BRITISH CONQUEST OF INDIA

Prepared by- KOUSHIK SAHA

• The English East india Company came into existence in 1600 AD. It was a joint venture of
private company and the British Queen, who had 10% Share in the company.
• British crown had granted monopoly (through Charter) to East India Company to trade with
the East of Cape of Good Hope for 15 years.
• The French company was the State company established in 1674 AD by the King of France.
Both companies had monopoly (granted by their home government) to trade with the East,
and they had established factories in india.

• British Company fought following wars to establish its supremacy.

• Anglo French wars (1746-1763 AD), Anglo Bengal wars (1757-1764 AD), Anglo Mysore Wars
(1767-1799 AD), Anglo Maratha wars (1775-1818 AD), Anglo Sikh wars (1846-1849 AD).
• First Carnatic War (1746-1748 AD):-
• Background:- Carnatic was the name given by the Europeans to the Coromandel coast and its
hinterland. The first Carnatic war was and extension of the Anglo-French war in Europe which
was caused by the Austrian war of succession.
• This was mainly a clash between the French and the British companies at Carnatic which was
just the repercussion of the struggle in Europe.
• Dupleix was the chief official of the French company at Pondicherry.
• Immediate cause Although France, conscious of its relatively weaker position in india, did not
favour an extension of hostilities to india, the English navy under Barnet seized some French
ships to provoke France. France retaliated by seizing Madras in 1746 AD with the help of the
fleet from Mauritius, the Isle of France, under Admiral La Bourdonnais, the French Governor
of Mauritius.
• The nawab of Carnatic, Anwar-ud-din sent an army but was defeated by the French in the
Battle of Adyar (also known as battle of St Thomas), near Madras (now Chennai).
• The First Carnatic war ended in 1748 AD, when the treaty of Aix-La Chapelle was signed
bringing the Austrian war of Succession to a conclusion.
• Accordingly, the English got back Madras and status quo was maintained in india.
• Second Carnatic War (1749-1754 AD):-
• Background- the background for the Second Carnatic War was provided by rivalry in india.
Dupleix, the French governor who had successfully led the French forces in the First Carnatic
War, sought to increase his power and French political influence in southern india by
interfering in local dynastic disputes to defeat the English.
• The opportunity was provided by the death of Nizam-ul-mulk, the Nawab of Hyderabad.
• The Nawabship of Hyderabad was claimed by Muzaffar jung, grandson of Nizam-ul-mulk and
Nasir jung the son of Nizam.
• On the other hand, Chanda Sahib son-in-law of Dost Ali, Nawab of Carnatic, was freed by the
Marathas. After release he claimed the thrown of Carnatic against Nawab Nawab Anwar-ud-
din.
• The French supported the claims of Muzaffar Jang and Chanda Sahib in the Deccan and
Carnatic, respectively, while the English sided with Nasir jang and Anwar-ud-din.
• The combined armies of Muzaffar jang, Chanda Sahib and the French defeated and killed
Anwar-ud-din at the battle of Ambur (near Vellore) in 1749 AD.
• Muzaffar Jang became the subahdar of Deccan, and Dupleix was appointed governor of all
the Mughal territories to the south of the River Krishna.
• The English company, in 1751 AD, decided to help Muhammad Ali, son of Anwar-ud-din, who
had took refuge at Trichinopolly. In 1752 AD, English Forces captured Arcot, capital of
Carnatic. This incident demoralized the French.
• Another blow came in French camp when Dupleix was called back in 1754 AD, by the French
government due to excessive expenditures in wars. He was replaced by Godeheu.
• Godeheu adopted the policy of negotiation with the British and concluded a treaty with
them. With this treaty English and French decided not to interfere of the native princes and
status quo was maintained between both the companies.
• Third Carnatic War (1758-1763 AD):-
• Facts about the Third Carnatic War or Battle of Wandiwash:-
• Fought between: The French and the British
• People involved: Count de Lally (French General), British Lieutenant-General Sir Eyre Coote
• When: 1757 – 1763 AD
• Where: Carnatic, South India
• Result: British victory.

