KINEMATICS 1-D (Physics)

Particle Kinematics attached with the other body as origin and a set of
coordinate axes. These two things the time measured
Kinematics
by the clock and the coordinate system are
In kinematics we study how a body moves without
collectively known as reference frame.
knowing why it moves. All particles of a rigid body in
In this way, motion of the moving body is expressed
translation motion move in identical fashion hence
in terms of its position coordinates changing with
any of the particles of a rigid body in translation
time.
motion can be used to represent translation motion
Position Vector, Velocity and Acceleration Vector
of the body. This is why, while analyzing its
For analyzing translation motion, we assume the
translation motion, a rigid body is considered a
moving body as a particle and represent it as
particle and kinematics of translation motion as
mathematical point. Consider a particle P moving on
particle kinematics.
a curvilinear path.
Particle kinematics deals with nature of motion i.e.
Position-Vector
how fast and on what path an object moves and
It describes position of a particle relative to other
relates the position, velocity, acceleration, and time
particle and is a vector from the later towards the
without any reference to mass, force and energy. In
first. To study motion of a particle we have to assume
other words, it is study of geometry of motion.
a reference frame fixed with some other body. The
Types of Translation Motion
vector drawn from the origin of the coordinate
A body in translation motion can move on either a
system representing the reference frame to the
straight-line path or curvilinear path.
location of the particle P is known as position vector
Rectilinear Motion
of the particle P.
Translation motion on straight-line path is known as
Consider a particle P moving in space traces a path
rectilinear translation. It is also known as one-
shown in the figure. Its position continuously changes
dimensional motion. A car running on a straight road,
with time and so does the position vector. At an
train running on a straight track and a ball thrown
instant of time, its position vector is shown in the
vertically upwards or dropped from a height etc are
following figure.
very common examples of rectilinear translation.
Curvilinear Motion
Translation motion of a body on curvilinear path is
known as curvilinear translation. If the trajectory is
in a plane, the motion is known as two-dimensional
motion. A ball thrown at some angle with the
horizontal describes a curvilinear trajectory in a
vertical plane; a stone tied to a string when whirled
describes a circular path and an insect crawling on
the floor or on a wall are examples of two-
dimensional motion.
Displacement and distance traveled
If path is not in a plane and requires a region of space
Displacement is measure of change in place i.e.
or volume, the motion is known as threedimensional
position of particle. It is defined by a vector from the
motion or motion is space. An insect flying randomly
initial position to the final position. Let the particle
in a room, motion of a football in soccer game over
moves from point A to B on the curvilinear path. The
considerable duration of time etc are common
examples of three-dimensional motion. vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = Δr is displacement.
Distance traveled is length of the path traversed. We
can say it "path length". Here in the figure length of
the curve Δs from A to B is the distance traveled.
Distance traveled between two places is greater than
the magnitude of displacement vector wherever
particle changes its direction during its motion. In
Reference Frame unidirectional motion, both of them are equal.
Motion of a body can only be observed if it changes its Average Velocity and Average Speed
position with respect to some other body. Therefore, Average velocity of a particle in a time interval is that
for a motion to be observed there must be a body, constant velocity with which particle would have
which is changing its position with respect to other covered the same displacement in the same time
body and a person who is observing motion. The interval as it covers in its actual motion. It is defined
person observing motion is known as observer. The as the ratio of displacement to the concerned time
observer for the purpose of investigation must have interval.
its own clock to measure time and a point in the space
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Instantaneous speed tells us how fast a particle

moves at an instant and instantaneous velocity tells
us in what direction and with what speed a particle
moves at an instant of time.
Example: On an open ground a motorist follows a
track that turns to his left by an angle of
60∘ after every 500 m. Starting from a
given turn, specify the displacement of the
motorist at the third, sixth and eighth turn.
Compare the magnitude of displacement
with the total path length covered by the
If the particle moves from point A to point B in time
motorist in each case.
interval t i to t f , the average velocity v⃗ av in this time
Solution
interval is given by the following equation.
Δr rf − ri
⃗ av =
v =
Δt t f − t i
Similar to average velocity, average speed in a time
interval is that constant speed with which particle
would travel the same distance on the same path in
the same time interval as it travels in its actual
motion. It is defined as the ratio of distance traveled
to the concerned time interval. If in moving from
point A to B, the particle travels path length i.e.
distance Δs in time interval t i to t f , its average speed At III turn
cav is given by the following equation. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + AB
Displacement = OA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + BC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 500cos 60∘ + 500 + 500cos 60∘
Δs Path Length 1 1
cav = = = 500 × + 500 + 500 × = 1000 m from O to C
Δt tf − ti 2 2
Distance = 500 + 500 + 500 = 1500 m.
Average speed in a time interval is greater than the Displacement 1000 2
magnitude of average velocity vector wherever So = =
Distance 1500 3
particle changes its direction during its motion. In At VI turn :
unidirectional motion, both of them are equal. ∵ initial and final positions are same so
Instantaneous Velocity and speed displacement
If we assume the time interval Δt to be infinitesimally = 0 and distance = 500 × 6 = 3000 m
small i.e. Δt → 0, the point B approaches A making the Displacement 0
∴ = =0
Distance
chord AB to coincide with the tangent at A. Now we 3000
At VIII turn : Displacement = 2(500)cos
can express the instantaneous velocity by the 60∘ √3
following equations. ( ) = 1000 × cos 30∘ = 1000 × = 500√3 m
2 2
Distance = 500 × 8 = 4000 m
Displacement 500√3 √3
∴ = =
Distance 4000 8
Example: A man walks on a straight road from his
home to a market 2.5 km away with a
speed of 5 km/h. On reaching the market
he instantly turns and walks back with a
speed of 7.5 km/h. What is the
The instantaneous velocity equals to the rate of (a) magnitude of average velocity and
change in its position vector with time. Its direction is (b) average speed of the man, over the
along the tangent to the path. Instantaneous speed is interval of time (i) 0 to 30 min. (ii) 0 to
defined as the time rate of distance traveled. 50 min (iii) 0 to 40 min.
Δs ds Solution Time taken by man to go from his home to
c = lim = dis tance 2.5 1
Δt→0 Δt dt market, t1 = = = h
You can easily conceive that when Δt → 0, not only the speed 5 2

chord AB but also the arc AB both approach to Time taken by man to go from market to
2.5 1
coincide with each other and with the tangent. his home, t 2 = = h
7.5 3
Therefore ds = |dr|. Now we can say that speed ∴ Total time taken = t1 + t 2 = +
1 1
equals to magnitude of instantaneous velocity. 5
2 3
= h50 min.
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(i) 0 to 30 min
displacement
Average velocity =
time interval
2.5
= 30 5 km/h towards market
60
distance 2.5
Average speed = = 30 dd = 5 km/h
time interval
60
(ii) 0 to 50 min
Total displacement = zero so av
5
Average speed = = 6 km/h
50/60
Total distance travelled = 2.5 + 2.5 = 5 km.
(iii) 0 to 40 min
Distance covered in 30 min (from home to Component of acceleration responsible to change
market) = 2.5 km. speed must be in the direction of motion. It is known
Distance covered in 10 min (from market as tangential component of acceleration a⃗ T . The
to home) with speed 7.5 km/h = 7.5 × component responsible to change direction of motion
10 must be perpendicular to the direction of motion. It is
= 1.25 km
60 known as normal component of acceleration a⃗ n .
So, displacement = 2.5 − 1.25 = 1.25 km Acceleration vector a⃗ of a particle moving on a
(towards market) curvilinear path and its tangential and Normal
Distance travelled = 2.5 + 1.25 = 3.75 km components are shown in the figure.
1.25
Average velocity = 40 = 1.875 km/h. Curvilinear Translation in Cartesian coordinate system:
60
Superposition of three rectilinear Motions
(towards market)
3.75 Consider a particle moving on a three dimensional
Average speed = 40 = 5.625 km/h. curvilinear path AB. At an instant of time t it is at
60
Note : Moving body with uniform speed may have point P(x, y, z) moving with velocity v ⃗ and
variable velocity. e.g. in uniform circular motion acceleration a⃗. Its position vector is defined by
speed is constant but velocity is non-uniform. equations
Example: A particle moves in a straight line for 20 r = xî + yĵ + zk̂
seconds with velocity 3 m/s and then Differentiating it with respect to time, we get velocity
moves with velocity 4 m/s for another 20 vector.
seconds and finally moves with velocity dr dx dy dz
⃗ =
v = î + ĵ + k̂ = vx î + vy ĵ + vz k̂
5 m/s for next 20 seconds. What is the dt dt dt dt
average velocity of the particle ? Here vx = dx/dt, vy = dy/dt and vz = dz/dt are the
(A) 3 m/s components of velocity vectors in the x, y and z −
(B) 4 m/s directions respectively. Now the acceleration can be
(C) 5 m/s obtained by differentiating velocity vector v ⃗ with
(D) 6 m/s respect to time.
Ans. (B)
Total Displacement
Solution: Average velocity =
Total time
s1 +s2 +s3 v1 t1 +v2 t2 +v3 t3
= =
t1 +t2 +t3 t1 +t2 +t3
3×20+4×20+5×20 240
⇒ = = 4 m/sec
20+20+20 60
Acceleration
Instantaneous acceleration a⃗ is measure of how fast
velocity of a body changes i.e. how fast direction of
motion and speed change with time.
At an instant, it equals to the rate of change in velocity
vector v⃗ with time. dv⃗ dvx dvy dvz
a⃗ = = î + ĵ + k̂ = a x î + a y ĵ + a z k̂
dv
⃗ dt dt dt dt
a⃗ = Acceleration vector can also be obtained by
dt
A vector quantity changes, when its magnitude or differentiating position vector twice with respect to
direction or both change. Accordingly, acceleration time.
vector may have two components, one responsible to In the above two equations, a x = d2 x/dt 2 = dvx /
change only speed and the other responsible to dt , a y = d2 y/dt 2 = dvy /dtd and a z = d2 z/dt 2 =
change only direction of motion. dvz /dt are the components of acceleration vectors in
the x, y and z − directions respectively.
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In the above equations, we can analyze each of the

