oascer
tai
nthenat
ure,
t
hest
rengt
handt
hel
oadbear
ingcapaci
tyoft
hebui
l
dingmat
eri
alst
obeusedi
nthat
si
te.
The desi
gnerand t
he cont
ract
orshoul
d know whet
hert
he bui
l
ding si
te has
obst
ruct
ionssuchasunder
groundwat
erpi
pes,sewerl
i
nesandel
ect
ri
calcabl
es.
Theseshoul
dbet
akencar
eofdur
ingbui
l
dingconst
ruct
ion.

STEPSFORTHEI
NVESTI
GATI
ONS

Dur
ingsi
tei
nvest
igat
ions,t
hecont
ract
orshoul
dtakecer
tai
nst
epswhi
chwi
l
lhel
p
hi
m/herknowt
hesi
tewher
ehe/
shewi
l
lbeoper
ati
ngf
rom sot
hathe/
shemeet
sthe
r
equi
redcondi
ti
onst
owor
kint
hatpar
ti
cul
arsi
te.

Thest
epswhi
chshoul
dbef
oll
owedbyt
hecont
ract
ordur
ingsi
tei
nvest
igat
ionsar
e
asf
oll
ows:

1.He/
sheshoul
dknowt
hel
ocalaut
hor
it
yrest
ri
cti
onsont
hemet
hodofwor
kto
becar
ri
edout
.Somesi
tesar
enearschool
sorhospi
tal
sther
efor
edonot
r
equi
renoi
se.

2.He/
sheshoul
dknow whet
hert
hesi
tehasdepr
essi
onsorsl
opessot
hat
he/
shecandet
ermi
net
heamountofsoi
lrequi
redt
o becutandf
il
lthe
depr
essi
on.

3.H/
sheshoul
dknowwhet
hert
her
eisanex
ist
ingst
ruct
urewhi
chr
equi
rest
obe
r
emov
ed,so t
hatheorshecan det
ermi
net
hemet
hod ofr
emov
ing t
he
st
ruct
urewi
thoutcausi
nganyhazar
dst
other
esi
dent
sshar
ingt
hesame
l
ocal
i
ty.

4.He/
sheshoul
dknowt
hebui
l
dingl
i
nesot
hatt
hebui
l
dingi
ssetcor
rect
ly.

5.He/
sheshoul
dtr
acesubsoi
linst
all
ati
onssuchaswat
erpi
pesorsewerl
i
nes
sot
hatheorshedoesnotbui
l
dont
opoft
hosei
nst
all
ati
ons.

ADVANTAGESOFSI
TEI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

Si
tei
nvest
igat
ionhasanumberofadv
ant
ages.Themaj
oronesar
easf
oll
ows:

1.I
tsav
est
hecont
ract
orf
rom f
utur
elegal
impl
i
cat
ions.

2.I
thel
pst
hecont
ract
orknowt
hepr
obl
emshe/
shei
sli
kel
ytoencount
erdur
ing
 const
ruct
ionandpl
anf
ort
hem i
nadv
ance.

3.I
tenabl
est
hecont
ract
orputi
nsaf
etymeasur
esf
orhi
s/herwor
ker
sand
machi
ner
y.

DI
SADVANTAGESOFSI
TEI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

Si
tei
nvest
igat
ionhasf
ewdi
sadv
ant
ages.Themaj
oronesar
easf
oll
ows:

1.I
tisv
eryexpensi
vet
ocar
ryout
.

2.I
trequi
rest
obedonebyanexper
t.

SI
TECLEARANCE

Si
tecl
ear
ancei
sdonei
nal
lbui
l
dingsi
teswher
ebui
l
dingsar
econst
ruct
ed.Thi
sis
t
hepr
ocessofr
emov
ingv
eget
abl
esoi
l
sort
oughmat
eri
alsf
rom t
hel
andwher
ethe
bui
l
dingswi
l
lbeconst
ruct
ed.

REASONSFORSI
TECLEARANCE

Veget
abl
esoi
l
scont
ainor
gani
smswhi
chwi
l
lal
l
ow t
hegr
owt
hofshr
ubs,pl
ant
sor
gr
ass.Thesepl
ant
sshr
ubsorgr
asswhent
heygr
owunder
neat
htheconcr
etef
loor
sl
abofabui
l
ding,t
heybecomeapassagef
ormoi
stur
e.Thi
smoi
stur
eencour
ages
dampnessi
nthebui
l
ding.I
tal
socausest
hegr
owt
hofaf
ungusknownasdr
yrot
whi
chcausesdecayi
nti
mberf
loor
sormat
eri
als.