• The course of the Third Carnatic War:-

• In 1756, the Seven Year’s War broke out in Europe and once again England and France were
pitted against one another. No major engagements would take place between the two in the
Indian Subcontinent until 1757 AD.
• After the Battle of Plassey in 1757 AD, the British forces wrested Chandannagar (in Bengal)
from the French.
• The French, under Count de Lally, captured Fort St. George and attacked the English to
acquire Madras.
• But he was defeated by English forces under Sir Eyre Coote in the Battle of Wandiwash in
1760 AD.
• The French lost their Indian possessions including Pondicherry, Mahe, Gingee and Karaikal to
the British.
• The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
• As per the Treaty, Chandannagar and Pondicherry were returned to France but they were
barred from fortifying them or having troops in them. They could only have trading activities.
• Effects of the Third Carnatic War:-
• This established Britain as the paramount European power in India. The path was clear for
the establishment of a British colonial rule in India.

• Reasons for French failure-

• Differences in the organization of the French East India Company and the English East India
company.
• Superior naval forces of the English.
• The victory at the Battle of Plassey opened up the British to a rich area, namely Bengal.
• Britain had Madras, Bombay and Calcutta – three important posts. In contrast, the French
had only one strong post, Pondicherry.
• Superior political leadership and military generalship of the English in india.
• The British had many capable and able soldiers like Robert Clive, Stringer Lawrence and Sir
Eyre Coote.
• Anglo Bengal wars (1757-1764 AD):-

• In Mughal Period, Bengal was the most fertile and the richest province of the Mughal Empire
and included present day Bangladesh and states of Bihar and Odisha.
• Bengal held economic importance for its famous textiles, silk and saltpetre.
• Exports from Bengal to Europe consisted of saltpetre, rice, indigo, pepper, sugar, silk, cotton
textiles, handicrafts, etc.
• The British conquest of India began with the conquest of Bengal which was completed after
fighting two battles against the nawabs of Bengal, the Battle of Plassey (1757 AD) and the
Battle of Buxar (1764 AD).
• The first conflict of the English with the Nawab of Bengal resulted in the battle of Plassey.
• Conflicts among Nawabs and the British:- The special privileges enjoyed by the British
Company was strongly opposed by the Nawabs of Bengal as it meant a huge loss to the
provincial exchequer.
• Consequently, the friction between the British commercial interests and the Bengal
government became the chief cause for conflict between the two.
• As a result, the British felt a need for a “puppet” as the Nawab on the throne of Bengal to
willingly give them trade concessions and other privileges and establish their indirect but
ultimate power in the province.

• Siraj-ud-daulah succeeded his grandfather, Alivardi Khan to the Nawabship of Bengal in 1756
AD.
• The English emboldened by their success against the French in South india, desired to engage
themselves in fresh adventures and, therefore, refused to accept his authority.
• The Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar had permitted the English to trade in Bengal without any
payment of tax.
• The Nawab, Siraj-ud-daulah did not like it because it adversely affected his income and placed
the native traders at a disadvantage. But the British began misusing their right. They sold
Dastaks to Indian marchants. This went against the interest of the Nawab.
• When the Nawab tried to check this malpractice and attempted to punish the guilty Indian
merchants, the English provided protection to them. This was the primary cause of the conflict
between the Nawab and the English.
• The British started fortification of fort William against the French. The Nawab did not like it and
ordered the English to fill up the ditch. The English refused to obey the command of the Nawab.
This enraged the Nawab who eventually decided to punish the English.
• He attacked the English factory at Kasimbazar and captured it. On june 16, 1756 AD, he
attacked Calcutta.
• Realising the futility of the resistance, the English governor Drake fled away to the island to
Fulta with most of the English residents.
• Mr. Holwell, with a handful of Englishmen, defended the Fort William. However, he had to
surrender on 20th june 1756 AD. A few English historians proclaim that the sad ‘Black Hole
Tragedy’ took place that very day.
• On 2nd January, 1757 AD, Treaty of Alinagar was signed, where by Siraj conceded practically
all the demands. British then captured Chandranagore, the French settlement, on March
1757 AD.
• The Battle of Plassey was fought on 23 june, 1757. owing to the conspiracy , the Nawab was
defeated.
• The battle of Plassey which resulted in victory of Mir jafar.
• Robert clive was appointed governor of Bengal and he consolidated the British power both in
Bengal and in Deccan.
• Clive introduced a new administrative system in Bengal called Dual government in which- (1)
Nominal Head- Nawab of Bengal, (2) Real Power- English.
• (This Dual Government was ended by Warren Hastings.)
• Mir Jafar was not able to satisfy the Demands of the English, he was forced to resign in 1760
AD and Mir Qasim was put on throne who proved to be an efficient and strong ruler.
• He checked the misuse of the farman of 1717 AD (Granted by emperor Farrukhsiyar) by the
company officials as they used to evade customs duty.
• Battle of Buxar (1764 AD):- Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-daula (Nawab of Awadh) and Mughal
Emperor Shah Alam II were defeated by Munro.
• Treaty of Allahabad (1765 AD):- Province of Awadh returned to Shuja-ud-daulah but he had
to pay Rs 50 lakhs to English. Shuja-ud-daulah was forced to maintain English troops for the
defence of his state.
• Shah Alam was forced to grant the diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the English.
District of Kara and Allahabad were given to Shah Alam and English accorded pension of Rs
26 lakhs per year to him.
• First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-1769):-
• In 1612, a Hindu kingdom under the Wodeyars emerged in the region of Mysore. Chikka
Krishnaraja Wodeyar II ruled from 1734 to 1766.
• Haider Ali who was appointed as a soldier in the army of Wodeyars became the de-facto
ruler of Mysore with his great administrative skills and military tactics.
• During the second half of the 18th century, Mysore emerged as a formidable power under
his leadership.
• Mysore’s proximity with the French and Haidar Ali’s control over the rich trade of the
Malabar coast threatened the political and commercial interests of the English and their
control over Madras.