components x, y and z of motion as three individual
rectilinear motions each along one of the axes x, y and z.
dx dv
Along the x-axis vx = and a x = x
dt dt
dy dvy
Along the y-axis vy = and a y =
dt dt
dz dv
Along the z-axis vz = and a z = z
dt dt
A curvilinear motion can be analyzed as
superposition of three simultaneous rectilinear Uniform Velocity Motion
motions each along one of the coordinate axes. In uniform velocity motion, a body moves with
constant speed on a straight-line path without change
Example: Position vector r of a particle varies with in direction.
1
time t according to the law r = ( t 2 ) î − If a body starting from position x = x0 at the instant
2
4 t = 0, moves with uniform velocity v in the positive x-
( t1.5 ) ĵ + (2t)k̂, where r is in meters and t direction, its equation of motion at any time t is x =
3
is in seconds. x0 + vt
(a) Find suitable expression for its velocity Velocity-time (v − t ) graph for this motion is shown
and acceleration as function of time. in the following figure.
(b) Find magnitude of its displacement
and distance traveled in the time interval
t = 0 to 4 s.
Solution: (a) Velocity v ⃗ is defined as the first
derivative of position vector with respect
to time.
dr
⃗ =
v = tî − 2√tĵ + 2k̂ m/s
dt
Acceleration a⃗ is defined as the first As we know that, the area between v-t graph and
derivative of velocity vector with respect the time axes equals to change in position i.e
to time. displacement, the position-time relationship or
dv
⃗ 1 position at any instant can be obtained.
a⃗ = = î − ĵ m/s 2
dt √t
(b) Displacement Δr is defined as the
change in place of position vector.
3
Δr = 8î − ĵ + 8k̂ m
2
Magnitude of displacement
32 2
Δr = √82 + ( ) + 82 = 15.55 m
3
Distance Δs is defined as the path length
and can be calculated by integrating speed
over the concerned time interval.
4 4
Δs = ∫ vdt = ∫ √t 2 + 4t + 4dt
0 0
4
= ∫ (t + 2)dt = 16 m
0

Uniform Acceleration Motion

Rectilinear Motion Motion in which acceleration remains constant in
Curvilinear motion can be conceived as superposition magnitude as well as direction is called uniform
of three rectilinear motions each along one of the acceleration motion. In the motion diagram, is shown
Cartesian axes. Therefore, we first study rectilinear a particle moving in positive x − direction with
motion in detail. uniform acceleration a. It passes the position x0 ,
We can classify rectilinear motion problems in moving with velocity vo at the instant t = 0 and
following categories according to given information. acquires velocity v at a latter instant t.

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Example: A driver takes 0.20 s to apply the brakes

after he sees a need for it. This is called the
reaction time of the driver. If he is driving
a car at a speed of 54 km/h and the brakes
cause a deceleration of 6.0 m/s 2 , find the
distance travelled by the car after he sees
v t
the need to put the brakes on?
dv = adt ⇒ ∫ dv = a ∫ dt ⇒ v − vo = at
vo 0
Solution: Distance covered by the car during the
Now from the above equation, we have dx = vdt application of brakes by driver
5
x t 1 S1 = ut = (54 × ) (0.2)
⇒ ∫x dx = ∫0 (vo + at)dt ⇒ x − xo = vo t + at 2 18
o 2 = 15 × 0.2 = 3.0 m
1 2
x = xo + vo t + at After applying the brakes;
2 v = 0, u = 15 m/s, a = 6 m/s 2 s2 = ?
Eliminating time t, from the above two equations, we Using v 2 = u2 − 2 as
have
⇒ 0 = (15)2 − 2 × 6 × s2
v 2 = vo2 + 2a(x − xo ) 225
Equations (i), (ii) and (iii) are known as the first, ⇒ 12 s2 = 225 ⇒ s2 = = 18.75 m
12
second and third equations of motion for uniformly Distance travelled by the car after driver
accelerated bodies. Acceleration-time (a-t) graph for sees the need for it s = s1 + s2 = 3 +
this motion is shown in the following figure. 18.75 = 21.75 m.
Example: A passenger is standing d distance away
from a bus. The bus begins to move with
constant acceleration a. To catch the bus,
the passenger runs at a constant speed u
towards the bus. What must be the
minimum speed of the passenger so that
he may catch the bus?
As we know that, the area between a-t graph and the Solution: Let the passenger catch the bus after time t.
time axes equals to change in velocity, velocity-time The distance travelled by the bus,
relation or velocity at any instant can be obtained. 1
s1 = 0 + at 2 (i)
2
and the distance travelled by the
passenger s2 = ut + 0
Now the passenger will catch the bus if
d + s1 = s2 (ii)
1 2 1 2
⇒ d + at = ut ⇒ at − ut + d = 0
2 2
The area between v-t graph and the time axes equals [u ± √u2 − 2ad]
⇒t=
to change in position. Therefore, position-time a
relation or position at any instant can be obtained. So the passenger will catch the bus if t is
real, i.e., u2 ≥ 2ad ⇒ u ≥ √2ad
So the minimum speed of passenger for
catching the bus is √2ad.
Example: If a body travels half its total path in the
last second of its fall from rest, find : (a)
The time and (b) height of its fall. Explain
the physically unacceptable solution of the
quadratic time equation. (g = 9.8 m/s 2 )
Solution: If the body falls a height h in time t, then
1
h = gt 2 [u = 0 as the body starts from rest ](i)
2
Now, as the distance covered in (t − 1)
1
second is h′ = g(t − 1)2
2
So from Equations (i) and (ii) distance
travelled in the last second.

