QUANTUM HEMISTRy i
claical mechanis- (leustonian mechani)
Dawibes the motion and behaviousu q maUU
-Acepic obiects and jerices
gehce previcinq a Jraewsik
sOPiadinar
and plantay enbit
phenoro' Piletile meton
enaa
SLd' it ha! inmitationa at the atomic and
subatonic leyels not taplained to claial
mechantcs
’ clasical oc hanius by maESOP'C
patides such as planet andl
Lns emulated by i dasac nelotom in the 147
Heoeve' mio d pettcles such as
lecions paetona atomy moeulel houo wave
dualityThoy do do not
not cbey nleutonan dynamia.
"obey qlantry mrchodia (uwe mrchadis)
qiatie. ohich is quantisaton
and akata mbmentim
>h the ate 19tth leti n scientisty saated to make
obemations 4t Ceuld that be hed b clauial
mechanic hey Ehceeto
Werve ponentire
revise
(oncepti on matud q matter that
and veplae
bé came
clastcal mechanics by a
quantas, bmeclanicsf
knoon
theg qanlu attion acorcdng t lania mechaniai
4k toclastcal
(ontinously.mot in
mechanics
doete amout
can Vaty
not
qpantiaaton in quaitam mechania;
Hone he. enc7 ABote , vather than
Contines pactet or qanta
’ byytem Can only
levek rather than Coitinons
Tnge.
in inite 'Callod
xT
Black bel
is chçesc Hat
that al balies cnmit E(T) = (onstant
ver u Yange
cechemaqnetie vadiatin Const
Riatensiby
citl, and tensit that depends lausi
cbjrct Pauleigh xpeimetal
yanil'ar 'rxanple aa beated metal bar s Payighjannot uppeoted by
-theneis
greemeat ith
red dad then beeomei lohit hot measnement a
ipon glos Athe temp pred& t h t
the heatig oavely blue and esutt
wavelength eiith out
(olouy hitr fal deni a
fncecses
marimun
inconssteat
’ The raoliatre enitted deoreses. Thet this
discees ed by ms q a' black boty, abl
that and absos's elechematie fredited hat Savelength
radiation oitthout qavoing any wdlengthy. Note : This incnease se
A goo appreximatio to d blace boly is'a nall eitte te amout
an (ontiner shoos l hos he
leading to
iutensy
asies the
tht adiatior
kawelen
at several
a blackbaltu 3h1cteel pesimetl oltseto
atien at short
*mperatus, The Concentratios Callel Chraviolet atast
Each te), theye iz iErelenq th Armay at velengti
pich the ?ntsity valiation maximum an
cluavojcable Eonseqwence.
’The wavelengt t h the
adíati en By blacle boy a înveney 8T)=STkT
prpstiema t' tempertule l e a e a l )
Matthemottially K-bolgmann lonst
k= 1-38| xoK law
weicn's lauw
plancks concept
Crapes?meista)
blue
.temp awire
emitedradiaton aio nnéase au He and oavelength
declines aharply Akottee kvelengtt (hit
at
tgencie)
.ig to steyan - boltmann land, tthe
cnerg piora to the
pou temperature
planck ouncd that
that the ezpime,
In (90), Max
deshikton lolack -bl
oclasia Unabe to explatn, thie
apratue ependence . Jn I105 , hinbtin
vecliatien Coald be cxplained
lineite the plancksatoh
hupotheis
each illato is lonlo haue
Valles. ta casticular
elechemaaanck
Jn atsumed that each eilating an
ah intqe tho bhene
an
, the Mo by
’nst©nn ent en
pvmited enmics ae boltmann cistibutionn that eath eilato alike
n0, l2 --- to be xcitedteu tooscilates
high enegies anc at le
ametal Constant knoion
knoon a plancks o a
temperatures e
(Dnst
to discret Valus ]Cr=3e
The (inittioms energie
ontiotion.
