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2
English 2nd ► Modals

Modals 2. Expressing Possibility or Impossibility

• can/can't + base form of the verb
Basic Discussion
You can find fresh fruits at this market.
Modals are auxiliary (helping) verbs that express They can’t enter without a ticket.
ability, possibility, permission, or obligation. • could + base form of the verb
Semi-modals (or modal phrases) function We could take a flight instead of driving.
similarly but combine auxiliary verbs with "to". 3. Asking or Giving Permission
The most common modals are: • Can+ subject+base form of the verb? (Informal)
Can / could /be able to Can I use your phone?
May / might Can she stay here?
Shall / should / ought to • Can + base form of the verb (Granting
Must / have to / need to permission)
Will / would You can sit anywhere.
You can borrow my jacket.
Can, Could, Be Able To • Could + subject + base form of the verb?
1. Expressing Ability or Lack of Ability (Polite)
Present & Future: Could I get some more coffee?
• can/can’t + base form of the verb Could you help me with my bags?
She can dance very well. 4. Making Suggestions
We can’t understand this language. • Could + base form of the verb
• am/is/are/will be + able to + base form of the You could try reading that book.
verb We could go for a walk later.
He is able to solve tough riddles.
We won’t be able to attend the meeting. May, Might
Past:
1. Formal Permission or Prohibition
• could/couldn’t + base form of the verb
• may/may not + base form of the verb
When I was younger, I could climb mountains.
You may leave early today.You may not park here.
• was/were + able to + base form of the verb
2. Polite Requests
They were able to complete the project on time.
• May + subject + base form of the verb?
• hasn’t/haven’t been able to + base form of the
May I open the window?
verb
May we join you?
She hasn't been able to contact her friend yet.
3. Expressing Possibility
Note: "Can" and "could" do not take to before a
• may/might + base form of the verb
verb.
He may arrive late.
• I can to swim.
They might move to another city.
• I can swim.
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English 2nd ► Modals

• may not/might not + base form of the verb 1. Expressing Necessity or Requirement
We may not attend the wedding. • must/have to/need to + base form of the verb
She might not come tomorrow. You must wear a seatbelt.
4. Making Suggestions (When No Better She has to finish her assignment.
Alternative Exists) Past:
• may as well/might as well + base form of the • had to/needed to + base form of the verb
verb I had to call the doctor.
You may as well stay for dinner. Note: "Have to" and "need to" often mean the
We might as well watch another episode. same, but "need to" is usually less urgent
2. Expressing Certainty
Shall, Should, Ought To • must + base form of the verb
1. Offering Assistance or Making a Suggestion She must be at home now.

(Certain Answer Expected. 3. Persuasion

• Shall + subject + base form of the verb? • must/have to + base form of the verb
Shall we go to the park? You must try this dish!
Note: "Shall" is mostly used with I/we and is 4. Prohibition
formal. • must not/mustn’t + base form of the verb
2. Offering Assistance or Making a Suggestion You must not touch the exhibits.

(Uncertain Answer Expected. 5. Expressing Lack of Necessity

• Should + subject + base form of the verb? • don’t/doesn’t/didn’t have to + base form of
Should I book the tickets? the verb

3. Expressing Expectation or Prediction You don’t have to come early.

• should/shouldn’t + base form of the verb • needn’t + base form of the verb

The project should be completed by Friday. You needn’t bring anything.

He shouldn’t be late.
4. Giving Advice Will, Would
• should/ought to + base form of the verb 1. Expressing Future Intentions
You should drink more water. • will/won’t + base form of the verb
• You ought to check your emails She will call you later.
shouldn’t + base form of the verb (For They won’t be attending.
unacceptable actions) 2. Making Polite Requests or Offers
You shouldn’t waste food. • Will/Would + base form of the verb
Will you help me?
Must, Have to, Need to, Don’t Have to, Would you like some tea?
Needn’t 3. Talking About Past Habits
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English 2nd ► Modals

• would/wouldn’t + base form of the verb Answer: must not

When I was a kid, I would spend summers at my 7. Which of these modals expresses lack of
grandmother’s house. necessity?
He wouldn’t eat vegetables as a child. a. Must b. Should
c. Needn’t d. Could
Multiple Choice Question Answer: Needn’t
1. Which sentence is incorrect? 8. We _______ book the tickets in advance, or we
a. She can to swim very well. won’t get good seats. (Obligation)
b. You must finish your work. a. don't have to b. need to
c. They might come later. c. must not d. Could
d. He should apologize. Answer: need to
Answer: She can to swim very well. 9. You _______ finish your homework before going
2. My father ________ speak three languages out to play. (Necessity)
fluently. (Ability) a. Must b. Might
a. can b. Must c. Can d. May
c. Should d. Might Answer: must
Answer: can 10. Which of the following modals is used to
3. He ______ be at home right now. I just saw him express certainty?
at the market. (Impossibility) a. May b. Must
a. can’t b. May c. Could d. Might
c. Must d. Should Answer: Must
Answer: can’t 11. ______ you please pass me the salt? (Polite
4. If you want to stay fit, you _______ exercise request)
regularly. (Advice) a. Must b. Should
a. Could b. Should c. Could d. Will
c. must not d. Might Answer: Could
Answer: should 12. They _______ arrive late because of traffic.
5. Which modal verb is used to make a polite (Possibility)
request? a. Might b. Must
a. Shall b. Could c. Shall d. have to
c. Must d. Have to Answer: might
Answer: Could 13. I ______ drive when I was 16, but now I have my
6. You _______ park your car here. It’s a no-parking license. (Lack of past ability)
zone. (Prohibition) a. can’t b. couldn’t
a. Should b. must not c. may not d. shouldn’t
c. Can d. May Answer: couldn’t
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English 2nd ► Modals

14. You ________ apologize for being late. It’s not a

big deal. (Lack of necessity)
a. Must b. needn’t
c. Should d. Could
Answer: needn’t
15. What does the modal verb "shall" usually
express?
a. Past ability
b. Strong necessity
c. Formal suggestion or offer
d. Prohibition
Answer: Formal suggestion or offer