Fort
hisr
easont
hebui
l
dingr
egul
ati
onsst
atet
hat“
Anypar
toft
hesi
tewher
ethe
bui
l
dingshal
lbecov
eredmustbecl
ear
edof
ffr
om t
hev
eget
abl
esoi
l
soranyot
her
t
oughmat
ter
”.Thi
sveget
abl
esoi
lshoul
dbest
oredi
nasaf
epl
aceandbeusedas
manur
eforgar
densandf
lower
sto begr
owni
nthey
ardwhent
hebui
l
dingi
s
compl
eted.Theot
herr
easonf
orsi
tecl
ear
ancei
stoensur
ethatt
hegr
owt
hoft
rees
neart
hebui
l
dingdonotcauseanydamaget
othebui
l
dingst
ruct
ure.Ther
efor
e,r
oot
s
oft
reesshoul
dbepr
oper
lyr
emov
edt
oensur
ethatt
heydonotcausedamaget
o
f
loor
sandpav
ement
soft
hebui
l
dings.

1.Whatdoest
hePubl
i
cHeal
thActst
ateont
hei
ssueofoccupat
ionper
mit
?(4
mar
ks)
  Thecl
i
enthast
ost
artbui
l
dingwi
thi
nsi
xmont
hsf
rom t
hedat
ethe
bui
l
dingper
miti
sgi
venorobt
ained

 Nobui
l
dingi
ssupposedt
obeoccupi
edunt
ilt
hel
ocal
aut
hor
it
yissues
anoccupat
ionper
mit

2. a)Whatar
ethef
unct
ionsofcementi
ngr
edi
ent
s(5mar
ks)

 Cal
ci
um oxi
de(
li
me)
:it
’st
hemai
ningr
edi
entofcement61%t
o67%of
t
hemassofcementi
scal
cium oxi
dei
tmakescementsoundand
pr
ovi
desst
rengt
htocement
.

 Si
l
icondi
oxi
de(
sil
i
ca)
:i
thol
ds19-
23%ofcementmassi
tal
sogi
ves
st
rengt
hst
ocement

 Al
umi
num oxi
de(
alumi
na)
:cementcont
ains2%-
6%al
umi
naofi
tsmass
i
taddsqui
ckset
ti
ngpr
oper
tyt
ocement

 Cal
ci
um sul
phat
eit
sfunct
ioni
stoi
ncr
easet
hei
nit
ial
set
ti
ngt
imeof
cement

 I
ronoxi
deal
socal
l
edf
err
icoxi
dei
tpr
ovi
descol
orandhar
dnesst
o
cementandal
sopr
ovi
desst
rengt
htocement

 Magnesi
um oxi
depr
ovi
descol
orandhar
dnesst
ocement

 Sul
fat
emakescementsoundandal
kal
i
s

b)Expl
aint
heusesofl
i
me(
5mar
ks)

 i
t’
susedforpl
aster
ing
 I
t’
susedtoneutr
ali
seaci dsoil
 I
t’
susedtomakear ti
fi
cialst
ones
 I
t’
susedascementi ngr
edient
3.Hav
ingbeenassi
gnedt
oMi
l
engeDi
str
ictHeal
thOf
fi
ceunderconst
ruct
ion,
to
i
nspectbr
ickswhi
char
ebei
ngusedf
orconst
ruct
ion;

a)Howwoul
dyout
estf
orbur
ntbr
icks(
5mar
ks)

Abri
ckshouldbewellburnti
nordert
ofaci
l
itat
elay
ing.Agoodbur
ntbr
ickshoul
d
hav
ethefol
lowingcharact
eri
sti
cs:

 shoul
dnotbreak
 shoul
dnothavecracks
 shoul
dnotabsorbwaterofabout20%ofi
tswei
ght
 shoul
dbefir
eresist
ant
 shoul
dproduceamet al
l
icsound

b)Howwoul
dyouchar
act
eri
zet
hesebr
icksasf
ir
stcl
ass(
5mar
ks)

c)Goodshape.
d)Dur able(longlasti
ng).
e)Pr oduceamet all
icsound
f) Nocr acksorchi pofanykinds
g)Uni f
or m colourorevencolour
h)Shoul d nothav e anyotherdef i
cit
swhi
ch wi
l
lrendert
hem become
uselessf orbuil
dingconstruct
ion

4.Atwhatst
ageofbui
l
dingconst
ruct
ionshoul
dyougetabui
l
dingper
mitf
rom
l
ocal
Aut
hor
it
yinaccor
dancewi
thPubl
i
cHeal
thAct
?(4mar
ks)

ThePubl i
cHeal t
hActstatesthatabui
ldi
ngorel ect
edstructur
eshallnotbeoccupied
byani ndi
vidualnotunti
ltheownerornotif
iesthelocalauthori
tyanduponr ecei
ptof
thatnoti
fi
cation,i
nspect
ionsshallbeconductedont hebuildi
ngtoascertai
nifit
’sfi
t
forhumanhabi tat
ion.