nle to planck , ene1 ditsbton
tor shoter wavelengtt, hc/her>>,
1 betg ,
than 25Dit yellos that `’D as
A o . Hence ane rgypeciad density apoade
eo at short wavele
lo
temperata
planct distibution
Heat
heat to asubsthe
ghen as
the
nperatoe rises, the heat
onstat betwcen the entrgy Auppiea
and the tehnpenatwNe anise(= dyldT, at Conse olume)
sfrpeimetal meaementi done at (qth lentry had
shon tat at room tmperatune the molas heot
menoatonui c olds about 3R,
(apaúto tant. Hoszevek. ohen m e a u r e m e n t s
shere
ohe
R
made uch leney temperates
that the hat Capacihy dlacancol, tending
temperatune ppoached geo
neecled to
gket , ol: no mals, ’ the ener remOve an electon
phetoelectsic patticle q at the the meta)
metal ich is Colledl
Calleel ih, oot
encalentl
photo,- alas aped
maye
chatge and h = E to
ho
- elechit in a
\acum
q photon s only a mdleial paticai
’so gor, the
rscstence
topeikental evidence ot existene,electron
cones jbn Jove portile daality Concept in quartim
the nea s l e m e n t
that all atoiall pastides
e
photoel"ct: mrchaniesstatng like and panticde -|
Peuce d in the ae-
eaibit both wave
m meta shen hy e
espored s
it fnheduod or lght
and l a t
UV vadiatton. T optto
txtended
tspeimentel chaecerirb'a: oove hatire pantieles;
-gorelles q the
’ lo electas ejected boqie in l92t
laús desymosng
siat that eveg 'maing pantide has'an
are
the aliaton
Dtheold Value characterisbe the
ceecs netated avelenqth qiven bt A=h.
metal.
the ejected inacases lincasly E=mc
batith ia He inilent radittion
The
the' Ithe intenity raciati't, me
indhenele77
he me P
raiaton ite nsities )
’ tven at loG above the wwas epeimentally Coyimed in elechon
fmmediateyy
thoeshod vdlue the eat the
irachion
that
peirhenti (dabison - qoime ept) Saing
e echibit
4ect ocuw inteyrene pattehns like iaxs.
’ Jhe photoelethice tend to absob energ t
metal" tend n paslicle nate
Seyae q the ese it to Overceethe Giglt , bviginalll considered aa wawe alio behaves
Hl indent light ond bind them b netallie nucei.
Ploto"aly
attacttve jorces that
Cpattil) in phenomena uch, as photo
-elethib eînstein (9os), ohere
Na
daote
a
neal suace, be haing
met as
quanta
The awqunctien deibey the
ditibution in a
Metal location
Llnceitainitity priniple stats that bne
wokgndTiciseuoe
inideat Cannot .antously aletene both the xact
Efnúdet E+ KE position and
and nomentum pufile
2| plank Gotaut
+ %my2
to be pa
Nete : d'y = -T ATT A. Sin 2X
Velouty $insteín's mas - n
lattn, )wantm theoy the 4TI² (x) -47°p2 )
alte planckre
photon + 4TrP() o
dx?
-dimesion sta.
To clasal mechanies n chject baves alongs ne
deginite path | tajec tony. Ja quantim mechaniu this cqutin Can be extered t deoibe
Pastik 'in a patiu state Jewibed by a motion an electon in 3 by
sQunction. (y) shih o pread oat in space ,ratha
thah beina tocaliwd. Thl ave<uncb'on Contains all
dynamial inyomnation about he obiect in that let E- totl ener1
at , ueh, ospoibon and momentum
$dhreingq qation: E: Vx) + /, m
19, uoin schroinger popesec an cquaton
gor yining the wquneton any system.
The -ime
pastrde
Iindependent oinge Dne'aaation 2
witth
maus lm!
in
moving
Systemtht dees not
cniniDn Va) t p'
Lith fine (or g olume remains (onstant)
’ dexived to desoibe t-v)
the wwe motion Am
let, =A Sin wt p' : n(E-V)
- Asin alt =-4Qm(E-v) ()
dx h2
- 8n'm (E-V) ()
t dx2
- h2
8nm dx
Gn JT A . (es 21X
dx +v) ) - Eyl).