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1 1 v 2 − vo2
h − h′ = gt 2 − g(t − 1)2 v 2 = vo2 + 2a(x − xo ) → x = xo +
2 2 2a
1
i.e., h − h′ = g(2t − 1) 0 − 202
2 =2+ = 42 m
But according to given problem as 2(−5)
h 1 1
(h − h′ ) = ⇒ ( ) h = ( ) g(2t − 1) or This location is shown in the adjoining
1
2 2 2 modified motion diagram.
( ) gt 2 = g(2t − 1) [as from equation (i)
2
1
h = ( ) gt 2 ] ⇒ t 2 − 4t + 2 = 0 or
2
(4 2 −4×2)]
t = [4 ± √ ⇒ t = 2 ± √2 ⇒ t = 0.59 s
2
The distance-traveled Δs is
or 3.41 s] Δs = |x − xo | + |xo − x| = 80 m
0.59 s is physically unacceptable as it gives Example: A ball is dropped from the top of a building.
the total time t taken by the body to reach The ball takes 0.50 s to fall past the 3 m
ground lesser than one sec while length of a window, which is some distance
according to the given problem time of below the top of the building.
motion must be greater than 1 s. (a) How fast was the ball going as it passed
so t = 3.41 s and the top of the window?
h = 1/2 × (9.8) × (3.41)2 = 57 m (b) How far is the top of the window from
Example: A particle moving with uniform the point at which the ball was dropped?
acceleration passes the point x = 2 m with Assume acceleration g in free fall due to
velocity 20 m/s at the instant t = 0. Some gravity be 10 m/s 2 downwards.
time latter it is observed at the point x = Solution: The ball is dropped, so it start falling from
32 m moving with velocity 10 m/s. the top of the building with zero initial
(a) What is its acceleration? velocity (vo = 0). The motion diagram is
(b) Find its position and velocity at the shown with the given information in the
instant t = 8 s. adjoining figure.
(c) What is the distance traveled during Using the first equation of the constant
the interval t = 0 to 8 s ? acceleration motion, we have
Solution: In the adjoining figure the given and vt = vo + at → v = 0 + 10t = 10t (i)
required information shown are not to a v ′ = 0 + 10(t + 0.5) = 10t + 5 (ii)
scale. As motion diagram is a schematic Using values of v and v ′ in following
representation only. equation, we have
v +v
x − xo = ( o ) t → window
2
v+v′
height ( ) × 0.5 ⇒ t = 0.35 s
2
(o) From equation (i), we have
(a) Using the third equation of uniform v = 10t = 3.5 m/s
acceleration motion, we have (p) From following equation, we have
v +v 0+v
vt2 = vo2 + 2a(xt − xo ) → a x − xo = ( o ) t → h = ( ) t = 61.25 cm
2 2
vt2 − vo2 102 − 202
= = = −5 m/s 2
2(xt − xo ) 2(32 − 2)
(b) Using second equation of uniform
acceleration motion, we have
1
xt = xo + vo t + at 2 → x8
2
1
= 2 + 20 × 8 + (−5)82 = 2 m
2
Using the first equation of uniform
acceleration motion, we have
v1 = v0 + at → v0 = 20 + (−5) × 8
= −20 m/s
(c) Where the particle returns, its velocity
must be zero. Using the third equation of
uniform acceleration motion, we have

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Variable Acceleration Motion Example: A car accelerates from rest at a constant

More often, problems in rectilinear motion involve rate α for some time, after which it
acceleration that is not constant. In these cases decelerates at a constant rate β, to come to
acceleration is expressed as a function of one or more rest. If the total time elapsed is t evaluate
of the variables 𝑡, 𝑥 and 𝑣. Let us consider three (a) the maximum velocity attained and (b)
common cases. the total distance travelled.
Acceleration given as function of time Solution: (a) Let the car accelerates for time t1 and
If acceleration is a given function of time say a = f(t), decelerates for time t 2 then t = t1 + t 2 …
from equation a = dv/dt we have (i) and corresponding velocity-time graph
dv = f(t)dt ⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ f(t)dt will be as shown in. fig.
The above equation expresses v as function of time, From the graph α = slope of line
say v = g(t). Now substituting g(t) for v in equation vmax vmax
OA = ⇒ t1 =
v = dx/dt, we have t1 α
dx = g(t)dt ⇒ ∫ dx = ∫ g(t)dt and β = − slope of line
vmax vmax
The above equation yield position as function of time. AB = ⇒ t2 =
Example: The acceleration of a particle moving along t2 β
the x-direction is given by equation a =
(3 − 2t)m/s 2 . At the instants t = 0 and t =
6 s, it occupies the same position.
(a) Find the initial velocity v0 .
(b) What will be the velocity at t = 2 s ?
Solution: By substituting the given equation in
equation a = dv/dt, we have
dv = (3 − 2t)dt vmax vmax
v t ⇒ + =t
⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ (3 − 2t)dt α β
vo 0 α+β αβt
⇒ vmax ( ) = t ⇒ vmax =
⇒ v = vo + 3t − t 2 (i) αβ α+β
By substituting eq. (i) in equation (b) Total distance = area under v − t
v = dx/dt, we have 1 1
graph = × t × vmax = × t ×
αβt
=
dx = (vo + 3t − t 2 )dt 2 2 α+β
x t 1 αβt2
( )
⇒ ∫ dx = ∫ (vo + 3t − t 2 )dt 2 α+β
xo 0 Note: This problem can also be solved by using equations
3 1 of motion (v = u + at, etc. ).
⇒ x = x o + vo t + t 2 − t 3 (ii) Example: A drunkard walking in a narrow lane takes
2 3
(a) Applying the given condition that the 5 steps forward and 3 steps backward,
particle occupies the same x coordinate followed again by 5 steps forward and 3
at the instants t = 0 and t = 6 s in eq. (ii), steps backward, and so on. Each step is 1 m
we have long and requires 1 s. Plot the x − t graph
xo = x6 ⇒ xo = xo + 6vo + 54 − 72 of his motion. Determine graphically or
⇒ vo = 3 m/s otherwise how long the drunkard takes to
(b) Using v0 in eq. (i), we have fall in a pit 9 m away from the start.
v = 3 + 3t − t 2 ⇒ v2 = 5 m/s
Acceleration as function of position
If acceleration is a given function of position say a =
f(x), we have to use equation a = vdv/dx.
Rearranging term in this equation we have vdv = adx.
Now substituting f(x) for a, we have
vdv = f(x)dx ⇒ ∫ vdv = ∫ f(x)dx
The above equation provides us with velocity as
function of position. Let relation obtained in this way
is v = g(x). Now substituting g(x) for v in equation
v = dx/dt, we have Solution: from x-t graph time taken = 21 s
dx dx
dt =
g(x)
⇒ ∫ dt = ∫
g(x)
OR (5m − 3m) + (5m − 3m) + 5m = 9m
The above equation yields the desired relation ⇒ total steps = 21 ⇒ time = 21 s
between x and t.
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Example: Acceleration of a particle moving along the Solution: (a) By substituting the given relation in
x-axis is defined by the law a = −4x, where equation a = dv/dt, we have
a is in m/s 2 and x is in meters. At the dv
= −2dt ⇒ ∫2
v dv t
= −2 ∫0 dt → v = 2e−2t (i)
instant t = 0, the particle passes the origin v v
(b) By substituting the above equation in v =
with a velocity of 2 m/s moving in the
dx/dt, we have
positive x-direction. x t
(a) Find its velocity v as function of its dx = 2e−2t dt ⇒ ∫0 dx = 2 ∫0 e−2t dt
position coordinates. → x = 1 − 2e−2t (ii)
(b) Find its position x as function of time t. (c) Substituting given expression a in the
(c) Find the maximum distance it can go equation a = vdv/dt and rearranging, we
away from the origin. have
v x
Solution: (a) By substituting given expression in the dv = −2dx ⇒ ∫2 dv = −2 ∫0 dx
equation a = vdv/dx and rearranging, we → v = 2(1 − x) (iii)
have (d) Eq. (iii) suggests that it will stop at x =
v x
vdv = −4xdx ⇒ ∫2 vdv = −4 ∫0 xdx ⇒ v 1 m. Therefore, the maximum distance away
= ±2√1 − x 2 → v = 2√1 − x 2 from the origin it can go is 1 m.
Since the particle passes the origin with (e) Eq. (ii) suggests that to cover 1 m it will
positive velocity of 2 m/s, so the minus take time whose value tends to infinity.
sign in the eq. Therefore, it can never cover this distance.
(i) has been dropped. Example: Draw displacement time and acceleration -
(b) By substituting above obtained time graph for the given velocity-time
expression of velocity in the equation v = graph
dx
and rearranging, we have
dt
dx x dx t
= 2dt ⇒ ∫0 = 2 ∫0 dt
√1−x2 √1−x2
⇒ sin−1 (x) = 2t → x = sin 2t
(c) The maximum distance it can go away
from the origin is 1 m because maximum
magnitude of sine function is unity.
Acceleration as function of velocity
If acceleration is given as function of velocity say a =
f(v), by using equation a = dv/dt we can obtain
velocity as function of time. Solution: For 0 ≤ t ≤ 5v ∝ t ⇒ s ∝ t 2 and a1 =
dv dv 10
dt = ⇒ ∫ dt = ∫ constant = 2 ms −2
f(v) f(v) 5
Now using equation v = dx/dt we can obtain position for whole interval s1 = Area under the
as function of time 1
curve = × 5 × 10 = 25 m
In another way if we use equation a = vdv/dx, we 2
For 5 ≤ t ≤ 10, v = 10 ms −1 ⇒ a = 0
obtain velocity as function of position.
vdv vdv for whole interval s2 = area under the
dx = ⇒ ∫ dx = ∫ curve = 5 × 10 = 50 m
f(v) f(v)
Now using equation v = dx/dt we can obtain position For 10 ≤ t ≤ 12v = linearly decreases
10
as function of time with time ⇒ a 3 = − = −5 ms −2
2
Example: Acceleration of particle moving along the for whole interval s3 = Area under the
x-axis varies according to the law a = −2v, 1
curve = × 2 × 10 = 10 m
where a is in m/s 2 and v is in m/s. At the 2
instant t = 0, the particle passes the origin
with a velocity of 2 m/s moving in the
positive x-direction.
(a) Find its velocity v as function of time t.
(b) Find its position x as function of time t.
(c) Find its velocity v as function of its
position coordinates.
(d) Find the maximum distance it can go
away from the origin.
(e) Will it reach the above-mentioned
maximum distance?
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Example: A rocket is fired upwards vertically with a