I
fthehealt
hissatisf
iedwit
hthecondit
ionandstat
eoft hebuildi
ng,occupat
ion
per
mitshal
lbei
ssuedtotheowneroft
hebui
ldi
ngi
nrednessforoccupat
ion.

5.Whatar
ephy
sical
fact
orsaf
fect
ingnat
ural
vent
il
ati
on(
4mar
ks)

 Dept
hofspacewi
thr
espectt
ovent
il
ati
onopeni
ngs

 Cei
l
inghei
ght

 Ther
mal
massexposedt
otheai
r
  Locat
ionofbui
l
dingandpossi
bleai
rpol
l
utant
s

 Heatgai
n

 Cl
i
mat
e,e.
gout
doort
emper
atur
eorwi
ndv
eloci
ty

SECTI
OND

 30MARKS

 LONGANSWERS

 ANSWERANYTHREEQUESTI
ONS

1.Descr
ibebondi
ngi
nrel
ati
onst
obui
l
dingsci
ence&t
ypesofbondi
ng?(10
mar
ks)

5.Bondi ngisdefinedasapr e-deter

minedpat t
ernoflayi
ngbri
cksandbl ock
sothatt heyov erl
aporprojectbeyondthoseabov eandbelowt hem.This
providesav erystrongatt
racti
vewal l
sappear ance.I
teliminat
esstrai
ght
vert
icaljoint
s whi ch would weakenthe wal lbycausingcracksshould
ther
ebeanyr odplacedont opofthewal loranygroundmov ement.
Pur
poseofbondi ng

 St
rengt
hent
hewal
l

 Wei
ghti
sdi
str
ibut
edequal
l
y

 Toav
oidst
rai
ghtj
ointwhi
chwoul
dweakent
hewal
landcausei
ttof
all
?

TYPESOFBONDI
NG

Thereare4typesofbondi
ngwhi
char
ecommoni
nthebui
l
dingi
ndust
ry,
these
areasfoll
ows;

a.Str
etcherbond
b.Engli
shbond

c.Fl
emi
shbond

d.Headerbond

a.St
ret
cherBond
 Thestr
etcherbondconsi
stsofal lbri
ckslayedasst r
etchersonever
ycour
se.
Thi
stypeofbondingissui
tableforblockwor k,howeveritcanal
sobeusedin
bri
ckwork.Thebondi seffectedbyi nt
roducingahal f(½)batasastart
ing
bri
ckofblockatanyal
ter
nativecourse.

b.Engl i
shBond
Thisbondconsi st
sofalt
ernatecourseofheader sandstr
etcher
sbondingare
affectedbyintroduci
ngaqueencl osurenexttothequoinheaderi
ntheheader
cour se.Thebondhasnost r
aightjoi
ntsbothi nt
ernal
lyandexter
nal
ly.Itis
suitableforconstr
ucti
onofloadbear i
ngwallsinplaceswherehi
ghstr
engthis
required.

c.Fl emishBond
Thisbondconsi st
sofal ternateheadersandst r
etchersint
hesamecour se.
Thebondi saffect
edbyi nt
roducingaqueencl osernexttothequoinheader.
Flemishbondpr ovidesav erybeauti
fulat
tract
ivefaceappearance.I
tisused
i
npl aceswherebrickfaceisr equi
redtoproduceadur abl
eattr
acti
vebeauti
ful
face appearanceofbr i
ckwor k.

d.HeaderBond
Thisbondi susedf orconstruct
ingoffoundat
ionwall
swhichar eusedas
footi
ngfoundati
ons.Theyreceivetheent
ir
eweightofabuil
ding.I
nthi
sbond
allbr
icksarelayedasheadersandbondingisaf
fect
edbyintr
oducinga¾bat
i
nev eryal
ternat
ivecour
se.