8THm dr'
V0’ petnfal paaftl in
may l m
eam in LHS
Consider a
bnly Dne ais (r-axis)
m nas o
Mals elechon
h- plantk Contait Aleto swEJ hami Honian opeator yor iD
-62
&rm
otide
thin the bol , the o.E
the box the P, E Injini be
Ap licatíensi V=o fo <
’ Usedl to Calulate energ4 and wawjuncb
pastele fn I-D bo av 3-D bo. E aa)
datradces
atemi
the
oitals Corept g dogneray in L’
Lbed te deive
tt-ctom.
Qn
preion or an ein
we substitte ,k' grmE into eg
The geneial iclachion
shere Aand B ane eorbitany Constant
the Value Aand BB Can be detinined
by the bounday Conition,
Wx ASin klo)+ Bles k()
OB
B=o
a=0
Bleskx
Y )> ABin kx t
ASin k() + Blesk(L)
ABío kL+ BleskL
AS$a kt =0
at &in nT 0 n 0 l,3,.
KL= n+T n3
&mEL n
and
Exn
the boc
(n-pinaaly desibes Vthe state mathematial qunctor tha
o a quantum mechanical stit
Bin ee ener7 depencs
mly discnete Valies,
and it Can take
En Can take isote alues
levea g apastde
eneg1 quanticd. in a ID box
n:4
E=9h2
m
Atakoníc scillator ( Vihational):
(onsiler pahile ICCuting HM
alng 'x. dirtie, thes
cCment
clasical mechnicy a hesnnonic eillato is a
pautice that ouilatey' t meS m tht uperience
'a stetiny
porentrnal to its diocementa
om
jat(Gbiug pestion.
kt F= -dy f ma
d
k ma t kr-0
m d'
dt'
dt
dt
Ashere
Total
E : Tra t Vpr
rlatrd to ,f= -dv
doc
dx (fo-kx) Evib = (+
() 'h) bo
v: - -kx Vibrational ntm mumbeu.
V- homonic osilltor
The en simple levela
és quantise
anlised." the
V=Ik I leswt
betoeen
oith iyeren
T= 2 irchant
-peint ene1
shen m
minmum
the
T4( henonern the natter
Dc =Xoles ot pnerg1 SHD
dt jens means
The e xistence absolut
T=, 4y x(-w Sin wt) nee
be
atoms lan
T= /, y wtsinwt est cihopy Can abo merer
Hence
E = T +V n t , E -Sl,h
E 1 )E3)2b)
E=
Fasitut t Ceswt)
E= 2
Alc to
schrodingo sheieling
Ex)
nrtitay
onsder
parbele
Grlas path
(onta
t more îna petektil
with lostant
4- plane entiely kinetie Eot
eth. datomie molecale
d’ angular nentum qua-tum
T=/, my
l= 0,1Ya, B, - -
L
L'= L + LË tz
H
eigid
L= mrY mementn
toanguo 10
J=4
Li m wr
E = 6 6
|L= Dw
66
J= 2
t26
Ale
rdlarhe qurcrad schrnding
enaation in
terdinates (r, 6¢) is given by
Eot YlIO.)
de/
- atomi
Hydqen (onsilä, 9 an leca
atom Consisti
change Ie' veling aund E - |3- 60 eV
cleus DD. the aton nl
let y be the gacius atom. The P.e
-1(s -3.40ev
junctios dus to th e Calonb g'eld n
4
V= Ze .e
E -l ft36) : -1-Sley
let the peitio, q ’ The
(ovrdinate by pob atom atisatia,
it i clear thlt levels
the enerqy levels yor large Values
Lalies oq 'n '
Vector , e a polar angle and o i the
radia
the sphenmeal Coorinatu ane, To the radi spacecl Buhrs mere clbselu
(eepondene princdle
Coordinatey
-t
sinte
+îm (a-v)0
E -2 ()
n
R-s Rydbeg lonstauct
n’
G: -13-6 22 ev hunber
n