net acceleration of 4 m/s 2 and initial
velocity zero. After 5 seconds its fuel is
finished and it decelerates with g. At the
highest point its velocity becomes zero.
Then it accelerates downwards with
acceleration g and return back to ground.
Plot velocity-time and displacement-time
graphs for the complete journey. Take g =
10 m/s 2.
Solution: Velocity at B2
Time taken for A1 A2
v = 0 − (10)(10) = −100 ms −1
v = 0 = 75 − 10t ⇒ t = 7.5 s
Velocity at A3 ,
v = 75 − 10 × 20 = −125 ms −1
1
Height A2 A1 = 75 × 7.5 − (10)(7.5)2
2
In the graphs, vA = at OA = (4) = 281.25 m
(5) = 20 m/s vB = 0 = vA − gt AB
v 20
∴ t AB = A = = 2s
g 10
∴ t OAB = (5 + 2)s = 7 s
Now, sOAB = area under v − t graph
1
between 0 to 7 s = (7) (20) = 70 m
2
1
Now, sOAB = sBC = gt 2BC
2
1 2
∴ 70 = (10)t BC
2
∴ t BC = √14 = 3.7 s
∴ t OABC = 7 + 3.7 = 10.7 s
Also SOA = area under v − t graph
1
between OA = (5)(20) = 50 m
2
Example: At the height of 500 m, a particle A is
thrown up with v = 75 ms −1 and particle
B is released from rest. Draw, acceleration
-time, velocity-time, speed-time and
displacement-time graph of each particle.
For particle A: Time of flight
1
For Particle B: −500 = +75t − × 10t 2
2
⇒ t 2 − 15t − 100 = 0
1
500 = (10)t 2 ⇒ t = 10 s
2

⇒ t = 20s

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EXERCISE - I 7. A driver travelling at speed 36kmh−1 sees the light

1. A particles starts from point A with constant speed v turn red at the intersection. If his reaction time is
on a circle of radius R. Find magnitude of average 0.6 s, and then the car can deaccelerate at 4 ms −2 .
velocity during its journey from :- Find the stopping distance of the car.

8. The window of the fourth floor of SANKALP building

is 5 m high. A man looking out of the window sees an
object moving up and down the height of window for
2sec. Find the height that the object reaches from the
top end of the window.

9. A body is dropped from a height of 300 m. Exactly at

the same instant another body is projected from the
(a) A to B ground level vertically up with a velocity of 150 ms −1 .
(b) A to C Find when they will meet.
(c) A to D
10. A stone is dropped from the top of a tall cliff, and 1 s
2. A particle is moving along x-axis. Initially it is located later a second stone is thrown vertically downward
5 m left of origin and it is moving away from the with a velocity of 20 ms −1 . How far below the top of
origin and slowing down. In this coordinate system, the cliff will the second stone overtake the first?
what are the signs of the initial velocity and
acceleration. 11. Speed of train is increasing linearly with time. The
train passes a hut with speed 2 m/s and acquires a
speed of 12 m/s after 10 s. What is the speed of the
train in m/s, 5 s after passing the hut?

12. Two particle A and B are moving in same direction on

same straight line. A is ahead of B by 20 m. A has
constant speed 5 m/sec and B has initial speed
30 m/sec and retardation of 10 m/sec 2 . Then if x (in
3. A car accelerates with uniform rate from rest on a m ) is total distance travelled by B as it meets A for
straight road. The distance travelled in the last second time. Then value of x will be.
second of a three second interval from the start is
15 m then find the distance travelled in first second 13. A boy throws a ball with speed u in a well of depth
in m. 14 m as shown. On bounce with bottom of the well
the speed of the ball gets halved. What should be the
4. A particle moving in one-dimension with constant minimum value of u(inm/s ) such that the ball may be
acceleration of 10 m/s 2 is observed to cover a able to reach his hand again? It is given that his hands
distance of 100 m during a 4 s interval. How far will are at 1 m height from top of the well while throwing
the particle move in the next 4 s ? and catching.

5. A particle starts from rest at t = 0 and x = 0 to move

with a constant acceleration = +2 m/s 2 , for 20
seconds. After that, it moves with −4 m/s 2 for the
next 20 seconds. Finally, it moves with positive
acceleration for 10 seconds until its velocity becomes
zero.
(a) What is the value of the acceleration in the last
phase of motion?
(b) What is the final x-coordinate of the particle?
(c) Find the total distance covered by the particle 14. From the top of a tower, a ball is thrown vertically
during the whole motion. upwards. When the ball reaches h below the tower, its
speed is double of what it was at height h above the
6. A body moving with uniform acceleration has a tower. Find the greatest height attained by the ball
velocity of −11 cm/s when its x coordinate is from the tower.
3.00 cm. If its x coordinate 2 s later is −5 cm, what is
the magnitude in cm/s 2 of its acceleration?

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15. A rocket is fired vertically upwards with initial 24. A point moves in a straight line so that its distance
velocity 40 m/s at the ground level. Its engines then from the start in time t is equal to
fired and it is accelerated at 2 m/s 2 until it reaches an 1
s = t 4 − 4t 3 + 16t 2
altitude of 1000 m. At that point the engines shut off 4
and the rocket goes into free-fall. If the velocity (in (a) At what times was the point at its starting
m/s ) just before it collides with the ground is 40a. position?
Then fill the value of a. Disregard air resistance (b) At what times is its velocity equal to zero?
(g = 10 m/s 2 ).
25. A body whose mass is 3 kg performs rectilinear
16. A balloon rises from rest on the ground with constant motion according to the formula s = 1 + t + t 2 ,
g
acceleration . A stone is dropped when the balloon where s is measured in centimetres &t in seconds.
3 1
has rises to a height 60 metre. The time taken by the Determine the kinetic energy mv 2 of the body in
2
stone to reach the ground is. 5sec after its start.

17. The position x of a particle w.r.t. time t along x-axis is 26. A force of 40 N is responsible for the motion of a body
given by x = 9t 2 − t 3 where x is in metre and t in governed by the equation s = 2t + 2t 2 where s is in
second. Find meters and t in sec. What is the momentum of the
(a) Maximum speed along +x direction body at t = 2sec ?
(b) Position of turning point [Hint: Find acc. then m = F/a&p = mv ]
(c) Displacement in first ten seconds
(d) Distance travelled in first ten seconds 27. The angle rotated by a disc is given by θ = t 3 −
2
3
25 2
18. The momentum of a particle moving in straight line is t + 77t + 5, where θ is in rad and t in seconds.
2
1
given by p = ln t + (in kgm/s ) find the time t > 0 (a) Find the times at which the angular velocity of the
t disc is zero.
at which the net force acting on particle is 0 and it's
(b) Its angular acceleration at these times.
momentum at that time.
dp
[Hind: F = ] 28. The acceleration of a particle starting from rest vary
dt
with respect to time is given by a = (2t − 6), where t
19.
1
The velocity of the particle is given as v = 3t 3 + − 2 . is in seconds. Find the time (in seconds) at which
t
velocity of particle in negative direction is maximum.
Calculate the net force acting on the body at time t =
2sec, if the mass of the body is 5 kg.
29. Acceleration of a particle is defined as a = (75 V 2 −
30 V + 3)(m/s 2 ). If the constant speed achieved by
20. A wheel rotates so that the angle of rotation is
the particle is given by VC , then find the value of 10 VC .
proportional to the square of time. The first
revolution was performed by the wheel for 8sec. Find
the angular velocity ω, 32sec after the wheel started. 30. Position vector of a particle is given by r = 3t 3 î + 4j̇ˆ +
[Hint: Consider θ = kt 2 , find k ] t 2 k̂. Find avg. acceleration of particle from t = 1 to t =
2 sec.
21. The charge flowing through a conductor beginning
with time t = 0 is given by the formula q = 2t 2 + 3t + 31. In the following graph variation with time ( t ), in
dq velocity (v) of a particle moving rectilinearly is
1 (coulombs). Find the current i = at the end of the
dt shown. What is average velocity in m/s of the particle
5th second. in time interval from 0 s to 4 s ?