2.Whati
sther
oleofanEnv
ironment
alHeal
thTechnol
ogi
sti
nscr
uti
nizi
ng
bui
l
dingpl
ans(
10mar
ks)

 Ventilati
on-theEHTneedst omar ksurethethatthereisadequateair
fl
owi nt hebuil
ding
 Drainage-theEHTneedet omarksurethatthedrainagesystem inthe
buil
dingi singoodcondi ti
oninordertomakesur ethatthereisnobad
odorsi nthebui l
ding
 Sanitaryfacil
it
ies-theEFT needstomar ksurethatsani
taryconditi
ons
areingoodcondi t i
onssuchasrunningwaterinthetoil
etsandt apsin
ordert oavoiddiseases
 Space-

3.Di
scusst
hesashandl
ouv
erwi
ndows(
10mar
ks)

 Sashwi
ndowt
hisi
sthet
ypeofwi
ndowt
hathast
wopar
tst
hatov
err
ap
 sl
i
ght
lyandsl
i
desdownorupi
nsi
det
hef
ramet
heyar
ecommonl
y
usedi
npubl
i
ctr
anspor
tvehi
clesort
rai
ns.Ther
ear
etwot
ypesi
.e.
pi
vot
edsashwi
ndowswhi
chi
ssuppor
tedwi
thpi
vot
swhi
char
epl
aced
ont
heopposi
tesi
desandsl
i
dingsashwi
ndowswhi
chi
ncl
ude
hor
izont
alsl
i
dingwhi
chi
sfi
xedi
nsi
det
hewi
ndowf
rameandi
topens
orcl
osesbysl
i
dingandal
sov
ert
ical
sli
dingsashwi
ndow

 Louv
erwi
ndowi
sal
soknownasaj
alousi
ewi
ndowwhi
chconsi
stof
par
all
elsl
atesofsl
atsofgl
assorcr
yli
cthatopenandcl
osel
i
ke
v
enet
ianbl
i
ndusi
ngacr
ackoral
evert
heyar
esui
tabl
eforpubl
i
c
bui
l
dingwhi
chr
equi
remor
eai
rci
rcul
ati
one.
g.i
nschool
sandheal
th
f
aci
l
iti
es.

4.Descr
ibet
hemat
chboar
dedorbat
teneddoorusedi
nwar
ehousesandsheds
(
10mar
ks)

Thef
rame,
ledgedandbr
acemat
chboar
dedorbat
ter
eddoor
sconsi
stsofa
f
ramewhi
chi
smadeofst
il
esandr
ail
sjoi
nedt
oeachot
herwher
ethemat
ch
orbat
tensoft
hedoorar
einser
ted.Theext
ernal
sti
l
esandr
ail
sar
emade
t
wicet
hickert
hant
hemat
chboar
dsorbat
tensandt
hemi
ddl
eledge.These
door
sar
esui
tabl
eforwar
ehousesandshedswher
esecur
it
yisr
equi
red.The
ext
ernal
appear
anceoft
hesedoor
sisnotsoi
mpor
tant
,whatmat
ter
sist
he
secur
it
ythatt
heypr
ovi
det
othewar
ehousesandsheds.

5.Out
li
nef
act
orsaf
fect
ingar
ti
fi
cial
vent
il
ati
on(
10mar
ks)

 Cost
smoney

 Poormai
ntenance

 Poordesi
gn

 Equi
pmentf
ail
ure

 Ut
il
it
yser
vicei
nter
rupt
ion
  Mechani
cal
vent
il
ati
on/ar
ti
fi
cial
vent
il
ati
onsy
stemsof
tendonotwor
k
asexpect
ed,
andnor
mal
oper
ati
onmaybei
nter
rupt
edf
ornumer
ous
r
easons,
incl
udi
ngequi
pmentf
ail
ure,
uti
l
ityser
vicei
nter
rupt
ion,
poor
desi
gn,
poormai
ntenanceori
ncor
rectmanagement
.Ift
hesy
stem
ser
vicesacr
it
ical
faci
l
ity
,andt
her
eisaneedf
orcont
inuousoper
ati
on,
al
ltheequi
pmentmayhav
etobebackedup—whi
chcanbeexpensi
ve
andunsust
ainabl
e.
 I
nst
all
ati
onandpar
ti
cul
arl
ymai
ntenancecost
sfort
heoper
ati
onofa
mechani
cal
vent
il
ati
onsy
stem maybev
eryhi
gh.I
famechani
cal
sy
stem cannotbepr
oper
lyi
nst
all
edormai
ntai
nedduet
oshor
tageof
f
unds,
itsper
for
mancewi
l
lbecompr
omi
sed.

