The urinary system
Poly = many or much
• Kidney
• Ureter
• Bladder
• Urethra
Poly = many or much
Word parts
• Nephr/o, ren/o - kidney
• Pyel/o – renal pelvis
• Urin/o, ur – urine
• Ureter/o – ureter
• Cyst/o, vesic/o – urinary bladder
• Urethr/o – urethra
• Glomerul/o – glomerulus
• Lith/o - stone
Word parts (con’t)
• -Cele = hernia
• -ectasis = stretching, dilation
• -lysis = break down, separation, set free
• -pexy – surgical fixation
• - tripsy – to crush
• -uria – urine, urination
Medical Specialties
• Nephrology = study of the kidney and its diseases
• Urology = study of the urinary system
• Nephrologist
• Urologist – specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the urinary
system
Pathology
• Renal Failure
• Renal failure – kidney failure – inability of the kidney or
kidneys to perform their functions.
• Anuria – anuresis – the complete suppression of urine
formation by the kidneys.
• Uremia – uremic poisoning – toxic condition caused by
excessive urea and other waste products in the bloodstream.
• Acute renal failure – ARF – sudden onset with uremia.
• Chronic renal failure – CRF – gradual onset of kidney failure
◼ Nephrosis & nephropathy – diseases of the kidney
• Diabetic nephropathy –the damage to the kidney caused by
long-term diabetes.
◼ Nephromalacia – abnormal softening of the kidneys
◼ Hydronephrosis – dilation (enlargement) of the renal pelvis.
Due to the obstruction of the urine flow.
◼ Nephrolithiasis –Stones
◼ Pyelonephritis -
Nephrolithiasis
“Kidney Stone “
•Ureters
• Ureterectasis – Dilatation of
the ureter
• Ureterostenosis – cystocele
narrowing of the ureter.
•Urinary Bladder
• Cystitis –
• Cystocele – hernia of the
bladder through the vagina
wall
• Urinary tract infections
(UTI) – usually begin in the
bladder
• Urination
• Diuresis – increased excretion of urine
• Dysuria – difficult or painful urination
• Oliguria –
• Anuria -
• Enuresis – involuntary discharge of urine
• Nocturnal – occurs during sleep (bed wetting)
• Noct- night
• Nocturia – excessive urination at night.
Diagnostic Procedures
• Catheterization – the insertion of a catheter (sterile
tube) through the urethra and into the urinary
bladder usually done to withdraw urine.
• Cystoscopy –
• Intravenous pyelogram (Urography)– x-ray study of
the kidneys and ureters where iodine is injected as a
contrast medium to see the structures more clearly.
Left side hydronephrosis
and distal obstructive ureter.
Treatment & Procedures
• Diuretics – given to increase urine secretion to rid the
body of excess sodium and water.
• Dialysis – procedure to remove waste products from
the blood when the kidneys no longer work
• Hemodialysis – uses an artificial kidney machine
• Peritoneal dialysis –waste is removed from the blood by a
fluid exchange through the peritoneal cavity.
• Transplant– the grafting of a donor kidney to replace failed
kidney function
• Nephrolysis – the freeing of a kidney from adhesions (a band of
fibers that hold structures together).
• Removal of stones
• Lithotripsy –
• Nephrolithotomy –
• Pyelolithotomy
• Pyel/o = renal pelvis
• Litho- stone
• -tomy = incision or cut
• Ureteroplasty –
• Cystopexy – surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
• Urethropexy – surgical fixation of the urethra usually for the correction
of urinary stress incontinence.
• Ureterostomy
Exercise 1
match word parts with their meanings
a- pyel/o 1- The renal pelvis
b- -stomy 2- A stone
c- -graphy 3-the urinary bladder
d- cyst/o 4-An x-ray examination
e- nephro- 5- An opening
f- litho- 6- The kidney
Exercise 2.
On which parts of the body are the following surgical
procedures carried out
a- ureterostomy
b- cystoplasty
c- urethropexy
d- nephrotomy
e- pyelolithotomy
f- urography
G- cystopexy
Exercise 3- match words with their meanings
a-cystitis 1- A surgical operation to make an opening
for the ureter in the abdominal wall to pass
out urine out of the body
b-nephrology 2- a surgical operation to repair a torn
urethra
c-ureterostomy 3- study of the kidney & its diseases
d-uretherorrhaphy 4- referring to urine or urinary system
e-urologist 5- inflammation of the urinary bladder
f- pyelolithotomy 6- a surgical removal of a stone from the
pelvis of the kidney
g- urinary 7- a doctor who specializes in urinary
system
Exercise 4. Chose the best answer
1. The patient with the bladder problem was admitted
to the ……ward
a- renal b- urology
c- nephrology d- urinary
2. The ……….operated on the patient to remove
stones from his right kidney
a- nephrologists b- phlebotomist
c- cardiologist d- urologist
3. The patient had a ……….transplant from his
brother
a- renal b- bladder
c- vascular d- urinary
4. The patient had a severe inflammation of the
bladder. This is recorder on his chart as ……
a- ureteritis b- nephritis
c- cystitis d- pyelolith
Exercise 5. Fill the blanks with the correct word
1. The patient had a ……. to drain urine from his
bladder
2. The patient was admitted for ……….. to remove
stone from the pelvis of the left kidney
3. Laila likes to work on the …… ward where she can
learn about diseases of the urinary system
4. The ……… system consists of the kidneys, ureters,
urethra and the bladder
Kidney Renal
Nephrology Nephrological
Ureter Ureteral
Urethra Urethral
Urology Urological
Urine Urinary
Exercise 6. fill the blanks with the correct word from the above table
1. The patient is on ………….… dialysis due to ………..…… failure
2. Patients with kidney diseases are followed up in the ………….….. Department.
3. Dr. Saad wants to major in …………....because he is very interested in kidney & its diseases
4. The doctor referred Mansour to the ………….….. Where his bladder problems can be treated.
The problem include ………….…. retention for which he had a ………..
Case Study
• The patient was a 60 years old male with a history of
hematuria, dysuria, chronic urinary tract infection, and
benign prostatic hyperplasia.
• Intravenous pyelogram showed bilateral hydronephrosis.
• Cystoscopy was performed revealing a growth in the
urinary bladder.
• A biopsy was performed, and it showed cystic malignant
tumor.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions
1. What does UTI stand for???
2. Write the meanings of the following terms:
a. Cystitis
b. Nephroscopy
3. Divide the following words into their component parts and then give
the meanings of the entire terms
a. Haematuria
b. Dysuria
Exercise 7. Complete with the correct adjective form
• The x-ray showed that the patient has a ……… (kidney) stone in the
right kidney
• The ……… (urine) system consists of the kidneys, ureter, urinary
bladder and urethra
