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Investigation of the impact of natural disaster on civil structures.

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 Eco. Env. & Cons. 29 (August Suppl. Issue) : 2023; pp. (S138-S145)
Copyright@ EM International
ISSN 0971–765X

Investigation of the impact of natural disasters on civil

structures
Prabhash Kumar Yadav1, Shreyas Pande2, R.P. Singh Kushwah3, Mohit Mishra4 and
Dharmendra Kumar Dubey5

1
Bhagwant University, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
2,5
CSMIT, Panvel, Navi Mumbai, M.S., India
3,4
CSMU, Panvel, Navi Mumbai, M.S., India

(Received 3 March, 2023; Accepted 23 April, 2023)

ABSTRACT
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and landslides can have a devastating impact on
civil structures. This research paper aims to investigate the impact of natural disasters on civil structures
and the measures that can be taken to mitigate their impact. The study begins with a literature review of
previous research conducted in this field. The review examines the different types of natural disasters,
their impact on civil structures, and the factors that contribute to the vulnerability of civil structures to
natural disasters. The study then focuses on case studies of recent natural disasters and their impact on
civil structures. This includes the 2011 tsunami in Japan. The case studies are analyzed to identify the
factors that contributed to the damage and destruction of civil structures in these disasters. Next, the study
discusses the measures that can be taken to mitigate the impact of natural disasters on civil structures. This
includes pre-disaster planning, design and construction techniques, and post-disaster recovery and
reconstruction strategies. The study also examines the role of government policies and regulations in
promoting disaster-resistant civil structures. Finally, the study concludes with a discussion of the challenges
and opportunities for future research in this field. This includes the need for interdisciplinary research that
combines engineering, architecture, and social science perspectives, as well as the importance of collaboration
between different stakeholders, including governments, NGOs, and local communities.

Key words: Natural disasters, Civil structures, Vulnerability, Disaster, Tsunami

Introduction decades. While significant progress has been made

in understanding the impact of natural disasters on
Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, civil structures, there is still much to learn about the
floods, and landslides, can have a devastating im- complex interactions between natural hazards and
pact on civil structures. The damage and destruction infrastructure systems.
caused by these disasters not only results in signifi- This research paper aims to investigate the im-
cant economic losses but also poses a threat to the pact of natural disasters on civil structures and the
safety and well-being of the population. The impact measures that can be taken to mitigate their impact.
of natural disasters on civil structures has been a The study will begin with a review of previous re-
topic of interest for researchers and policymakers for search conducted in this field, including the differ-

(1Research Scholar, 2Asst Professor, 3Professor & Dean, 4Associate Prof., 5Prof.)
*Corresponding author’s email: dd15091984@gmail.com
YADAV ET AL S139