6.Out
li
neandexpl
aint
hecont
ent
sofat
ender
ingdocument(
10mar
ks)

Answer
Tenderi
sthepr
ocessofadv
ert
isi
ngf
ort
hebui
l
dingpr
otect
edbyt
hecl
i
enti
n
nat
ionalpr
ess so t
hatcont
ract
ors can appl
yfort
he j
ob and when t
he
cont
ract
orsappl
ytot
akeupt
hej
obmustquot
e:
 I
ntr
oduct
ion-Thi
sist
hebackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
iont
othet
ender

 TenderCondi
ti
ons-Thesear
elegal
par
amet
erssoundi
ngt
het
ender

 Speci
fi
cat
ions-Thesear
edescr
ipt
ionsofsuppl
i
esser
viceorwor
kst
o
bepr
ovi
ded

 I
nst
ruct
ionsf
orTenderSubmi
ssi
on-Thesear
einst
ruct
ionsf
ort
he
bi
dder

 Qual
i
tat
iveTenderSubmi
ssi
on-t
hesear
equal
i
tat
ivequest
ionst
obe
answer
edbyt
hebi
dder

 Pr
ici
ngandDel
i
ver
ySchedul
e-Thesesar
equant
it
ati
vequest
ionst
obe
answer
edbyt
hebi
dder

 For
m ofTender
-Thi
sisadecl
arat
iont
obesi
gnedbyt
hebi
dder
  Cer
ti
fi
cat
eofNon-Col
l
usi
on-t
hisi
dthedecl
arat
iont
hatt
hebi
dderhas
notcol
l
udedwi
thanyot
herbi
dderont
het
ender

 Dr
aftofpr
oposedcont
ract
-thi
sisadr
aftoft
hecont
ractwhi
chwi
l
lbe
si
gnedbyt
hesuccessf
ulbi
dder

7.a)Atwhatst
ageofbui
l
dingconst
ruct
ionshoul
dyougetabui
l
dingper
mit
f
rom l
ocal
Aut
hor
it
yinaccor
dancewi
thPubl
i
cHeal
thAct
?(5mar
ks)

 ThePubl i
cHealt
hActst atest hatabuildi
ngorel ect
edstructur
eshal lnotbe
occupiedbyanindi
vidualnotunt i
ltheownerornot i
fi
esthelocalauthori
tyand
upon recei
ptoft hatnot i
ficati
on,inspect
ionsshal lbe conducted on the
buil
dingtoascer
tai
nifit’
sfitforhumanhabi tat
ion.

 I
ft he heal
this sat
isfi
ed withthe condi
ti
on and st
ate ofthe buil
ding,
occupat
ionper
mitshallbeissuedtot
heowneroft hebuil
dingi
nrednessf or
occupat
ion.

(
b) Whatar
ephy
sical
fact
orsaf
fect
ingnat
ural
vent
il
ati
on(
5mar
ks)

 Dept
hofspace

 Cei
l
inghei
ght

 Ther
mal
massexposedt
otheai
r

 Locat
ionofbui
l
dingandpossi
bleai
rpol
l
utant
s

 Heatgai
n

 Cl
i
mat
e

1.Descr
ipt
ionofal
i
ntol

Al
i
ntoli
sahor
izont
aluni
tpl
acedabov
eadoororwi
ndowopeni
ngwhi
chsuppor
ts
t
hewal
l
ingabov
etheopeni
ng.Ther
ear
e3t
ypesofl
i
ntol
susedi
nZambi
aandt
hese
ar
easf
oll
ows,
timberorwoodenl
i
ntol
,concr
etel
i
ntolandbr
ickl
i
ntol
.The concr
ete
l
i
ntol
sar
emadeoutofa mi
xtur
e ofcement,r
iversand andcr
ushedst
ones wi
th
wat
eraddedt
othe mi
xtur
etof
aci
l
itat
ethe mi
xi
ng.Themostr
ecommendedr
ati
os
ar
e1par
tcement2par
tsr
iversandand4par
tscr
ushedst
ones.Thesear
ethemost
pr
efer
redl
i
ntol
sint
hebui
l
dingi
ndust
ryduet
othehi
ghst
rengt
htheyhav
e,howev
er
i
nor
dert
oincr
easet
hest
rengt
hoft
hesel
i
ntol
s,t
heyar
e usual
l
yrei
nfor
cedwi
th
r
oundbar
spl
acedont
opt
oresi
stcompr
essi
vef
orcesand pl
acedbel
ow t
oresi
st
t
ensi
l
efor
ces.