• Causes of the War:-

• Hyder Ali built a strong army and annexed many regions in the South including Bidnur,
Canara, Sera, Malabar and Sunda.
• He also took French support in training his army.
• This alarmed the British.
• Course of the War:-
• The British, along with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad declared war on Mysore.
• Hyder Ali was able to bring the Marathas and the Nizam to his side with skilful diplomacy.
• He paid the Marathas to turn them neutral.
• The war continued for a year-and-a-half without any conclusion.
• Haidar changed his strategy and suddenly appeared before the gates of Madras causing
complete chaos and panic at Madras.

• Result of the War:-

• Following complete chaos and panic at Madras, English was forced to conclude a very
humiliating treaty with Haidar on April 4, 1769—Treaty of Madras which brought an end to
the war
• The conquered territories were restored to each other.
• It was also agreed that they would help each other in case of a foreign attack.
• Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784):-
• Causes of the War:-
• The British failed to adhere to the treaty of Madras when Mysore was attacked by the Maratha
army in 1771.
• Haider Ali accused them for breach of faith.
• As a result, Hyder Ali’s territories were taken by the Marathas. He had to buy peace with the
Marathas for a sum of Rs.36 lakh and another annual tribute.
• This angered Hyder Ali who started hating the British.
• When the English attacked Mahe, a French possession under Hyder Ali’s dominion, he declared
war on the English in 1780.

• Course of the War:-

• Hyder Ali forged an alliance with the Nizam and the Marathas and defeated the British forces in
Arcot.
• In the meantime, the English (under Sir Eyre Coote) detached both the Marathas and the Nizam
from Haidar’s side, but the undeterred Haidar faced the English boldly only to suffer a defeat at
Porto Novo (present day Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu) in November 1781.
• Hyder Ali died in 1782 and the war was continued by his son Tipu Sultan.
• Haidar Ali died of cancer on December 7, 1782.
• Result of the War:-
• Fed up with an inconclusive war, both sides opted for peace, negotiating the Treaty of
Mangalore (March, 1784) under which both the parties gave back the territories they had
taken from each other.

• Tipu Sultan:-
• Born in December 1751, Tipu Sultan was Haidar Ali’s son and a great warrior also known as
the Tiger of Mysore.
• He was a well educated man fluent in Arabic, Persian, Kanarese and Urdu.
• Tipu, like his father Haider Ali, gave maximum care to the raising and maintenance of an
efficient military force.
• He organised his army on the European model with Persian words of command.
• He established three dockyards at Mangalore, Wajedabad and Molidabad. However, his plans
did not fructify.
• He was also a patron of science and technology and is credited as the ‘pioneer of rocket
technology’ in India.
• He wrote a military manual explaining the operation of rockets.
• He was also a pioneer in introducing sericulture to the Mysore State.
• Tipu was a great lover of democracy and a great diplomat who gave his support to the French
soldiers at Seringapatam in setting up a Jacobin Club in 1797.
• He planted the Tree of Liberty at Seringapatam.

• Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-1792):-

• Causes of the war:-

• The British started improving their relationship with the Nizam of Hyderabad and the
Marathas.
• Tipu Sultan, who assumed control of Mysore after Hyder Ali’s death, had French help in
bettering his military resources.
• He also refused to free the English prisoners taken during the second Anglo-Mysore war as
per the Treaty of Mangalore.
• The course of the war:-
• Tipu declared war on Travancore in 1789. Travancore was a friendly state of the British.
• In 1790, the Governor-General of Bengal, Lord Cornwallis declared war on Tipu.
• Tipu was defeated in the first phase of the war and his forces had to retreat.
• Later the English advanced towards Tipu’s capital of Seringapatam and Tipu had to bargain
for peace.

• Result of the war:-

• The war ended with the Treaty of Seringapatam in 1792.
• As per the treaty, Tipu had to cede half of his kingdom to the English including the areas of
Malabar, Dindigul, Coorg and Baramahal.
• He also had to pay Rs.3 Crore as war indemnity to the British.
• Tipu also had to surrender two of his sons as surety to the British till he paid his due.
• Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799):-
• Causes of the war:-
• The Treaty of Seringapatam failed to bring peace between Tipu and the English.
• Tipu also refused to accept the Subsidiary Alliance of Lord Wellesley.
• Tipu aligned with the French which the British saw as a threat.

• course of the war:-

• Mysore was attacked from all four sides.
• The Marathas and the Nizam invaded from the North.
• Tipu’s troops were outnumbered 4:1.
• The British secured a decisive victory at the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799.
• Tipu died while defending the city.
• Result of the war:-
• Tipu’s territories were divided between the British and the Nizam of Hyderabad.
• The core area around Seringapatam and Mysore was restored to the Wodeyar dynasty who
had been ruling Mysore before Hyder Ali became the de-facto ruler.
• Mysore entered into a Subsidiary Alliance with the British and a British resident was placed
at the Mysore Court.
• Anglo Maratha war:-
• Rise of Marathas:-
• As the Mughal Empire declined, the Marathas, got a chance to rise in power.
• The Maratha families which emerged prominent were – (i) the Gaekward of Baroda, (ii) the
Bhonsle of Nagpur, (iii) the Holkars of Indore, (iv) the Scindias of Gwalior, and (v) the Peshwas
of Poona.
• The confederacy, under Bajirao I to Madhavrao I worked cordially but the Third Battle of
Panipat (1761 AD) changed everything.
• Anglo-Maratha War:-
• First Anglo-Maratha War (1775 – 1782):-
• Background and Course of War :- The third Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao died in 1761 due to shock
after his defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat.
• His son Madhavrao I succeeded him. Madhavrao I was able to recover some of the Maratha
power and territories which they had lost in the Battle of Panipat.
• When Madhavrao I died, there was a tussle for power in the Maratha camp.
• His brother Narayanrao became the Peshwa but his uncle Raghunathrao wanted to become
the Peshwa. For this, he sought the help of the English.
• So, the Treaty of Surat in 1775 was signed according to which Raghunathrao ceded Salsette
and Bassein to the English and in return he was given 2500 soldiers.
• The British and army of Raghunathrao attacked the Peshwa and won.
• The British Calcutta Council under Warren Hastings annulled this treaty and a new treaty, the
Treaty of Purandhar was signed in 1776 between the Calcutta Council and Nana Phadnavis, a
Maratha minister.
• Accordingly, Raghunathrao was given a pension only and Salsette was retained by the British.
• But the British establishment at Bombay violated this treaty and sheltered Raghunathrao.
• In 1777, Nana Phadnavis went against his treaty with the Calcutta Council and granted a port
on the west coast to the French.
• This led the British to advance a force towards Pune. There was a battle at Wadgaon near
Pune in which the Marathas under Mahadji Shinde secured a decisive victory over the
English.
• The English were forced to sign the Treaty of Wadgaon in 1779.
• There was a series of battles at the end of which the Treaty of Salbai was signed in 1782. This
ended the first Anglo-Maratha war.

