36) AcTíyiTY

for system of linearequations in two

Topic :To find the conditions for consistency andinconsistency
variables by graphical method. intwo variables
i.e.,
system of equations
Objective: By graphical method, to find that the b,y +c, =0, ay t 0; by 0has
"4*Tbjy+q=0, a 0; b, *0 and a,x+
"1=11;
unique solution if 1 , (i) no solution if b Cz
() b
solution if
() infinitely many distinct common
Previous knowledge required :
1. To fnd the solution of ax + by tc=0.
2. Plotting of points on graph paper.
3. Concept of intersecting, parallel and coincident lines.
Materials required :
1. Graph papers
2. Geometry box
Preparation /Presentation for the activity :
1. Consider a pair of linear equations in two variables :
2r-3s -6=0
x-2y -5 =0
2. Find at least three pairs of solutions for each equation.
Solutions of 2r -3y - 6=0.
0 3 -3
Y-2 0-4
Solutions of x- 2y-5=0.
3 5
y-2 -1| 0
3. Plot the graphs for these twoequations on a graph paper as shown in Fig. 3.1.
4. From Fig. 3.1, we get a pair of intersectinglines having common solutionx=-3, y=-4.Thus, the
given pair of equations is consistent.
Find out 1 2 . 3 6
Ea 5
ag 1 b,

Clearly, b [For intersecting lines, we will consider only and

12
b,
Candio dLaboratory Manual in Mathematics -10
 6

3y
2x

3,0)5,0)
-5

(3,1)
Ko2)
(1, 2)

3-4)

Scale used
10 smallunits along X-laxis = 1unit
10smal units along Yaxs=unit
 06)

244
N23)

Scale uSed
100small unts along XHaxis 1 unit
10 small units along Yaxis 1unit
(0.7)

along Xaxis1u
along Yaun
 5. Plot the graphs for equations 3x + 2y - 12 = 0
3x+ 2y -2 =0
as shown in Fig. 3.2.
6. From Fig. 3.2, we get a pair of parallel lines. Thus, the given pair of equations is inconsistent.
Findout 1=1;= 1: 1 =6
b
Clearly,
7. Draw the graph for equations xty=7
3x + 3y = 21
equations is consistent
8. You will get a pair of coincident lines as shown in Fig. 3.3. Thus, the given pair of
with infinitely many distinct common solutions.
c
Find out1 4 _ 1
1

a 3b, 3C 3

Clearly,
bservations :
in twovariables, it may
Student will observe that whenever wedraw graph of system of equations
represent either
(1) a pair of intersecting lines or
(i) a pair of parallel lines or
(ii) a pair of coincident lines.
esult : For equations ax + b,y t c =0; a0, b, 0
ayr + by t c, =0; a, +0, b,#0.
equations is :
Without drawing graph we can find the given system of
)) Consistent with uniqueesolution
solutionif "1 (intersecting lines).
b,
(i) Inconsistent if "1= b (parallel lines).
C2
common solutions if 1=-1 (coincident lines).
(ii) Consistent with infinitely many distinct by C

more problems to students and ask them to

NOTE 1. Teacher should give some
find the solution/solutions (if any).
the given system of equations consistent or inconsistent by finding
2. State
a1 and 4.,
Co
 7
AcríyiTY
Topic :Basic Proportionality Theoren for a Triangle.
Objective: Toverify the Basic Proportionality Theorem using parallel line boards and triangles cut outs.
Statement of Basic Proportionality Theorem.
"Ifa line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct
points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio".
Previous knowledge required:
1. Concept and construction of parallel lines.
2..Concept of ratio and proportion.
3. Concept and construction of triangles.
Materials required:
1. Chart papers
2. Pair of scissors
3. Geometry box
4. Coloured pens
5. Parallel line board

NOTE On a parallel line board, number of lines aredrawn which are parallel to each
other. It is rectangular in shape.