22. The angle θ through which a pulley turns with time t

is specified by the function θ = t 2 + 3t − 5. Find the
dθ
angular velocity ω = at t = 5sec.
dt

23. The motion of a particle in a straight line is defined by

the relation x = t 4 − 12t 2 − 40 where x is in meters
and t is in sec. Determine the position x, velocity v and 32. The graph illustrates motion of a bucket being
acceleration a of the particle at t = 2sec. lowered into a well from the top at the instant t = 0,
down to the water level, filled with water and drawn
up again. Here 'x' is the depth. Find the average speed
of the bucket in m/s during whole operation.

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(b) The diagram shows the displacement-time graph

for a particle moving in a straight line. Find the
average speed for the interval from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 5.
33. A particle moves along a straight line, 𝑥. At time 𝑡 =
0, its position is at 𝑥 = 0. The velocity, 𝑉, of the
object changes as a function of time 𝑡, as indicated in
the figure; t is in seconds, V in m/sec and x in
meters.
(a) What is 𝑥 at 𝑡 = 3 sec?
(b) What is the instantaneous acceleration (in
m/sec 2 ) at t = 2sec ?
(c) What is the average velocity (in m/sec ) between 36. Figure shows a graph of acceleration of a particle
t = 0 and t = 3sec ? moving on the x-axis. Plot the following graphs if the
(d) What is the average speed (in m/sec ) between t = particle is at origin and at rest at t = 0.
1 and t = 3sec ? (i) velocity-time graph (ii) displacement-time graph
(iii) distance-time graph.

37. In 1.0sec. a particle goes from point A to point B

moving in a semicircle of radius 1.0 m. The magnitude
34. The figure below is a displacement vs time plot for
of average velocity is :
the motion of an object, answer questions (i) & (ii)
with the letter of appropriate section of the graph.

(A) 3.14 m/sec

(B) 2.0 m/sec
(C) 1.0 m/sec
(D) zero
(i) Which section represents motion in the forward
direction with positive acceleration? 38. An object is tossed vertically into the air with an
(ii) Which section represents uniform motion initial velocity of 8 m/s. Using the sign convention
backwards ( −x direction)? upwards as positive, how does the vertical
component of the acceleration ay of the object (after
35. (a) The diagram shows the displacement-time graph leaving the hand) vary during the flight of the object?
for a particle moving in a straight line. Find the
average velocity for the interval from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 5.

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(A) On the way up a y > 0, on the way down a y > 0 44. A particle has an initial velocity of 9 m/s due east and
(B) On the way up a y < 0, on the way down a y > 0 a constant acceleration of 2 m/s 2 due west. The
(C) On the way up a y > 0, on the way down a y < 0 distance covered by the particle in the fifth second of
(C) On the way up a y < 0, on the way down a y < 0 its motion is :-
(A) 0
(B) 0.5 m
39. A body starts from rest and is uniformly accelerated
(C) 2 m
for 30 s. The distance travelled in the first 10 s is x1 ,
(D) none of these
next 10 s is x2 and the last 10 s is x3 . Then x1 : x2 : x3 is
the same as :-
45. A physics teacher finds a scrap of paper on which one
(A) 1: 2: 4 (B) 1: 2: 5
of his students has written the following equation:
(C) 1: 3: 5 (D) 1: 3: 9
02 − 52 = 2 × (−9.8) × x; of which of the following
problem would this equation be part of the correct
40. If a body starts from rest and travels 120 cm in the 6
solution?
th second, with constant acceleration then what is the
(A) Find the speed of an object 5 seconds after it was
acceleration :
dropped from rest.
(A) 0.20 m/s 2
(B) Find the distance of an object has fallen 5 seconds
(B) 0.027 m/s 2
after it was released from rest on Earth.
(C) 0.218 m/s 2
(C) Find the height from which a ball when released will
(D) 0.03 m/s 2
strike the ground with a speed of 5 m/s.
(D) Find the maximum height to which a ball will rise if it
41. A particle travels 10 m in first 5sec and 10 m in next
is thrown upward with an initial speed of 5 m/s.
3sec. Assuming constant acceleration what is the
distance travelled in next 2sec.
46. A ball dropped from the top of a building passes past
a window of height h in time t. If its speeds at the top
42. The engine of a motorcycle can produce a maximum
and the bottom edges of the window are denoted by
acceleration 5 m/s 2. Its brakes can produce a
v1 and v2 respectively, which of the following set of
maximum retardation 10 m/s 2. If motorcyclist start
equations are correct?
from point A and reach at point B. What is the
minimum time in which it can cover if distance
between A and B is 1.5 km. (Given : that motorcycle
comes to rest at B)

43. The acceleration of free fall at a planet is determined

by timing the fall of a steel ball photo electrically. The
ball passes B and C at times t1 and t 2 after release
from A. The acceleration of free fall is given by
(A) v2 − v1 = gt and (v2 − v1 )t = h
(B) v2 − v1 = gt and (v2 + v1 )t = 2 h
(C) v2 + v1 = gt and (v2 − v1 )t = h
(D) None of the above.

47. A body falls freely from rest. It covers as much

distance in the last second of its motion as covered in
the first three seconds. The body has fallen for a time
of :
(A) 3 s (B) 5 s
(C) 7 s (D) 9 s

48. A ball is thrown vertically upward with initial velocity

30 m/sec. What will be its position vector at time t =
5sec taking origin at the point of projection, vertical
2h h
up as positive y-axis and horizontal as x-axis:-
(A) (B) (A) (0,25) (B) (0,20)
t2 −t1 t2 2
2 −t1
2h 2h (C) (0,45) (D) (0,5)
(C) (D)
t2 2
2 −t1 t2 2
2 +t1

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49. A particle is thrown upwards from ground. It 3v0

experiences a constant resistance force which can (A) √
2α
produce retardation 2 m/s 2. The ratio of time of 3v0 3
1

ascent to the time of descent is [g = 10 m/s 2 ] (B) ( )

2α
2 3v2
(A) 1: 1 (B) √ (C) √ 0
3 2α
1
2 3
(C) (D) √ 3v2
0 3
3 2 (D) ( )
2α

50. A body of mass ' m ' is travelling with a velocity ' u '. 56. The acceleration vector along x-axis of a particle
When a constant retarding force ' F ' is applied, it having initial speed v0 changes with distance as a =
comes to rest after travelling a distance ' s1 '. If the √x. The distance covered by the particle, when its
initial velocity is ' 2u ', with the same force ' F ', the speed becomes twice that of initial speed is:-
distance travelled before it comes to rest is ' s2 '. Then 9
4
3
(A) s2 = 2 s1 (A) ( v0 )
s 4
(B) s2 = 1 3
4
3
2
(B) ( v0 )
(C) s2 = s1 2
4
(D) s2 = 4 s1 2 3
(C) ( v0 )
3
51. A ball is thrown vertically upward with initial velocity (D) 2v0
30 m/sec. What will be its position vector at time t =
5sec, taking origin at 45 m above the point of 57. For a particle moving in a straight line the position of
t3
projection, vertical up as positive y-axis and the particle at time (t) is given by x = − t 2 − 9t +
6
horizontal as x-axis :- 18m. What is the velocity of the particle when its
(A) (0, −25) acceleration is zero :-
(B) (0, −20) (A) 18 m/s
(C) (0, −45) (B) −9 m/s
(D) (0, −5) (C) −11 m/s
(D) 6 m/s
52. If s = 2t 3 + 3t 2 + 2t + 8 then the time at which
acceleration is zero, is :- 58. A particle moves along a straight line such that at time
1
(A) t = t its displacement from a fixed point O on the line is
2
(B) t = 2 3t 2 − 2. The velocity of the particle when t = 2 is:
(C) t =
1
(A) 8 ms −1
2√2
(B) 4 ms −1
(D) Never
(C) 12 ms −1
(D) 0
53. Velocity of a particle varies with time as v = 4t. The
displacement of particle between t = 2 to t = 4sec, is:
59. Temperature of a body varies with time as T =
(A) 12 m
(T0 + αt 2 + βsin t)K, where T0 is the temperature in
(B) 36 m
Kelvin at t = 0 sec. &α = 2/π. K/s 2 &β = −4 K, then
(C) 24 m
rate of change of temperature at t = πsec. Is
(D) 6 m
(A) 8 K (B) 80 K
(C) 8 K/sec (D) 80 K/sec
54. A point mass moves with velocity v = (5t − t 2 )ms −1
in a straight line. Find the distance travelled (i.e. ∫
60. The velocity of a particle moving on the x-axis is given
vdt) in fourth second.
31 29 by v = x 2 + x where v is in m/s and x is in m. Find its
(A) m (B) m acceleration in m/s 2 when passing through the point
6 6
37
(C) m (D) None of these x= 2m
6
(A) 0 (B) 5
55. A particle is projected with velocity v0 along x-axis. (C) 11 (D) 30
The deceleration on the particle is proportional to the 61. The graph shown is a plot of position versus time. For
which labeled region is the velocity positive and the
square of the distance from the origin i.e., a = −αx 2 .
The distance at which the particle stops is:- acceleration negative?