ent types of natural disasters and their impact on that natural disasters can have on civil structures
civil structures. and infrastructure systems. They also highlight the
The paper will then examine case studies of re- importance of disaster planning and design of infra-
cent natural disasters and their impact on civil struc- structure systems to ensure their resilience to natu-
tures, such as the 2011 tsunami in Japan. Through ral hazards.
the analysis of these case studies, the study will
identify the factors that contributed to the damage
and destruction of civil structures in these disasters.
Next, the study will discuss the measures that can
be taken to mitigate the impact of natural disasters
on civil structures. This will include pre-disaster
planning, design and construction techniques, and
post-disaster recovery and reconstruction strategies.
The study will also examine the role of government
policies and regulations in promoting disaster-resis-
tant civil structures. Google released its first satellite images of Japan before
and after Tsunami 2011
Case studies of recent natural disasters 2011
tsunami in Japan and their impact on civil Main causes for 2011 tsunami in Japan
structures
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake, also known as the
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan Great East Japan earthquake, was the main cause of
had a significant impact on the country’s infrastruc- the tsunami that struck Japan on March 11, 2011.
ture and civil structures. The following are some The earthquake, which had a magnitude of 9.0, oc-
case studies of the impact of this natural disaster on curred off the coast of northeastern Japan and gen-
civil structures: erated a massive tsunami that devastated the region.
a) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant: The The following are the main causes of the 2011 tsu-
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant was se- nami and their impact on civil structures:
verely damaged by the earthquake and tsunami, a) Earthquake: The main cause of the 2011 tsu-
resulting in a nuclear disaster. The damage to nami was the earthquake that occurred off the
the plant’s cooling systems led to a series of ex- coast of northeastern Japan. The earthquake
plosions and the release of radioactive materials. generated massive seismic waves that propa-
The disaster had a significant impact on the lo- gated through the earth and triggered the tsu-
cal community and the environment. nami.
b) Sendai Airport: Sendai airport was severely b) Coastal geography: The coastal geography of
damaged by the tsunami, with the runways and Japan, which is characterized by deep ocean
terminal building inundated by floodwaters. trenches and steep coastal cliffs, contributed to
The airport was closed for several months for the impact of the tsunami. The steep coastal
repairs, causing significant disruption to the cliffs amplified the force of the tsunami waves,
region’s transportation systems. while the deep ocean trenches allowed the
c) Rikuzentakata city hall: The city hall in waves to travel further inland.
Rikuzentakata, a city in the Iwate prefecture, c) Lack of tsunami barriers: The lack of tsunami
was completely destroyed by the tsunami. The barriers in some areas of Japan contributed to
building was located in a low-lying area close to the impact of the tsunami on civil structures. In
the coast and was not designed to withstand the areas where tsunami barriers were present, they
impact of the tsunami waves. helped to protect buildings and infrastructure
d) Bridges and roads: The tsunami also caused sig- from the force of the waves.
nificant damage to bridges and roads in the af- d) Poor building design: In some cases, poor
fected areas. Many bridges were washed away building design contributed to the impact of the
by the floodwaters, while roads were damaged tsunami on civil structures. Buildings and struc-
by debris and landslides. tures located in low-lying areas or near the coast
These case studies illustrate the significant impact were particularly vulnerable to the tsunami
S140 Eco. Env. & Cons. 29 (August Suppl. Issue) : 2023