• Results of the War:-

• By the treaty of Salbai, there was peace between with the Marathas. In this treaty the British
began exerting pressure on Mysore with help from Marathas for recovering their territories
from Haider Ali.
• The Marathas also promised that they would not grant any more territories to the French.
• Raghunathrao was to receive a pension of Rs.3 lakh every year.
• The English accepted Madhavrao II (son of Narayanrao) as the Peshwa.
• Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803 – 1805):-
• Background and course:-
• After Tipu Sultan’s Mysore was captured by the British in 1799, the Marathas were the only
major Indian power left outside of British domination.
• At that time, the Maratha Confederacy consisted of five major chiefs, the Peshwas at Pune,
the Gaekwads at Baroda, the Holkars at Indore, the Scindias at Gwalior and the Bhonsles at
Nagpur.
• There were internal squabbles among themselves.
• Baji Rao II (son of Raghunathrao) was installed as the Peshwa after the death of Madhavrao
II.
• In the Battle of Poona in 1802, Yashwantrao Holkar, the chief of the Holkars of Indore
defeated the Peshwas and the Scindias.
• Baji Rao II sought British protection and signed the Treaty of Bassein (in 1802) with them.
• As per this treaty, he ceded territory to the British and agreed to the maintenance of British
troops there.
• The Scindias and the Bhonsles did not accept this treaty and this caused the second Anglo-
Maratha war in central India in 1803.
• The Holkars also joined the battle against the English at a later stage.
• Results:-
• The Scindias signed the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon in 1803 through which the British got the
territories of Rohtak, Ganga-Yamuna Doab, Gurgaon, Delhi Agra region, Broach, some
districts in Gujarat, parts of Bundelkhand and Ahmadnagar fort.
• The Bhonsles signed the Treaty of Deogaon in 1803 AD.
• The Holkars signed the Treaty of Rajghat in 1805 AD.
• Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817 – 1818):-
• Background and course:-
• The third and the final battle of the Anglo-Maratha struggle began after coming of Lord
Hastings as the Governor-General in year 1813 AD.
• After the second Anglo-Maratha war, the Marathas made one last attempt to rebuild their old
prestige.
• They were also unhappy with the British residents’ interference in their internal matters.
• The chief reason for this war was the British conflict with the Pindaris whom the British
suspected were being protected by the Marathas.

• Results:-
• The Peshwa had to sign the Treaty of Poona in 1817 AD, under which he gave up the headship
of the Maratha confederacy and he also had to conduct relations with other states through
British Resident.
• The Treaty of Gwalior was signed in 1817 between Scindia and the British, even though he
had not been involved in the war. As per this treaty, Shinde gave up Rajasthan to the British.
• The Treaty of Mandasor was signed between the British and the Holkar chief in 1818. An
infant was placed on the throne under British guardianship.
• The Peshwa surrendered in 1818. He was dethroned and pensioned off to a small estate in
Bithur (near Kanpur). Most parts of his territory became part of the Bombay Presidency.
• His adopted son, Nana Saheb became one of the leaders of the Revolt of 1857 at Kanpur.
 Three Anglo-Maratha wars (GIST)

SL. NO. YEAR IMPORTANT

Treaty of Salbai in 1782, which gave

1 1775-1782 AD the British 20 years of peace with
the Marathas.

Treaty of Bassein by Peshwa Baji

2 1803-1805 AD Rao II with the British.

the last Peshwa dethroned and

3 1817-1818 AD pensioned off to Kanpur.
• Anglo-Sikh War:-

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1801 – 1839 AD):-

• Ranjit Singh was born on 13 November 1780 AD.