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64. Acceleration versus time graphs for four objects are

shown below. All axes have the same scale. Which
object had the greatest change in velocity during the
interval?

(A) a (B) b
(C) c (D) d

62. The graph shows position as a function of time for

two trains running on parallel tracks. Which
statement is true?

65. A body initially at rest, starts moving along x-axis in

(A) At time t B , both trains have the same velocity. such a way so that its acceleration vs displacement
(B) Both trains have the same velocity at some time plot is as shown in figure. The maximum velocity of
after t B particle is :-
(C) Both trains have the same velocity at some time
before t B .
(D) Somewhere on the graph, both trains have the
same acceleration.

63. Each of the three graphs represents acceleration

versus time for an object that already has a positive
velocity at time t1 . Which graphs show an object
whose speed is increasing for the entire time interval
between t1 and t 2 ?
(A) 1 m/s
(B) 6 m/s
(C) 2 m/s
(D) none

66. A particle is moving along a straight line such that

square of its velocity varies with time as shown in the
figure. What is the acceleration of the particle at t =
4s?

(A) 4 m/s 2
(A) graph I, only
(B) 1/4 m/s 2
(B) graphs I and II, only
(C) 1/2 m/s 2
(C) graphs I and III, only
(D) 0
(D) graphs I, II, and III

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67. The graph below shows the velocity of a particle 70. Displacement of particle when its velocity is zero, is
moving in a straight line. At t = 0, the particle is (A) 2.5 m
located at x = 0. Which of the following graphs shows (B) 1.25 m
the position of the particle with respect to time, x(t) ? (C) 5 m
(D) 0 m

MATRIX MATCH TYPE QUESTION

71. v, a, s and t denote velocity, acceleration,
displacement and time respectively. Match the
columns :-

Column-I Column-II

Velocity of the
particle is in
positive direction,
(A) (P)
acceleration in
negative
direction

Both velocity and

acceleration of the
(B) (Q) particle are in
negative
directions.
68. The velocity of a particle that moves in the positive x-
direction varies with its position as shown in figure.
The acceleration of the particle when x = 5.5 m is- Velocity of the
particle is in
negative direction
(C) (R)
and acceleration
in positive
direction

Velocity and
acceleration
(D) (S)
both in positive
direction
(A) 0 (B) 5 ms −2
(C) 10 ms −2 (D) 20 ms −2 Acceleration is
(T)
constant
Paragraph for Question no. 69 and 70
A particle is moving in a straight line along positive y-
axis. Its displacement from origin at any time t is EXERCISE - II
given by y = 5t 2 − 10t + 5 where y is in meters and t 1. At a distance L = 400 m from the traffic light, brakes
is in seconds. are applied to a locomotive moving at a velocity v =
54 km/hr. Determine the position of the locomotive
69. The velocity at t = 2 s will be : relative to the traffic light 1 minute after the
(A) 20 ms −1 application of the brakes if its acceleration is
(B) 10 ms −1 −0.3 m/sec 2 .
(C) 5 ms −1
(D) 15 ms −1 2. A particle goes from A to B with a speed of 40 km/h
and B to C with a speed of 60 km/h. If AB = 6BC, the
average speed in km/h between A and C is.

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3. A flower pot falls off a window sill and falls past the 8. Two body move from the same point along a straight
window below. It takes 0.30 s to pass a window line. The first body moves with velocity v = (3t 2 −
3.45 m high. How far is the top of the window below 6t)m/s, the second with velocity v = (10t + 20)m/s.
upper window sill? At what instant and at what distance from the initial
point will they meet.
4. A juggler performs in a room whose ceiling is 3 m
above the level of his hands. He throws a ball 9. Velocity of a car depends on its distance ℓ from a fixed
vertically upward so that it just reaches the ceiling. pole on a straight road as v = 2√ℓ, where ℓ is in
(a) With what initial velocity does he throw the ball ? meters and v in m/s. Find acceleration (in m/s 2 )
(b) What time is required for the ball to reach the when 1 = 8 m.
ceiling ?
He throws a second ball upward with the same initial 10. A particle is moving with uniform acceleration along
velocity, at the instant that the first ball is at the ceiling. x-axis with initial velocity along positive x. At t =
(c) How long after the second ball is thrown do the 3√2 1
s the magnitude of displacement becomes the
two ball pass each other ? √2−1 3
(d) When the balls pass each other, how far are they total distance travelled. By this time the x coordinate
above the juggler's hands? of particle is still positive. The instant (in sec) at
which displacement becomes zero is
5. A train, travelling at 20 km/hr is approaching a
platform. A bird is sitting on a pole on the platform. 11. Two trains are moving in opposite direction on same
When the train is at a distance of 2 km from pole, brakes track. When their separation was 600 m their drivers
are applied which produce a uniform deceleration in it notice the mistake and start slowing down to avoid
to stop it at pole. At that instant the bird flies towards collision. Graphs of their velocities as function of time
the train at 60 km/hr and after touching the nearest is as shown. If separation between the drivers when
x
point on the train flies back to the pole and then flies first train stops is x then find the value of .
16
towards the train and continues repeating itself.
Calculate how much distance will the bird have flown
before the train stops?

6. A helicopter takes off along the vertical with an

acceleration of 3 m/sec 2 & zero initial velocity. In a
certain time, the pilot switches off the engine. At the
point of takeoff, the sound dies away in 30sec.
Determine the velocity of the helicopter at the 12. A parachutist jumps out of an airplane and
moment when its engine is switched off, assuming accelerates with gravity for 6 seconds. He then pulls
the velocity of sound is 320 m/sec. the parachute cord and after a 4 s deceleration
period, descends at 10 m/s for 60 seconds, reaching
7. A fishing boat is anchored 9 km away from the the ground. From what height did the parachutist
nearest point on shore. A messenger must be sent jump? Assume acceleration due to gravity to be
from the fishing boat to a camp, 15 km from the point 10 m/s 2 throughout the motion.
on shore closest to the boat. If the messenger can (A) 840 m
walk at a speed of 5 km per hour and can row at 4 km (B) 920 m
per hour. (C) 980 m
(D) 1020 m
13. A train moving with a speed of 60 km/hr is slowed
down uniformly to 30 km/hr for repair purposes
during running. After this it was accelerated
uniformly to reach to its original speed. If the distance
covered during constant retardation be 2 km and that
covered during constant acceleration be 1 km, find
(i) Form an expression relating time taken to reach the time lost in the above journey
the camp t with distance x on shore where he lands. (A) 1 min
(ii) At what point on shore must he land in order to (B) 2 min
reach the camp in the shortest possible time? (C) 4 min
(D) 5 min

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14. If initial velocity of particle is 2 m/s, the maximum 20. A ball is dropped vertically from a height d above the
velocity of particle from t = 0 to t = 20sec is : ground, hits the ground and bounces up vertically to
a height d/2. Neglecting subsequent motion and air
resistances, its velocity v varies with the height h
above the ground as :-

21. A particle moves with uniform acceleration and v1 , v2

and v3 denote the average velocities in the three
successive intervals of time t1 , t 2 and t 3 . Which of the
following relations is correct?
(A) (v1 − v2 ): (v2 − v3 ) = (t1 − t 2 ): (t 2 + t 3 )
(A) 20 m/s (B) 18 m/s
(B) (v1 − v2 ): (v2 − v3 ) = (t1 + t 2 ): (t 2 + t 3 )
(C) 22 m/s (D) 24 m/s
(C) (v1 − v2): (v2 − v3 ) = (t1 − t 2 ): (t1 − t 3 )
(D) (v1 − v2 ): (v2 − v3 ) = (t1 − t 2 ): (t 2 − t 3 )
15. Statement I : When velocity of a particle is zero then
acceleration of particle is zero. and
22. A particle moving along a straight line with uniform
Statement II : Acceleration is equal to rate of change
acceleration has velocities 7 m/s at A and 17 m/s at
of velocity.
C. B is the mid-point of AC. Then
(A) The velocity at B is 12 m/s.
16. Statement-I : A particle moves in a straight line with
(B) The average velocity between A and B is 10 m/s.
constant acceleration. The average velocity of this
(C) The ratio of the time to go from A to B to that
particle cannot be zero in any time interval.
from B to C is 3: 2.
and
(D) The average velocity between B and C is 15 m/s.
Statement-II : For a particle moving in straight line
with constant acceleration, the average velocity in a
u+v 23. A particle moves along the X-axis as x = u(t − 2s) +
time interval is , where u and v are initial and final a(t − 2s)2
2
velocity of the particle of the given time interval. (A) The initial velocity of the particle is u
(B) The acceleration of the particle is a
17. A particle moves in a straight line, according to the (C) The acceleration of the particle is 2a
t
law x = 4a [t + asin ( )] where x is its position in (D) Att = 2 s particle is at the origin.
a
meters, t in sec. & a is some constants, then the
velocity is zero at :- 24. The position of a particle with time is given by
(A) x = 4a2 π meters (B) t = π sec. (x, y) = (8t 2 , 3) for t ≤ t1
(C) t = 0 sec (D) none = (8tt1 , 3) for t > t1
Choose the CORRECT alternative.
18. A particle moving on the x-axis with constant (A) Particle moves along a straight line parallel to x
acceleration has displacements of 6 m from t = 4 s to axis.
t = 7 s and 3 m from t = 5 s to t = 8 s. The distance
covered from t = 6 s to t = 9 s is