waves, especially if they were not designed to quality materials or inadequate structural design
withstand the force of the waves were more likely to suffer damage.
Statistical data related natural disasters 2011 Infrastructure damage: The tsunami also caused
tsunami in Japan significant damage to infrastructure, including
roads, bridges, and ports. The data shows that infra-
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan structure that was not designed or built to withstand
was one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern the forces of the tsunami was more likely to suffer
history. Here are some statistical data related to the damage.
disaster:
Location: The location of buildings and infrastruc-
a) Magnitude: The earthquake had a magnitude of
ture played a critical role in determining the impact
9.0, making it one of the strongest earthquakes
of the tsunami. Buildings and infrastructure located
ever recorded.
in low-lying areas or close to the coast were more
b) Tsunami height: The tsunami waves reached
likely to suffer damage than those located further
heights of up to 40 meters (131 feet) in some ar-
inland or at higher elevations.
eas, causing widespread destruction and devas-
tation. Resilience measures: The data also shows that
c) Casualties: The earthquake and tsunami re- buildings and infrastructure that had resilience mea-
sulted in the deaths of approximately 15,897 sures in place, such as seawalls or tsunami evacua-
people, with a further 2,529 people still missing tion routes, were more likely to withstand the im-
as of 2021. pact of the tsunami.
d) Displaced persons: The disaster also resulted in Economic impact: The economic impact of the tsu-
the displacement of around 470,000 people who nami was significant, with many businesses and in-
were forced to flee their homes and seek refuge dustries suffering losses due to damage to buildings
in shelters. and infrastructure.
e) Economic damage: The disaster caused exten- The data analysis highlights the importance of
sive damage to buildings, infrastructure, and disaster preparedness, risk reduction, and resilience
businesses, with estimated economic losses of building in ensuring the resilience of civil structures
around $235 billion USD. to natural disasters such as tsunamis. The findings
f) Nuclear disaster: The Fukushima Daiichi suggest that adequate building codes and standards,
nuclear power plant was severely damaged by retrofitting and resilience measures, and community
the earthquake and tsunami, resulting in a resilience can help to improve the resilience of civil
nuclear disaster. The disaster led to the evacua- structures to natural disasters and mitigate the im-
tion of around 160,000 people from the sur- pact on communities and societies.
rounding areas and had significant environmen-
Key findings and themes from the literature on
tal and economic impacts.
tsunamis
These statistics illustrate the magnitude of the
disaster and its wide-ranging impact on Japanese Causes and characteristics: Tsunamis are most com-
society. The disaster highlighted the importance of monly caused by underwater earthquakes, but they
disaster preparedness, risk reduction, and resilience can also be caused by volcanic eruptions, landslides,
building to minimize the impact of future natural and other natural phenomena. The literature pro-
disasters. vides a detailed understanding of the science behind
these events, including how they are triggered, how
Analysis of data collected related with tsunami
they propagate through water, and how they impact
The analysis of data collected related to the 2011 tsu- coastlines.
nami in Japan reveals several key findings about the Impacts: Tsunamis can have significant impacts on
impact of the disaster on civil structures. Some of coastal communities, including loss of life, damage
these findings include: to infrastructure and buildings, and long-term eco-
Damage to buildings: The tsunami caused signifi- nomic disruption. The literature documents the ex-
cant damage to buildings, with many buildings be- tent of these impacts, and highlights the need for
ing completely destroyed or severely damaged. The effective mitigation measures to minimize the dam-
data shows that buildings constructed with poor age caused by tsunamis.
YADAV ET AL S141

Mitigation measures: The literature on tsunamis strategies. The recovery and reconstruction process
provides a wealth of information on the different can take years, and it requires a significant amount
mitigation measures that can be implemented to re- of resources and collaboration between different
duce the impacts of these natural disasters. These stakeholders. Effective recovery and reconstruction
measures can include early warning systems, evacu- strategies must consider the needs and perspectives
ation planning, and the design and construction of of local communities, and they must be sustainable
buildings and infrastructure that are resilient to the and resilient to future natural disasters.
forces of tsunamis. Overall, the case studies of the impact of the 2011
Case studies: The literature includes numerous case Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan on civil
studies of past tsunamis from around the world, in- structures underscore the need for a holistic and in-
cluding the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 tegrated approach to disaster risk reduction and in-
Japan tsunami. These case studies provide valuable frastructure development. This includes interdisci-
insights into the impacts of tsunamis and the effec- plinary research, collaboration between different
tiveness of mitigation measures stakeholders, and the implementation of policies
and regulations that promote disaster-resistant civil
Public awareness: The literature highlights the im-
structures and infrastructure systems.
portance of public awareness and education in pre-
paring for tsunamis. This includes educating com- Pre-disaster planning for the impact of natural
munities about the risks associated with tsunamis, disasters on civil structures
as well as providing guidance on how to respond to
Pre-disaster planning for the impact of natural di-
a tsunami event.
sasters on civil structures is an essential part of re-
Overall, the literature on tsunamis emphasizes
ducing the potential damage and loss of life in the
the need for a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary
event of a disaster. Some key steps that can be taken
approach to understanding and mitigating the risks
to prepare for natural disasters include:
associated with these natural disasters. This includes
Risk assessment: Conducting a thorough risk
continued research and innovation in areas such as
assessment to identify potential hazards and vulner-
tsunami science, early warning systems, and resil-
abilities in civil structures and infrastructure. This
ient infrastructure, as well as public education and
can involve evaluating the likelihood and potential
awareness campaigns to help communities prepare
impact of different types of natural disasters, such as
for and respond to tsunami events.
earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, or floods.
Conclusion of case studies of recent natural Building codes and standards: Ensuring that civil
disasters 2011 tsunami in Japan and their impact structures are designed and constructed to meet or
on civil structures exceed relevant building codes and standards for
the area. This can include requirements for seismic
The case studies of the impact of the 2011 Tohoku
resistance, wind resistance, flood resistance, and
earthquake and tsunami in Japan on civil structures
other key factors.
illustrate the devastating impact that natural disas-
ters can have on infrastructure systems. The earth- Emergency response plans: Developing and prac-
quake and tsunami resulted in significant damage to ticing emergency response plans for natural disas-
buildings, bridges, roads, and other infrastructure, ters, including evacuation plans, communication
leading to disruption of transportation systems and protocols, and procedures for restoring critical infra-
the loss of lives and property. The case studies also structure.
highlight the importance of disaster planning and Retrofitting and reinforcement: Implementing ret-
the design of infrastructure systems to ensure their rofitting and reinforcement measures to strengthen
resilience to natural hazards. For example, buildings existing structures and infrastructure against poten-
and structures in coastal areas must be designed to tial hazards. This can include measures such as
withstand the impact of tsunami waves, and trans- strengthening foundations, adding braces or rein-
portation systems must be designed to withstand forcement to walls or columns, or upgrading key
landslides and flooding. building components.
Furthermore, the case studies illustrate the im- Community education and awareness: Educating
portance of disaster recovery and reconstruction communities about the risks of natural disasters and
S142 Eco. Env. & Cons. 29 (August Suppl. Issue) : 2023