For
mwor
kisconst
ruct
edacr
osst
het
opoft
heopeni
ngandt
her
einf
orcementbar
s
ar
epl
acedaccur
atel
yinposi
ti
on,t
her
eaf
terconcr
etei
spour
edandcompact
edi
n
t
hef
ramewor
k.Wi
tht
his met
hodacer
tai
namountofdel
ayoccur
sin const
ruct
ion
oft
he wal
lbecauseofwai
ti
ngf
orer
ect
ionoft
hef
ramet
obe compl
eted,pour
ing
ofconcr
ete,
cur
ingofset
ti
ngandhar
deni
ngofconcr
ete.

2.Apar
apetwal
lisabar
ri
erwhi
chi
sanext
ensi
onoft
hewal
latt
heedgeofa
r
oof
,ter
race,
bal
cony
,wal
kwayorot
herst
ruct
ure.

Ty
pesofpar
apetwal
l
 Pl
ainpar
apet
sar
eupwar
dext
ensi
onsoft
hewal
l
,somet
imeswi
tha
copi
ngatt
het
opandcor
bel
bel
ow

 Embat
tl
edpar
apet
smaybepanel
edbutar
epi
erced,i
fnotpur
elyas
st
yli
sti
cdev
ice,
fort
hedi
schar
geofdef
ensi
vepr
oject
il
es

 Per
for
atedpar
apet
sar
epi
ercedi
nvar
iousdesi
gnssuchasci
rcl
es,
t
ref
oil
sorquat
ref
oil
s

 Panel
l
edpar
apet
sar
eor
nament
edbyser
iesofpanel
s,ei
therobl
ongor
squr
eandmor
eorl
essenr
ichedbutnotper
for
ated.Thesear
ever
y
commoni
nthedecor
atedandper
pendi
cul
arper
iods.

3.Di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weent
imberpr
eser
vat
ionandt
imberconv
ersi
on

Ti
mberpr
eser
vat
ioni
smet
hodst
akent
oensur
eal
ongl
i
feofwood.Thi
scanbe
achi
evedbyempl
oyi
ngdi
ff
erentmet
hodsofpr
eser
vat
ionmeasur
es.Ther
ear
ea
 numberofdi
ff
erentchemi
calpr
eser
vat
ivesandpr
ocesst
hatcanext
endt
hel
i
fe
ofwood,t
imber
,wood st
ruct
ures.Thi
susual
l
yincr
easest
he dur
abi
l
ityand
r
esi
stancef
rom bei
ngdest
roy
edbyi
nsect
sorf
unguswhi
l
eti
mberconv
ersi
oni
s
apr
ocessoft
urni
ngpar
ti
cul
art
imberi
ntoausabl
ebui
l
dingmat
eri
alsuchasl
og,
t
russ,
raf
teret
c.

4.ExpandedMet
alLat
h

I
ncaseoft
hosewal
l
swi
thsmoot
hsur
facesandconcr
etecei
l
ings,
wher
epl
ast
er
cannothol
d,t
heexpandedmet
all
athi
sused.Thi
sismadeoutofagoodqual
i
ty
st
eelpl
ate,whi
chl
ooksl
i
kewi
remeshwhi
chi
snai
l
edt
othewhol
esur
facei
n
or
dert
ofor
m akeyf
orpl
ast
ert
ohol
d.

5.Ev
apor
ati
onasamet
hodofr
efr
iger
ati
on

Ref
ri
ger
ati
on i
s a pr
ocess ofmov
ing heatf
rom one l
ocat
ion t
o anot
heri
na
cont
rol
l
edcondi
ti
on

6.Landi
ngi
nst
air
cases

Thi
sissi
mpl
yst
air
sconst
ruct
edt
obr
idgeal
argev
ert
icaldi
stancebydi
vi
dingi
tint
o
smal
l
erv
ert
icaldi
stancescal
l
edst
epsorl
andi
ng.Thi
smaybest
rai
ght
,roundormay
consi
stoft
woormor
est
rai
ghtpi
ecesconnect
edatangl
ed.Exampl
esofst
air
cases
i
ncl
udeescal
atorandst
air
cases.

 I
nroofdesi
gn,
whati
spar
apetwal
l
?
Answer
Thi
sisabar
ri
erwhi
chi
sanext
ensi
onoft
hewal
latt
heedgeofar
oof
,ter
race,
bal
cony
,wal
kwayorot
herst
ruct
ure,
exi
sti
ngf
ort
hedef
encesofwal
l
s.