19. A point moves in a straight line so that its

displacement is xm at time t sec, given by x 2 = t 2 + 1.
Its acceleration in m/s 2 at time t sec is :

25. A particle has a rectilinear motion and the figure gives

its displacement as a function of time. Which of the
following statements are true with respect to the
motion

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(A) in the motion between O and A the velocity is 30. The average acceleration of the body from 𝑡 = 0 to
positive and acceleration is negative 𝑡 = 15 s is :-
(B) between A and B the velocity and acceleration (A) 1.25 m/s 2
are positive (B) 4/7 m/s 2
(C) between B and C the velocity is negative and (C) 5/6 m/s 2
acceleration is positive (D) 7/6 m/s 2
(D) between C and D the acceleration is positive
31. The change in momentum of the body between the
26. The position-time (x − t) graphs for two children A time t = 10 s to 15 s is :-
and B returning from their school O to their homes P (A) 100 kg. m/s
and Q respectively along straight line path (taken as x (B) 75 kg ⋅ m/s
axis) are shown in figure below. Choose the CORRECT (C) 125 kg. m/s
statement (s): (D) none

Paragraph for question nos. 33 to 36

The graph given shows the POSITION of two cars, A
and B, as a function of time. The cars move along the
x-axis on parallel but separate tracks, so that they can
pass each other's position without colliding.
32. At which instant in time is car-A overtaking the car-
B?
(A) A lives closer to the school than B (A) t1
(B) A starts from the school earlier than B (B) t 2
(C) A and B have equal average velocities from 0 to (C) t 3
to. (D) t 4
(D) B overtakes A on the way
33. At time 𝑡3 , which car is moving faster?
27. A ball is dropped from a building. Somewhere down (A) car A
it crosses a window of length 4 m in 0.5 sec. Speed of (B) car B
ball at top of window is v1 and at bottom v2 , then (C) same speed
choose the CORRECT option(s) (g = 10 m/s 2 ): − (D) None of these
(A) v2 − v1 = 5 m/s (B) 𝑣2 + 𝑣1 = 16 m/s
𝑣 v 21
(C) 2 = 9 (D) 2 = 34. At which instant do the two cars have the same
𝑣1 v1 11
velocity?
COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS (A) t1
Paragraph for Question Nos. 28 to 31 (B) t 2
In figure shown, the graph shows the variation of a (C) t 3
unidirectional force 𝐹 acting on a body of mass 10 kg (D) t 4
(in gravity free space), with time t. The velocity of the
body at t = 0 is zero. (Area under F-t curve gives 35. Which one of the following best describes the motion
change in momentum) of car A as shown on the graphs?
(A) speeding up
(B) constant velocity
(C) slowing down
(D) first speeding up, then slowing down
28. The velocity of the body at 𝑡 = 30 s is
(A) 30 m/s MATRIX MATCH TYPE QUESTION
(B) 20 m/s 36. A balloon rises up with constant net acceleration of
(C) 40 m/s 10 m/s2 . After 2 s a particle drops from the balloon.
(D) none After further 2 s match the following : (g = 10 m/s 2 )

29. The power of the force at t = 12 s is (Power = force Column-I Column-II

× velocity) (A) Height of particle from ground (P) Zero
(A) 225.0 W (B) Speed of particle (Q) 10 SI units
(B) 217.6 W (C) Displacement of Particle (R) 40 SI units
(C) 226.7 W (D) Acceleration of particle (S) 20 SI units
(D) none
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37. In the first column of the given table, some velocity-

time (v-t) graphs and in the second column some
position-time (x-t) graphs are shown. Suggest
suitable match or matches.

EXERCISE - JEE MAIN

1. The speed versus time graph for a particle is shown
in the figure. The distance travelled (in m ) by the
particle during the time interval t = 0 to t = 5 s will
be [4 September 2020]

2. A particle is moving along the x axis with its

38. Match the column :- coordinate with time t given by x(t) = 10 + 8t −
Column-I : Shows graph of One Dimension motion of 3t 2 . Another particle is moving along the y-axis
a particle. Symbols have their usual meaning such as with its coordinate as a function of time given by
x(0) = initial position, x(t1 ) = position at t = y(t) = 5 − 8t 3 . At t = 1s, the speed of the second
t1 , v(0) = initial velocity. particle as measured in the frame of the first
Column-II : Shows physical quantities. Displacement particle is given as v. Then v (in m/s ) is
and distance are asked for 0 < t < t 2 , and average [8 January 2020]
values are asked for 0 < t < t 2 V0 , A& B are positive
constant
3. A particle is dropped from height h = 100 m, from
surface of a planet. If in last 12sec of its journey it
covers 19 m. Then value of acceleration due to
gravity that planet is:
[8 January 2020]

4. The distance x covered by a particle in one

dimensional motion varies with time t as x2 =
at2 + 2bt + c. If the acceleration of the particle
depends on x as x−n , where n is an integer, the value
of n is
[9 January 2020]

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5. A person standing on a spring balance inside a 10. A particle is moving with speed v = b√x along
stationary lift measures 60 kg. The weight of that positive x-axis. Calculate the speed of the particle at
person if the lift descends with uniform downward time t = τ (assume that the particle is at origin at
acceleration of 1.8 m/s 2 will be N. [g = 10 m/s2 ] t = 0 ).
[26 Feb 2021] [12 April 2019]
b2 τ b2 τ
(A) (B)
4 2
6. From the top of a tower, a ball is thrown vertically 2 b2 τ
(C) b τ (D)
upward which reaches the ground in 6 s. A second √2
ball thrown vertically downward from the same
position with the same speed reaches the ground in 11. An engine of a train, moving with uniform
1.5 s. A third ball released, from the rest from the acceleration, passes the signal post with velocity u
same location, will reach the ground in S. and the last compartment with velocity v. The
[24 June 2022] velocity with which middle point of the train passes
the signal post is:
7. In a car race on straight road, car A takes a time t [25 Feb 2021]
less than car B at the finish and passes finishing v2 −u2 v−u
point with a speed ' v ' more than of car B. Both the (A) √ (B)
2 2
cars start from rest and travel with constant
v2 +u2 u+v
acceleration a1 and a2 respectively. Then ' v ' is (C) √ (D)
2 2
equal to:
[9 Jan 2019]
2a1 a2 12. A stone is dropped from the top of a building. When
(A) t it crosses a point 5 m below the top, another stone
a1 +a2
starts to fall from a point 25 m below the top, Both
stones reach the bottom of building
(B) √2a1 a2 t
simultaneously. The height of the building is:
[25 Feb 2021]
(C) √a1 a2 t (A) 45 m
(B) 35 m
a1 +a2
(D) t (C) 25 m
2
(D) 50 m
8. A particle starts from the origin at time t = 0 and
moves along the positive x-axis. The graph of 13. A scooter accelerates from rest for time t1 at
velocity with respect to time is shown in figure. constant rate a1 and then retards at constant rate
What is the position of the particle at time t = 5 s ? a2 for time t2 and comes to rest. The correct value
[10 Jan 2019] t1
of will be: [26 Feb 2021]
t2
a1 +a2 a2
(A) (B)
a2 a1
a1 +a2 a1
(C) (D)
a1 a2

14. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate α for

some time after which it decelerates at a constant
(A) 10 m (B) 6 m rate β to come to rest. If the total time elapsed is t
(C) 3 m (D) 9 m seconds, the total distance travelled is:
[17 March 2021]
9. The position of a particle as a function of time t, is
given by x(t) = at + bt 2 − ct 3 where, a, b and c are 4αβ
constants. When the particle attains zero (A) t2
(α+β)
acceleration, then its velocity will be: 2αβ 2
(B) t
[9 April 2019] (α+β)
b2 b2 αβ 2
(A) a + (B) a + (C) t
4c 3c 2(α+β)
b2 b2 αβ
(C) a + (D) a + (D) t2
c 2c
4(α+β)