how to prepare for them, including emergency pre- ing economic recovery and development in affected
paredness kits, evacuation routes, and other key in- communities through measures such as business
formation. grants and loans, workforce development programs,
By taking these steps, civil structures can be bet- and other initiatives aimed at restoring economic
ter prepared to withstand the impact of natural di- activity.
sasters, potentially reducing damage, loss of life, By employing these and other recovery and re-
and economic losses. construction strategies, communities can begin to
rebuild and recover from the impact of natural di-
Post-disaster recovery and reconstruction strategies
sasters on civil structures, restoring critical infra-
for the impact of natural disasters on civil
structure, and improving resilience against future
structures
disasters.
Post-disaster recovery and reconstruction strategies The role of government policies and regulations
for the impact of natural disasters on civil structures in promoting disaster-resistant civil structures
are crucial for rebuilding communities and restoring Government policies and regulations play a cru-
critical infrastructure following a disaster. Some key cial role in promoting disaster-resistant civil struc-
strategies that can be employed to facilitate recovery tures. Some ways in which policies and regulations
and reconstruction include: can be used to promote disaster-resistant civil struc-
Damage assessment: Conducting a thorough as- tures include:
sessment of the damage to civil structures and infra- Building codes and standards: Governments can
structure, including buildings, roads, bridges, and establish and enforce building codes and standards
utilities. This can help to prioritize recovery efforts that require civil structures to be designed and con-
and identify areas where urgent repairs or recon- structed to withstand potential natural disasters,
struction are needed. such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods. Build-
ing codes can also be updated and revised to incor-
Temporary housing and shelter: Providing tempo-
porate new research and best practices in disaster-
rary housing and shelter for displaced residents in
resistant design.
the aftermath of a disaster. This can include setting
Land-use planning: Governments can develop
up temporary shelters, such as tents or trailers, or
land-use plans that take into account potential natu-
utilizing existing buildings that are still standing.
ral hazards, such as landslides, floods, and wildfires,
Infrastructure repair and restoration: Repairing and and restrict development in high-risk areas. This can
restoring critical infrastructure, such as roads, help to prevent the construction of civil structures in
bridges, and utilities, as quickly as possible to facili- areas that are particularly vulnerable to damage
tate recovery efforts. This can involve bringing in from natural disasters.
outside resources and expertise to help with repairs Financial incentives: Governments can provide
or reconstruction. financial incentives, such as tax breaks and grants, to
Building reconstruction and retrofitting: Rebuild- encourage property owners and developers to incor-
ing damaged or destroyed civil structures in a way porate disaster-resistant design features into their
that incorporates retrofitting and reinforcement civil structures. This can help to offset the additional
measures to make them more resilient against future costs associated with building disaster-resistant
disasters. This can include using updated building structures.
codes and standards and implementing new design Education and outreach: Governments can pro-
features to enhance structural strength and resil- vide education and outreach programs to raise
ience. awareness about the importance of disaster-resistant
Community engagement and participation: En- design and provide guidance on how to design and
gaging with community members and stakeholders construct civil structures that are more resilient
to ensure that recovery and reconstruction efforts against natural disasters
are aligned with community needs and priorities. Building inspections and enforcement: Govern-
This can include soliciting feedback on rebuilding ments can establish inspection and enforcement pro-
plans and incorporating local knowledge and exper- grams to ensure that civil structures are designed
tise into recovery efforts. and constructed in compliance with building codes
Economic recovery and development: Support- and standards. This can help to ensure that civil
YADAV ET AL S143