• Father name – Maha Singh.
• His mother Raj Kaur was the daughter of Sikh Raja Gajpat Singh of Jind.
• The word Misl means political unit.
• The weakness of the Mughal authority and Afghan invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali had
created general confusion and anarchy in the Punjab.
• Ahmad Shah Abdali clamied the Punjab as a part of the dominion.
• But the successors of Ahmad Shah Abdali could not keep control over the Punjab.
• The important misls numbered twelve and one of these was Sukarchakiya misls which
controls the territory between Ravi and Chenab.
• He was the only child of Maha Singh, on whose death in 1792 AD he became chief of the
Shukerchakias, a Sikh group.
• He took the title of Maharaja on April 12, 1801 (to coincide with Baisakhi day), with Lahore
having served as his capital from 1799 AD.
• After occupying Lahore in 1799 AD, it became his capital.
• He was the founder of the Sikh Empire by overthrowing Misls.
• He was given the title Lion of Punjab (Sher-e-Punjab) for his success in freeing Lahore (his
capital) from the Afghan invaders.
• His Sikh Empire included lands to the north of the Sutlej River and South of the north-
western Himalayas. His Empire included major towns like Lahore, Multan, Srinagar (Kashmir),
Attock, Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Jammu, Sialkot, Amritsar and Kangra.
• He maintained friendly relations with the British.
• He had men from different races and religions in his army.
• The Maharaja was known for his just and secular rule. Both Hindus and Muslims were given
powerful positions in his darbar.
• His (Ranjit Singh) political capital is Lahore and religious capital is Amritsar.
• He turned Harimandir Sahib at Amritsar into the Golden Temple by covering it with gold.
• He died at Lahore in June 1839 AD.
• Prime minister of Ranjit singh is Raja Dhian Singh.
• His Foreign Minister is Faqir Aziz-ud-din.

• Successors of Ranjit Singh:- Kharak Singh (1839-1840 AD), Naunihal Singh (1840), Sher Singh
(1841-1843 AD), Dilip Singh (1843-1849 AD).
• First Anglo-Sikh War (1845 – 1846 AD):-
• Anarchy in Punjab after the death of Ranjit Singh.
• Succession of Dilip Singh (five year old son of Ranjit Singh, 1845 AD).
• The British were closely watching the developments in the Punjab political front and had
territorial ambitions there as in other parts of the subcontinent.
• The Sikh forces crossed the Sutlej in December 1845 and took offensive positions against the
English forces.
• Defeat of Sikh Army under Lal singh (prime minister of punjab) by British at the battle of
Mudki in 1845 AD.
• Defeat of Sikh army under Tej singh (commender in chief) by the British at the battle of
Ferozpur (1845 AD).
• Defeat of Sikh by Smith at the battle of Aliwal and Sobroan (1846 AD) (the second one being
one of the hardest-fought battles in indian History) and crossing of the Sutlej and occupation
of Lahore by the British.
• Treaty of Lahore (March, 1846 AD) was signed between British Governor General Lord
Hardinge-I and Dalip Singh.
• On the condition of this treaty appointment of a British resident at Lahore (sir Henry
Lawrence) and recognition of Dalip Singh as the ruler of Punjab and Rani Jindan as his regent.
The Sikhs had to cede the Jalandhar Doab to the British.

• Second Anglo Sikh War (1848-1849 AD):-

• The humiliation caused by the first Anglo-Sikh war wherein the Sikh Empire had lost some
territories to the British East India Company.
• The Sikh regent, Maharani Jindan Kaur was not treated properly by the British.
• She was removed from Lahore on conspiracy charges against the British resident in Lahore.
• Multan was a part of the Sikh Empire when Maharaja Ranjit Singh had captured it in 1818.
• Mulraj, the Governor of Multan, was replaced by a new Sikh Governor over the issue of
increase in annual revenue. Mulraj revolted and murdered two English officers accompanying
the new Governor. Sher Singh was sent to suppress the revolt, but he himself joined Mulraj,
leading to a mass uprising in Multan. This could be considered as the immediate cause of the
war.
• Course of war-
• Lord Dalhousie himself proceeded to Punjab. Three important battles were fought before the
final annexation of Punjab. These three battles were----
• (1) Battle of Ramnagar, led by Sir Hugh Gough, the commander-in-chief of the company.
• (2) Battle of Chillhanwala, January, 1849 AD.
• (3) Battle of Gujarat, February 21, 1849 AD; The Sikh army surrendered at Rawalpindi, and
their Afghan allies were chased out of India. (Gujarat is a small town on the banks of River
Jhelum).

• Results of the Second Anglo-Sikh War:-

• Punjab was annexed by the British in March 1849 (under Lord Dalhousie).
• The eleven-year-old Maharaja, Dalip Singh was pensioned off to England.