MATRICES
MATRICES
Definition:
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers,
symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and
columns. The horizontal and vertical lines of
entries in a matrix are called rows and columns,
respectively. The size of a matrix is defined by
the number of rows and columns that it contains.
A matrix with m rows and n columns is called
an m × n matrix while m and n are called
its dimensions.
TYPES OF MATRICES
TYPES OF MATRICES
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TYPES OF MATRICES Cont….
d)Rectangular Matrix:
A matrix is said to be rectangular if the number of rows is not equal to
the number of columns.
e) Diagonal Matrix:
A square matrix is said to be diagonal if at least one element of principal
diagonal is non-zero and all the other elements are zero.
TYPES OF MATRICES Cont….
f)Scalar Matrix:
A diagonal matrix is said to be scalar if all of its diagonal elements are
the same.
g) Identity or Unit Matrix:
A square matrix is said to be diagonal if at least one element of principal
diagonal is non-zero and all the other elements are zero.
TYPES OF MATRICES Cont….
h)Triangular Matrix:
A square matrix is said to be triangular if all of its elements above the
principal diagonal are zero (lower triangular matrix) or all of its elements
below the principal diagonal are zero (upper triangular matrix).
i) Null Matrix:
A matrix is said to be a null or zero matrix if all of its elements are equal
to zero. It is denoted by O.
TYPES OF MATRICES Cont….
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TYPES OF MATRICES Cont….
m) Singular Matrix and Non- Singular Matrix:
Matrix A is said to be a singular matrix if its determinant |A| = 0,
otherwise a non-singular matrix.
n)Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices:
A square matrix A = [aij] is called a symmetric matrix if aij = aji, for all i,j values;
A square matrix A = [aij] is a skew-symmetric matrix if aij = aji, for all values of i,j.
Skew Symmetric Matrix
TYPES OF MATRICES Cont….
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TYPES OF MATRICES Cont….
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TYPES OF MATRICES Cont….
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OPERATION ON
MATRICES
OPERATION ON MATIRCES
ADDITION OF MATRICES
The sum of A and B, denoted A + B, is
computed by adding corresponding
elements of A and B. The sum of two
matrices A and B will be a matrix which
has the same number of rows and
columns as do A and B.
OPERATION ON MATIRCES Cont…
NEGATIVE OF A MATRIX
The negation of a matrix is
formed by negating each element of
the matrix.
OPERATION ON MATIRCES Cont…
SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
If A and B have the same number of
rows and columns, then:
A - B is defined as A + (-B).
OPERATION ON MATIRCES Cont…
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
The term scalar multiplication refers
to the product of a real number and a
matrix. In scalar multiplication, each
entry in the matrix is multiplied by the
given scalar.
OPERATION ON MATIRCES Cont…
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
Matrix multiplication refers to the
product of two matrices. We can only
multiply matrices if the number of
columns in the first matrix is the
same as the number of rows in the
second matrix.
OPERATION ON MATIRCES Cont…
DIVISION OF MATRICES
A/B = A × (1/B) = A × B-1
where B-1 means the "inverse" of B. So we don't divide, instead
we multiply by an inverse
OPERATION ON MATIRCES Cont…
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
The transpose of a matrix is a
new matrix whose rows are the
columns of the original.
OPERATION ON MATIRCES Cont…
DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX
The determinant of a matrix is For a 2×2 matrix:
a special number that can be
calculated from a SQUARE matrix.
The determinant is:
|A| means the determinant of the
|A| = ad − bc.
matrix A
OPERATION ON MATIRCES Cont…
DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX
For a 3×3 Matrix
The determinant is:
|A| = a(ei − fh) − b(di − fg) + c(dh − eg)
| C|= 6×(−2×7 − 5×8) − 1×(4×7 − 5×2) +
1×(4×8 − (−2×2))
= 6×(−54) − 1×(18) + 1×(36)
= −306
DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX
For a 4x4 matrix
C1 C2 C3 C4
R1 3 2 0 1 4 1 2 3 0 1
R2 4 0 1 2 = -2 3 2 1+ 0 ? -0 ? +2 4 1 2
R3 3 0 2 1 9 3 1 3 2 1
R4 9 2 3 1
= 24
OPERATION ON MATIRCES Cont…
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OPERATION ON MATIRCES Cont…
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For a 2x2 matrix For a 3x3 matrix
RANK OF A MATRIX
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