 Whati
sdr
yroti
nti
mber
?
Answer
Thi
sisadecayseasonedt
imbercausedbyf
ungit
hatconsumet
hecel
l
ulose
ofwoodl
eav
ingasof
tskel
etonwhi
chi
sreadi
l
yreducedt
opower
.
 Whati
sal
andi
ngi
nst
air
cases?
Answer
Thi
sist
hear
eaatt
het
opofast
air
casewhi
chhasr
oomsl
eadi
ngof
fit

 Whati
sabui
l
der
’ssquar
e?
Answer

 Whati
sanar
chi
tr
ave?
Answer
Amai
nbeam r
est
ingacr
osst
het
opofcol
umns

 Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
het
erm“
rei
nfor
cement
”

Answer
Thi
smeanst
ost
rengt
henorgi
vi
ngsuppor
t.

TRUEOFFALSE

1.Bat
tensar
ehor
izont
almember
spr
ovi
dingi
nter
medi
atesuppor
ttor
aft
ersand
ar
esuppor
tedbywal
l
,hi
pandv
all
eyr
aft
ersandr
ooft
russes,

a.Tr
ue

b.Fal
se

2.Acasementwi
ndowhasi
tsopenabl
epar
tcal
l
edSash

a.Tr
ue

b.Fal
se

3.Foundat
ionwal
l
sar
ecal
l
edf
oot
ingi
nfoundat
ions.

a.Tr
ue

b.Fal
se
4.Abr
ickcutacr
ossi
tsl
engt
hiscal
l
edaQueencl
oser

a.Tr
ue

b.Fal
se

5.Appl
i
cat
ionofcementmor
taront
heext
ernal
wal
l
siscal
l
edpl
ast
eri
ng

a.Tr
ue

b.Fal
se

6.Gr
asst
hat
chedr
oof
shasanadv
ant
ageov
erasbest
oscementr
oof

a.Tr
ue

b.Fal
se

7.I
nast
andar
dcasementwi
ndow,
”DeadLi
ght
”mayopenei
thert
othel
eftort
o
t
her
ight

a.Tr
ue

b.Fal
se

8.Abr
ickcutal
ongi
tsl
engt
hiscal
l
edaHal
fbat

a.Tr
ue

b.Fal
se

9.Thebondwhi
chpr
ovi
desadur
abl
eat
tract
ivef
ini
shi
sknownasEngl
i
shbond

a.Tr
ue

b.Fal
se

10.
Bri
ckwal
l
sconst
ruct
edofal
ter
nat
ivecour
seofst
ret
cher
sandheader
sis
cal
l
edEngl
i
shbond

a.Tr
ue

b.Fal
se
 1.Nat
uraldr
yingandar
ti
fi
cialdr
yingoft
imbert
akesaboutt
hesameper
iodof
t
ime.F/
T.
2.Thepur
posef
ora“
landi
ng”i
nast
air
casei
stopr
ovi
deal
andi
ngpl
atf
orm.F/
T.
3.I
nast
andar
dcasementwi
ndow,
a“Deadl
i
ght
”mayopenei
thert
othel
eftort
o
t
her
ight
.F/
T.
4.Af
latr
oofhaspi
tch.F/
T
5.Landl
i
net
elephonesar
enol
ongernecessar
yinbui
l
dingser
vicesi
ncet
her
e
ar
ecel
lphonesnow.F/
T
6.Roofweat
her
ingusi
ngmet
alf
lashi
ngi
sanexampl
eofr
oofdecor
ati
on.F/
T
7.Pl
ainr
oof
ingt
il
esar
eanexampl
eofl
i
ght
-wei
ghtr
oof
ingmat
eri
als.F/
T
8.Ti
mberr
esi
stancet
ofi
redamagedependsont
het
imeofexposur
e.F/
T
9.Thet
wo(
02)met
hodsofseasoni
ngwoodar
enat
uraldr
yingandar
ti
fi
cial
dr
ying.F/
T
10.
Afanl
i
ghti
snotusedf
orpr
ovi
dingnat
ural
vent
il
ati
on.F/
T

1.Whenthehandl
eofl
ouverwi
ndowmov
esdownwar
ds,
thegl
asshousi
nguni
t
f
orthelouv
erwi
ndowopens.