structures are built to withstand potential natural implement long-term solutions to promote the resil-
disasters. ience of civil structures and communities.
By implementing policies and regulations that
Discussion of the challenges and opportunities for
promote disaster-resistant civil structures, govern-
future research the impact of natural disasters on
ments can help to reduce the impact of natural di-
civil structures
sasters on civil infrastructure and improve resilience
against future disasters There are several challenges and opportunities for
Importance of collaboration between different future research on the impact of natural disasters on
stakeholders, including governments, NGOs, and civil structures. Some of these include:
local communities for the impact of natural disasters Lack of data: One of the main challenges in
on civil structures studying the impact of natural disasters on civil
Collaboration between different stakeholders is structures is the lack of comprehensive data on the
crucial in addressing the impact of natural disasters damage caused by different types of disasters. Re-
on civil structures. Governments, NGOs, and local searchers need more accurate and reliable data on
communities all play important roles in disaster risk the structural damage and loss of life caused by
reduction efforts and can benefit from working to- natural disasters to better understand the vulner-
gether in several ways: ability of civil structures to these events.
Sharing knowledge and expertise: Each stake- Multi-hazard risk assessment: Natural disasters
holder brings different knowledge and expertise to often occur in clusters, with one event triggering
the table, and by working together, they can share another. Future research should focus on develop-
this knowledge to develop more effective disaster ing multi-hazard risk assessment tools to better un-
risk reduction strategies. derstand the potential impacts of multiple natural
Coordination of resources: Collaboration be- disasters on civil structures. This could help to iden-
tween stakeholders can help to coordinate re- tify vulnerable areas and prioritize mitigation ef-
sources, including funding, personnel, and equip- forts.
ment, to ensure that disaster risk reduction efforts New materials and construction techniques:
are implemented efficiently and effectively. The development of new materials and construction
Addressing community needs: Local communi- techniques has the potential to improve the resil-
ties are often the most affected by natural disasters ience of civil structures to natural disasters. Future
and can provide valuable insights into the impact of research should focus on developing and testing
these events on civil structures. Collaboration be- new materials and construction techniques that are
tween stakeholders can help to ensure that disaster more resistant to earthquakes, hurricanes, floods,
risk reduction efforts are tailored to meet the specific and other natural disasters.
needs of local communities. Cost-effectiveness: The cost of retrofitting or re-
Building trust: Collaboration between stakehold- building civil structures to make them more resilient
ers can help to build trust and foster greater coop- to natural disasters can be prohibitive. Future re-
eration between different groups. This can be par- search should focus on identifying cost-effective so-
ticularly important in times of crisis when clear lines lutions that can be implemented on a large scale to
of communication and cooperation are essential. improve the resilience of civil structures to natural
Implementing long-term solutions: Natural disas- disasters.
ters can have long-term impacts on civil structures Stakeholder engagement: The involvement of
and communities. Collaboration between stakehold- stakeholders, including government agencies, civil
ers can help to develop and implement long-term society organizations, and the private sector, is cru-
solutions that address these impacts and promote cial in promoting the resilience of civil structures to
sustainable development. natural disasters. Future research should focus on
In conclusion, collaboration between govern- developing effective engagement strategies to en-
ments, NGOs, and local communities is essential in sure that all stakeholders are involved in disaster
addressing the impact of natural disasters on civil risk reduction efforts.
structures. By working together, stakeholders can In conclusion, while there are challenges to
share knowledge and expertise, coordinate re- studying the impact of natural disasters on civil
sources, address community needs, build trust, and structures, there are also opportunities for research-
S144 Eco. Env. & Cons. 29 (August Suppl. Issue) : 2023

