Earth Science
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1. Plate tectonics theory that explains the:
- movement of the continents
- changes in Earth's crust caused by internal forces
2. Plates rigid blocks of crust and upper mantle
- move along the hot upper mantle
- make up the lithosphere
3. Divergence - 2 plates move away from each other
- hot mantle rock rises
- creates new sea floor
- creates new oceanic crust (2-10 cm per yr)
-Mid-Atlantic
4. Convergence - crust collides with another oceanic plate or continental plate
- oceanic crust sinks
- forms a trench
- forms volcano activity
- continent to continent plate collisions
5. Subduction - oceanic plate, dense, slides under continental plate
- oceanic plate plunges into the mantle
- forms a trench
6. Trench
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- forms b/c of subduction
- may cause a volcano
7. Transform Fault - 2 plates slide past one another
- parallel
8. Rifting - sea floor spreads
- occurs at mid-ocean ridges
- Red Sea
- new material is added to inner edges of separating plates
- plates grow larger, ocean basin widens
- how Pangaea was broken
- created Atlantic Ocean
9. Atmosphere - Dry - dry gas
air components - water vapor
(3) - solid particles (dust from soil, etc.)
10. Atmosphere dry (N2) Nitrogen - 78.09%
gases (4) (O2) Oxygen - 20.95%
(Ar) Argon - 0.93%
(CO2) Carbon Dioxide - 0.03%
11. Atmosphere (4 Troposphere (earth)
layers) - tempera- Stratosphere
ture based Mesosphere
Thermosphere (space)
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12. Troposphere - closest to Earth's surface
- weather here
- most water vapor/dust
- increasing altitude = air temp down
- 7 miles long
13. Stratosphere - little water here
- clouds are rare
- OZONE LAYER
- air temp = constant, increases with height (absorbs solar energy & ultraviolet rays
from ozone layer)
14. Mesosphere - air temp decreases with height
- coldest layer
15. Thermosphere - extends to space
- O2 molecules absorb energy from the Sun
- temp. increases with height
- lower part = ionosphere
- upper part = exosphere
16. Ionosphere - lower part of thermosphere (space)
- charged particles (ions) & electrons here
- gases excited by solar radiation, gases give off light; glow in the sky
- aurora borealis
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17. Exosphere - upper part of thermosphere
- gas molecules are far apart here
- Van Allen belts
- held together by Earth's magnetic field
18. Orogeny natural mountain building
19. Mountains - by volcanic action
- tectonic plate collisions
- igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary rocks
20. Himalayas - highest mountains in world
- Mt. Everest
- India collided with Asia
- folded mountain (folding of rock layers)
21. Fault-block - Utah, AZ, NM
mountains - plate mvmnt = tension forces
- normal faults, hanging wall slides down
22. Dome mountains - magma tries to push up through the crust
- doesn't break the surface
- blister on Earth's surface
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23. Upwarped moun- - Black Hills of South Dakota
tains - arching of the crust
- formed by rock thrust upward along high angle faults
24. Mountain forma- - folding
tion - faulting
25. Folded Moun- - Alps, Himalayas, Appalachian Mts.
tains
26. Faults - fractures in crust b/c of tension/compression forces
27. Dip-slip fault - mvmnt of plates is vertical & opposite
- normal faults when hanging wall moves down
28. Reverse faults - rock above fault plane moves up
- thrust faults
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29. Strike-Slip faults - horizontal movement along the fault
- transform fault (along plate boundaries)
- San Andreas fault in CA --> tranform fault
30. Oblique- slip - vertical & horizontal movement
faults
31. Dormant volcano - btwn eruptions
- still signs of internal activity - could erupt
32. Ring of Fire - faults & volcanoes
- belt of active faults/volcanoes in Pacific Ocean
33. Volcanic Mts Mt. Etna, Italy
Mt. Kilimanjaro, Africa
34. 3 Types of Vol- - shield volcanoes
canic Mts. - cinder-cone volcanoes
- composite volcanoes
35. Shield Volcanoes - quiet erruptions
- lava from crater
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- flows onto Earth, cools into igneous rock
- lava flow --> large volcanic mountain
- Mauna Loa in Hawaii = shield volcano
36. Cinder-cone vol- - explosive eruptions
canoes - lava droplets - cool and harden into cinders and ash
- form steep cone hill
- small, form rapidly
37. Composite volca- - bulit by lava flows & ash/cinder
noes Mt. Fuji in Japan
Mt. St. Helens in WA
Mt. Vesuvius in Italy
38. Lava cools igneous rock
39. Intrusive rock -igneous rock
-formed below Earth's surface
-batholiths
-Sierra Nevada Mts.
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40. Extrusive rock -igeneous rock
-formed at Earth's surface
41. Dikes - old lava tubes formed when magma entered vertical fracture & hardened
42. Sill - magma btwn rock layers
- thin sheet
43. Laccolith -thicker than a sill
-doesn't flow easily
-pools & makes a surface dome
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44. Caldera - formed by the collapse of the top of a volcano
- empties magma chamber
- forms a caldera/crater
45. 3 Types of Rocks - sedimentary
- igneous
- metamorphic
46. Sedimentary - lithification
rocks - fluid sediments --> solid rocks
- compaction, compress sediments
- cementation -->sediments -->sedimentary rock
- fossils wahhaha
47.