Preparation IPresentation for the activity :

1. Cut two triangles from chart papers as shown in Fig. 7(a).
2. Place AABC on aparallel line board, such that line segment BC lie on line I; (or any other line on
parallel line board). Let points of intersection of ACand l LË are Eand G respectively and for AB
and l l, are D and F respectively as shown in Fig. 7(6).
3. Complete the following table:
LENGTH RATIO
AF
() AF = ,FB =
FB
AG
(ii) AG = ,GC=
GC
AD
(iii) AD= ,DB =
DB
AE
(i0) AE = ,EC=
EC

4. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 for triangle DEF (Fig. 7 (a). 27

Candid Laboratory Manual in Mathematics - 10
ns.

B C E F

Fig. 7(a)

B
Fig. 7(b)
P A
P

R R B C
Q N
Fig. 7(c)

dLaboratory Manual in Mathematics - 10

Observations :
AF AG
We willobserve that FB GC
AD AE
and DB EC
Theoremís verified.
Hence, Basic Proportionality line board)
Alternative method (without using parallel
1. Draw a APQR as shown in Fig. 7(c). and OR in point N.
parallelto PO, such thatl intersect the line PR in point M
2. Drawa line l
RN RM
3. Find the ratio
NQ and MP
Observations :
We will observe that
RN RM
NQ MP
Hence, Basic Proportionality Theorem is verified.
the othe two sides in distinct poírts,
Result : Ifa line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect
the other two sides are divíded in the same ratio.

1. In AABC;let DE | BC as shown in following Fig, 7 (b)

 AcTiyiTY
((13)
Topic : Tangentsdrawn froman externalpoint.
pasting and folding that the lengths of tangent
Objective : To verify using the method of paper cutting,
equal.
from an external point to a circle are
Previous knowledge required :
Acquaintance with tangernts to a circle.
Materials required :
1. White sheet of paper (or rice paper)
2. Geometry box
3. Sketch pens
4. A pair of scissors
Preparation for the activity :
1. Draw a circle of any
radius wwith centre 'O on a rice paper.
2. Take a point, say P, outside
the circle.
touching the circle at A (the point of contact) which is th
3. From point P, draw a line
segment
required tangent. Fig. 13 (a). PB, B being the point of contact. Fig. 13 (a).
one more tangent
4. Following step 3, draw
Fig. 13 (a).
5. Join OA, OP and OB. See
Presentation :
Fold the paper along OP.
tangent fror
Observations :
coincides with point B and line segment PA (the
A the circle
You will observe that point segment PB (another tangent from the same point on
point P) coincides with line
See Fig. 13 (b).
length of PB.
Thus, length of PA = an external point are
equal.
tangernts drawn from differer
Hence, lengths of number of times by taking external point at
verified a
The above property can be
locations. point are equal.
Lengths of tangents drawn from an external
Resutt:
the
perpendicular to the radius through
tangent at any point of a circle is
NOTE The ZOAP =ZOBP = 90°.
point of contact
 A
A(B)

P
B
Fig. 13 (a) Fig. 13(b)

andid Laboratory Manual in Mathematics 10

47
 20
AcríyíTY
:Right circular cone. base circumference (2tr).
Topic height land
cone of given slant
Objective : To make a
Previous knowledge required : circumference and sector of
circle.
and its parts like
1. Concept of circle
cone.
2. Concept of right circular
Materials required:
1. Chart papers
2. Geometry box

3. A pair of scissors
4. Cellotape
Preparation / Presentation for the activity : I(let I= 4 cm) and base
circumference 2
circular cone of given slant height
1. Let us make a right
(let 2rtr = 11 cm). height
cm on a chart paper (Here, radius of circle drawn is equal to slant
2. Make acircle of radius 4
20.1.
of required cone) as shown in Fig. 11 cm)
OAXB such that length of arc AXB is equal to base circumference 2tr (Here,
3. Draw a sector
as shown in Fig. 20.2.

thread.
NOTE Measure the length of arc AXB = 2tr with the help of

radii OA and OB to get the required cone

4. Cut the sector OAXB with the help of scissor and join the
as shown in Fig. 20.3.
Observation :
Hence,by folding sector OAXB such that OA coincides with OB we get required
cone.
circumference 2Tr, we have to cut a
Result: To make a cone of given slant height l and base
sector of arc length 2rr fromn acircle of radius l.