ers to contribute to the development of more resil- the importance of disaster preparedness, risk reduc-
ient infrastructure. By addressing the challenges and tion, and resilience building in ensuring the resil-
opportunities outlined above, researchers can help ience of civil structures to natural disasters. Building
to mitigate the impact of natural disasters on civil codes and standards, retrofitting and resilience mea-
structures and improve the resilience of communi- sures, and community resilience are all important
ties and societies as a whole. tools for improving the resilience of civil structures
to natural disasters and for minimizing the impact
Results and Conclusion of disasters on communities and societies. The in-
vestigation of the impact of natural disasters on civil
The investigation of the impact of natural disasters structures has shed light on the significant impact
on civil structures is an important topic that is of that natural disasters can have on buildings, infra-
great significance to civil engineering and disaster structure, and communities. The investigation has
management. The following are the results and dis- highlighted the importance of disaster prepared-
cussions of the investigation: ness, risk reduction, and resilience building in en-
Damage assessment: The investigation found that suring the resilience of civil structures to natural di-
the impact of natural disasters on civil structures can sasters.
vary widely depending on a range of factors, includ- The investigation has also emphasized the impor-
ing the magnitude and type of the disaster, the de- tance of building codes and standards, retrofitting
sign and construction of the structures, and the loca- and resilience measures, and community resilience
tion and geography of the affected areas. Damage in improving the resilience of civil structures to
assessment is an important tool for understanding natural disasters. Adequate building codes and
the impact of natural disasters on civil structures standards can help to ensure that structures are de-
and for identifying areas for improvement in disas- signed and constructed to withstand the forces of
ter preparedness and risk reduction. natural disasters, while retrofitting and resilience
measures can help to strengthen existing structures
Building codes and standards: The investigation
against natural disasters. Strong and resilient com-
highlighted the importance of building codes and
munities can also play a critical role in minimizing
standards in ensuring the resilience of civil struc-
the impact of natural disasters on civil structures by
tures to natural disasters. Adequate building codes
working together to prepare for and respond to di-
and standards can help to ensure that structures are
sasters.
designed and constructed to withstand the forces of
It is clear from the investigation that natural di-
natural disasters and can minimize damage and loss
sasters can have a devastating impact on civil struc-
of life.
tures, with significant economic, social, and environ-
Retrofitting and resilience: Retrofitting and resil-
mental consequences. It is therefore essential that
ience measures can also help to improve the resil-
civil engineers and disaster management profession-
ience of civil structures to natural disasters. Retrofit-
als continue to research and develop strategies for
ting existing structures can help to strengthen them
improving the resilience of civil structures to natural
against the forces of natural disasters, while resil-
disasters, and for mitigating the impact of natural
ience measures can help to ensure that structures
disasters on communities and societies.
can continue to function even in the aftermath of a
disaster.
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