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Metamorphic - high temps & pressure
rocks - metamorphism
- new & diff minerals b/c of chemical reactions with heated water/dissolved
minerals
- foliated (leaflike) & unfoliated
- foliated = compressed parallel bands of minerals (striped)
- slate, schist, gneiss = foliated/striped
- quartzite, marble (unfoliated/not banded)
48. Igneous Rocks - made from molten rock
- molten rock = magma
- when magma cools --> form crystals
- more slowly cools = larger crystals
- obsidian = glassy texture, cools b4 crystals can form
49. Minerals -natural, nonliving
- definite chemical composition
-crystalline structure
- ores (mined)
- rocks (made of 1+ minerals)
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50. Cirques -remains of glacial sources
- frost wedges the rock at bottom of glacier
51. Ice Age - glaciers advanced over large portion of the continent
- 2-3 million years ago
- plate tectonics
- changes in Earth/Sun's axis
52. Fossilization -
53. Deposition - sedimentation
- material deposited from 1 area to another
54. Types of weather- - physical weathering
ing (2) - rocks are broken down into smaller rocks, no chem change - exfoliation
- chemical weathering (water, O2, CO2 make it happen)
- weak acid breaks down rocks
55. Uniformitarian- - laws that operated in geologic past operate still today
ism - forces long time ago are still working
56. Catastrophism - Earth was shaped by catastrophic events
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57. Absolute Dating - use of radioactivity 2 make guesses @ Earth's age
- amt of radioactive material in rock vs. amt decayed in another element
58. Carbon dating - used to calculate the age of a fossil
59. Planets -8
-Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
60. Parts of the Sun - core (fusion, hydrogen gas -->helium gas), solar energy
- photosphere (surface of sun, sunspots)
- chromosphere (red portion, solar flares)
- corona (transparent area of sun, see in total eclipse)
61. Stars - ball of hot, glowing gas
- hot/dense enough to trigger nuclear reactions
- nuclear rxns = how the star is fueled
- most stars have > masses than sun, but sun is closer
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- need mass to trigger nuclear rxns 2 create energy
- less mass = planets or brown dwarfs
62. Brightness of a - measure it's magnitude
Star - luminosity
63. Magnitude - how astronomers rank brightness of stars
- according to how bright they appear 2 humans
- lower magnitude = brighter star
- magnitude stars = 20 of brightest stars that can be seen from Earth
- first stars noticed at night
64. Luminosity - total amt of energy radiated by the star per second
- watts
65. Galaxies - vast collections of stars
- irregular, elliptical, spiral
- Earth's galaxy = Milky Way, spiral galaxy
66. Pulsar - a variable radio source
- emits signals in short, regular bursts
- it's a rotating neutron star
67. Quasar - an object that photographs like a star
- has an extremely large redshift
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- variable energy output
- it's the active core of a distant galaxy
68. Black holes - objects that have collapsed
- light can't escape from the surface
- light is trapped by gravitational field
69. Nebula - cloud of gas & dust
- gravity can make dust produce stars
- particles attract 2 each other
- star grows, temp. increases
- star glows, fusion in core, releases energy
70. Red giant / Super -dying star
giant - hydrogen is exhausted, core collapses, temp rises
- released heat produces helium
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71. White dwarf - the dying core of a giant star
72. Nova - star, sudden increase in brightness
- fades back to original brightness
73. Supernova - radiates great light energy
74. Black hole - star with condensed matter and gravity so intense that light cannot escape
75. Asteroids - found btwn Mars & Jupiter
76. Comets - masses of frozen gases, cosmic dust, small rocky particles
- most commets come from dense cloud behind Pluto
- nucleus, coma, and a tail
Halley's comet
77. Meteoroids - rock & metal particles
- meteor = burning meteoroid (burns when goes through Earth's atmosphere) --
"shooting star"
78. Meteorites - meteors that strike the Earth's surface
- Barringer Crater
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79. Kuiper Belt - small bodies orbiting the Sun beyond Neptune
- remains of early phases of solar system
- short-period comets
80. Theories - Origin - tidal hypothesis (collision of sun & large star, hot gas condensed into 9 planets)
of Solar System
- condensation hypothesis (rotating clouds of dust & gas, condensation formed
sun, smaller clouds = planets) --> accepted hypothesis
81. Theories - Origins - big bang theory (explosion of mass/matter/energy - galaxies formed from this
of Universe material as it cooled)
- steady state theory (universe is continuously renewed, galaxies are created/re-
placed)
82. Oscillating Uni- - universe will oscillate (expand/contract), galaxies move away from one another,
verse Hypothesis slow down & stop
-when move towards each other = activate explosion (another big bang)
83. Solstices - 2 days of year
- Sun is farthest from Earth's equitorial plane
- summer solstice (June) - northern hemisphere leans towards Sun - have winter
- winter solstice (Dec.) - southern hemisphere leans towards sun - has summer
84. Spring tides - strong tides
- when Earth, Sun, moon are in line
- Sun and moon exert gravitational force on Earth --p> increase tidal bulge
- during full moon and new moon
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85. Neap tides - weak tides
- when gravitational forces of moon/Sun are perpendicular
- during quarter moons
86. Phases of the - moon rotates around the earth every 27 days
moon
87. New moon - moon is invisible/ 1st signs of a crescent
- when sun and moon are on same side of earth
88. Full moon - when moon and sun are on opposite sides of Earth
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