NOTE 1. Slant height I, radius of base r and height h of

cone are Pythagorean triplet. i.e., P= r² + h².
2. Frustum of aright circular cone: When a cone is
cut by a plane parallel to its base through some
point on its axis and portion containing base of
cone is called frustum. (Fig, 20.4). Fig. 20.4
 |=4cm

Fig. 20.1

cm
l=4
Ol=4 cm B

X
2r

Fig. 20.2

X
A(B)

Fig. 20.3
 AcTiyiTY ((2
Topic Graph of a Quadratic Polynonial.
Objective: To draw the graph of a
quadratic polynomial and observe :
(a) The shape of the curve when the
coefficient of x2 is positive.
(b) The shape of the curve when the coefficient of x2 is
negative.
(c) Its number of zeroes.
Previous knowledge required:
1. Concept of the degree of a polynomial and a quadratic polynomial.
2. Zeroes of a quadratic polynomial.
Materials required:
1. Cardboard

2. Geometry box
3. Fevicol/glue stick
4. Graph papers
5. Sketch pens
Preparation/Presentation for the activity:
1. Take a cardboard of suitable size and paste a graph paper on it.
2. Consider a quadratic polynomial p()=ax2 + bx +c (a=0).
3. Now,for a given quadratic polynomial,there are two cases :
a>0 or a<0
different values of x using
4. Obtain the table of ordered pairs (x, p(x))for
p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, (a + 0)

p(xg) pi) p(x) p(*s) p()

p(x) plx)
paper.
D. Now, plot these ordered pairs on the graph

9
Candid Manual in Mathematics - 10
 6. Join the plotted points by afree hand smooth curve and obtain the graph of any one type as showr
in the figures, Fig. 2(a), Fig.2(b) and Fig. 2(0).

Fig.2(a) Fig.2(b)

Observations: Fig.2(c)
We observe that:
Parabola in Fig. 2(a) opens.
Parabola in Fig. 2(6) opens.
In Fig. 2(c) parabola intersects x-axisat.
point (s) and the numbers of zeroes of the giver
polynomial is.
Parabola in Fig. 2(a) intersects x-axis at. point (s). The number of zeroes of the given
polynomial is.
Parabola in Fig. 2(b) intersects x-axis at
polynomial is. point (s). The number of zeroes of the given
Maximum numberof zeroes which a quadratic polynomial can
have is
10
Candid LaboratoryManual in Mathematics 10
Result :
the curve obtained in each
On drawing the graph of a quadratic polynomial, we find that the shape of
case is a parabola.
Fig. Z(c))
1. Parabola opens upward when the coefficient of x2 is positive (See Fig. 2(b) and
2. Parabola operns downward whern the coefficient of x2 is negative (See Fig. 2(4))
3. The number of zeroes in a quadratic polynomial are at the most two.

Oeny hont Snsaer pe aotions

=2+3x + 2?
Q.1. What is the degree of givenpolynomial p(r)
Ans. 2.
can have ?
Q.2. How many zeroes a polynomial
have at the most n zeroes.
Ans. A polynomial p(r) of degree n can
polynomial ?
Q.3. What is the shape of a quadratic
Ans. Parabola.
relationship between zeroes and coefficients ofa quadraticpolynomial.
Q.4. Write a
quadratic polynomial
Ans. If a and Bare the zeroes of a
p() = ax2 + bx t c, a0, then
of zeroes = a
a+ß=Sum of zeroes =-,a.ß= Product
polynomial ?
Q.5. Can this be a graph of a quadratic

Ans. No.

in Mathematics 10