True
b) False (
3mar
ks)

2.Thetypeofafloorf
ini
shgi
vent
othef
loorwi
l
linf
luencet
hei
nter
nal
temperat
ureofaroom.

a) True
b) False(
3mar
ks)

3.Thepr
imaryfuncti
onofanydomesti
croofi
stopr
ovi
deabar
ri
ert
openet
rat
ionofany
el
ementorobjecti
ntot
hebuil
ding.

a) True
b) False (
3mar
ks)

4. Thewor
dsashi
susedi
nwi
ndows,
whi
chopenbyei
thersl
i
dingorswi
ngi
ng.

a) True
b) False (
3mar
ks)

5. Har
dcor
eisusedasbedf
orov
ersi
teconcr
etei
nsol
i
dgr
oundf
loor
s.

a) True
b) False (
3mar
ks)
1. Accordi
ngt
othepri
nci
plesofbondi
ngaQueenCloseri
sonl
yusednext
totheQuoi
nHeaderi
ntheEngli
shandFl
emishbond,

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

2. Anot
hert
echni
cal
ter
m usedf
orheaderbondi
nfoundat
ionsi
sfoot
ing.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

3. Thet
erm Concr
etesl
abi
sref
err
edasaf
loorofabui
l
dingi
n

const
ruct
ion.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

4. Dr
yfi
nishi
smost
lyusedf
orr
oughcasti
next
ernal
render
ing.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

5. Fl
emishbondisknowntobeoneofthestr
ongestbondsusedf
orl
oad
bear
ingwal
lswit
houtshor
tver
ti
calj
oint
s.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

6. Theslopeorweat
heri
ngoft
hewi
ndowsi
l
lshoul
dbest
eept
othr
owof
f
thewaterof
fqui
ckl
y.
 (
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

7. Oneofthefuncti
onsofawi ndowsil
li
stoprev
entthewal
li
ngbel
owt
he
windowopeningfrom becomingwetduet
oabsorpti
onofwat
er.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

8. Thel
eant
oroofi
susedasaneconomi
croofi
nsheds,
shopsandwar
e

houses.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

9. Themi
ddl
eledgeofamat
chboar
deddoororbat
tenedi
smeantf
ora

l
atchorl
ock.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

10.Thecent
rev
ert
ical
timbermemberofpanel
l
eddoori
scal
l
edmul
l
ion.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

11.Thefunct
ionofventl
ighti
nacasementwindowi
stoal
l
owai
r
ci
rcul
ati
onatnightwhenwindowsar
eclosed.
 (
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

12.Thefunct
ionofaroofist
omaintai
nsuit
abl
eint
ernal
temper
atur
ein
thebui
ldi
ngbyprovi
dingheati
nsul
ati
on.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

13.Thet
erm endur
it
esi
susedf
orasbest
osr
oof
ingsheet
sinr
oof
ing.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

14.Thetri
angul
arwall
builtontopoft
hewallpl
atei
nor
dert
osuppor
tthe
tr
ussesindoubl
epitchedroofi
scal
ledgabl
e.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

15.Thechoiceofthef
loorfi
nisht
obeusedinthebuil
dingwi
lldependon
thedesi
redtemper
atureofthebui
l
dingandtheuseofthebuil
ding.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

16.Thedi
stancef
rom oneendoft
hewal
ltoanot
heri
scal
l
edaspan.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se
17.Theaddit
ionalt
imbermembersusedt
omaket
hedoubl
eroofst
ronger
arepur
li
ns,hanger
sandstr
uts.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

18.Sit
eclear
anceforabui
ldi
ngsitei
sdoneinordert
oremovet
he
veget
ablesoi
lsbef
oreset
tingoutofabui
ldi
ngisdone.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

19.Thedeadl
oadinbui
l
dingf oundat
ionsist
hel
oadofal
lfl
oor
s,wal
l
sand
par
ti
ti
onswhi
chthebuil
dingcancar r
y.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

20.Themater
ial
smi xedtoget
herwi
thcementi
nor
dert
omakeconcr
ete
arecal
l
edaggregates.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

21.Thest
rongestf
lushdoorwhichr
emai
nsf
latt
hroughouti
tsl
i
fespani
s
cal
l
edsoli
dcoreflushdoor
.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se
22.Thef
unct
ional
requi
rementofadoori
stopr
ovi
desecur
it
yandpr
ivacy

t
othebui
l
ding.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

23.Themorti
ceandtenonj
ointi
sthest
rongestj
ointusedt
ojoi
nthest
il
es
andr
ail
sinapanell
eddoor.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

24.Thet
ypeofpanel
l
eddoori
sdet
ermi
nedbyt
henumberofpanel
sithas.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se

25.Themostr
ecommendeddoor
stobeusedinsheds,
war
ehousesand
gar
agesar
ematchboar
dedorbat
teneddoor
s.

(
a)Tr
ue

(
b)Fal
se