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15. The velocity of a particle is v = v0 + gt + Ft 2 Its (v1 +v2 +v3 )

(A)
position is x = 0 at t = 0; then its displacement 3
v1 v2 v3
after time (t = 1) is: (B)
3(v1 v2 +v2 v3 +v3 v1 )
[17 March 2021] 3v1 v2 v3
g F (C)
(A) v0 + g + F (B) v0 + + v1 v2 +v2 v3 +v3 v1
2 3
g (v1 +v2 +v3 )
(C) v0 + + F (D) v0 + 2g + 3F (D)
2 3v1 v2 v3

16. A body at rest is moved along a horizontal straight 21. A particle starts with an initial velocity of
line by a machine delivering a constant power. The 10.0 ms −1 along x-direction and accelerates
distance moved by the body in time ' t ' is uniformly at the rate of 2.0 m s. The time taken by
proportional to: [20 July 2021 Shift 2] the particle to reach the velocity of 60.0 m s −1 is
3 1
[06 Apr 2023]
(A) t2 (B) t2
1 3 (A) 25 s
(C) t4 (D) t4 (B) 3 s
(C) 6 s
17. A balloon was moving upwards with a uniform (D) 30 s
velocity of 10 m/s. An object of finite mass is
dropped from the balloon when it was at a height 22. As shown in the figure, a particle is moving with
of 75 m from the ground level. The height of the constant speed πms −1 . Considering its motion from
balloon from the ground when object strikes the A to B, the magnitude of the average velocity is:
ground was around (takes the value of g as 10 m/s 2 [06 Apr 2023]
) [25 July 2021 Shift 2]
(A) 300 m (B) 200 m
(C) 125 m (D) 250 m

18. Two buses P and Q start from a point at the same

time and move in a straight line and their positions
are represented by XP (t) = αt + βt2 and XQ (t) =
ft − t2 . At what time, both the buses have same (A) √3 m s−1
velocity? [25 June 2022] (B) πms −1
α−f α+f
(A) (B) (C) 1.5√3 m s −1
1+β 2(β−1)
α+f f−α (D) 2√3 m s −1
(C) (D)
2(1+β) 2(1+β)
19. Velocity (v) and acceleration (a) in two systems of 23. The position-time graphs for two students A and B
n a1 returning from the school to their homes are shown
units 1 and 2 are related as v2 = 2 v1 and a2 =
m mn in figure.
respectively. Here m and n are constants. The
relations for distance and time in two systems
respectively are:
[28 June 2022]
n3 n2
(A) L1 = L2 and T1 = T2
m3 m
4
n n2
(B) L1 = L2 and T1 = T2
m2 m
n2 4
n (a) A lives closer to the school
(C) L1 = L2 and T1 = T2 (b) B lives closer to the school
m m2
n2 n4 (c) A takes lesser time to reach home
(D) L1 = L2 and T1 = T2
m m2 (d) A travels faster than B
(e) B travels faster than A
20. An object moves with speed v1 , v2 , and v3 along a Choose the correct answer from the options given
line segment AB, BC and CD respectively as shown below [10 Apr 2023]
in figure. Where AB = BC and AD = 3AB, then (A) (A), (C) and (D) only
average speed of the object will be: (B) (A), (C) and (E) only
[1 February 2023] (C) (B) and (E) only
(D) (A) and (E) only

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24. A person travels x distance with velocity v1 and 28. Given below are two statements:
then x distance with velocity v2 in the same Statement I: A truck and a car moving with same
direction. The average velocity of the person is v, kinetic energy are brought to rest by applying breaks
which provide equal retarding forces. Both come to
then the relation between v, v1 and v2 will be
rest in equal distance.
[10 Apr 2023] Statement II: A car moving towards east takes a turn
v +v
(A) v = 1 2 and moves towards north, the speed remains
2
(B) =
1 1
+
1 unchanged. The acceleration of the car is zero. In the
v v1 v2 light of given statements, choose the most
(C) v = v1 + v2 appropriate answer from the options given below
2 1 1
(D) = + [13 Apr 2023]
v v1 v2
(A) Statement I is correct but statement II is
incorrect
25. Form the v − t graph shown, the ratio of distance to (B) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is
displacement in 25 s of motion is: correct
[11 Apr 2023] (C) Both statement I and Statement II are correct
(D) Both statement I and statement II are incorrect

(A) 1
1
(B)
2
5
(C)
3
3
(D)
5

26. A ball is thrown vertically upward with an initial

velocity of 150 m s −1 . The ratio of velocity after 3 s
x+1
and 5 s is . The value of x is. {take, g = 10 m s−2 }
x
[12 Apr 2023]
(A) 10
(B) -5
(C) 6
(D) 5

27. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: Area under velocity-time graph gives the
distance travelled by the body in a given time.
Statement II: Area under acceleration-time graph is
equal to the change in velocity in the given time.
In the light of given statements, choose the correct
answer from the options given below.
[08 Apr 2023]

(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true

(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
(C) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false
(D) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is
true

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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - I

v 2𝑣 2√2𝑣
1. (a) 2√2 𝜋, (b) (c)
𝜋 3𝜋

2.

Because particle is slowing down so velocity & acceleration are in opposite direction.
3. 3 4. 260 m 5. (a) 4 m/s2 , (b) 200, (c) 1000 m
6. 7 7. 18.5 m 8. Zero 9. 2 sec. after body is dropped
45
10. m 11. 7 12. 50 13. 30 14. 5 h/3
4

15. 4 16. 6 17. (a) 27 m/s, (b) 108 m, (c) −100 m, (d) 316 m
18. 1 kg m/sec. 19. 186.25 N 20. 2𝜋rad/sec. 21. 23amp 22. 13rad/s
23. −72, −16,24 24. (a) 0,8sec (b) 0,4,8sec 25. 1.815 × 105 ergs.
11
26. 100kgm/s 27. (a) 7, (b) 3, −3 28. 3 29. 2
2

30. (27î + 2k̂) m/s 2 31. 3 32. 3

33. (a) 3 m; (b) −3 m/s2 ; (c) 1 m/s; (d) 3/2 m/s
dx
34. (i) section (a) as slope = v = is positive and increasing.
dt
dx
(ii) section (d) as slope = v = is negative and constant.
dt

35. Ans. (a) −2 ms−1 (b) 5 m/s

36.

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37. (B) 38. (D) 39. (C) 40. (C) 41. (A) 42. (A) 43. (C)
44. (B) 45. (D) 46. (B) 47. (B) 48. (A) 49. (B) 50. (D)
51. (B) 52. (D) 53. (C) 54. (A) 55. (D) 56. (B) 57. (C)
58. (C) 59. (C) 60. (D) 61. (D) 62. (C) 63. (D) 64. (D)
65. (A) 66. (B) 67. (C) 68. (C) 69. (B) 70. (D)
71. (A) → (R,T) ; (B) → (T) ; (C) → (R, T) ; (D) → (S, T)

EXERCISE - II
3 3 9
1. 25 m 2. 42 km/hr 3. 5m 4. (a) √60 m/sec (b) √5 sec (c) sec (d) 4 m
√60

3 3 9
5. 12 km 6. 80 m/sec 7. (a) √60 m/sec (b) √5 sec (c) sec (d) 4 m
√60

8. 10sec;700 m 9. 2 10. 012 11. 7

12. (B) 13. (A) 14. (C) 15. (D) 16. (D) 17. (A) 18. (B)

19. (D) 20. (A) 21. (B) 22. (B,C,D) 23. (C,D) 24. (A,D) 25. (A,C,D)

26. (A,B,D) 27. (A, B, D) 28. (A) 29. (B) 30. (D) 31. (B)

32. (A) 33. (B) 34. (B) 35. (C)

36. (A) → (R); (B) → (P) ; (C) → (S) ; (D) → (Q)

37. (A) → (T); (B) → (P,Q); (C) → (R); (D) → (S)

38. (A) → (P,Q,R) ; (B) → (Q,R,S,T) ; (C) → (P,Q,R) ; (D) → (P,Q,R,S)

EXERCISE - JEE MAIN

1. (20) 2. (580) 3. (8) 4. (3) 5. (492) 6. (3) 7. (C)

8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (B) 11. (C) 12. (A) 13. (B) 14. (C)

15. (B) 16. (A) 17. (C) 18. (D) 19. (A) 20. (C) 21. (A)

22. (C) 23. (D) 24. (D) 25. (C) 26. (D) 27. (D) 28. (A)

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