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Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my teacher (Miss S. Das) and our respected Principal, who gave me the opportunity to
do this project and helped me in completing the project. Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and
my beloved friends who further helped me by giving their valuable suggestions and guidance for completing
the project within such a limited time.
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INTRODUCTION
The Environment in which an Organism lives is made up of various components like Air, Water, Land, etc.
These components are found in fixed proportions to maintain the Balance of the Environment for organisms
to live in it. Any kind of undesirable and unwanted change in the proportions of these components can be
termed as Pollution. This Issue is increasing day by day. The Environmental problem that is worsening with
each day needs to be addressed so that its harmful effects on Humans as well as the planet can be
reduced.
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Earth is now in danger due to the depletion of the natural resources by humans. We must open our eyes
and start tackling with the challenges that we have created by polluting the water, soil and air of our
environment. Our Environment has been greatly impacted by the industrial growth and the increase in
population.
Human actions both directly and indirectly harm the environment.
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OZONE DEPLETION
The ozone layer or ozone shield is a natural layer of gas in the Earth's stratosphere that acts as a
protective layer on the Earth's surface and absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation and
prevents them from entering the inner layers of the atmosphere. It contains a high concentration of ozone
(O3) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere.
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When chlorine and bromine atoms come into contact with ozone layer in the stratosphere, they start
destroying the ozone molecules. One chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules before it
can be removed from the stratosphere. The ozone is getting destroyed more quickly than it was naturally
created.
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GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Greenhouse effect is the process by which radiations from the sun are absorbed by the greenhouse gases
and not reflected back into space. This increases the temperature on the surface of the Earth. It is a
naturally occurring phenomena that is constantly occurring due to the atmosphere and sunlight.
Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and warm the planet. Greenhouse gases are the gases
that absorb the infrared radiations and create a greenhouse effect.
The main gases responsible for the greenhouse effect are:
i. Carbon dioxide
ii. Methane
iii. Nitrous oxide
iv. Water vapour
They all occur naturally in the atmosphere.
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The greenhouse effect is mainly caused by the greenhouse gases. The major contributors to the
greenhouses gases are factories, automobiles, deforestation, etc. The increased number of factories and
automobiles increases the amount of these gases in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases never let the
radiations escape from the Earth and increase the surface temperature of the Earth. This leads to global
warming.
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The causes of Greenhouse effect are:-
1. Burning of Fossil Fuels: The burning of fossil fuels refers to the burning of oil, natural gas, and coal to
generate energy which is used to generate electricity, as a fuel for transportation and industrial processes.
However, when fossil fuels are burned, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas,
into the air. Thus, causing global warming and taking part in the greenhouse effect as the greenhouse
gases they release heat trapped in our atmosphere.
* Huge amounts of carbon dioxide are given off into the atmosphere
Carbon dioxide causes global warming or the greenhouse effect

⚫ coal-burning power stations also give off sulphur dioxide gas which leads to acid rain

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ii. Industrialization: Industrialization is the process by which the economy of a place is transformed from an
agricultural one to one that is based on the manufacturing of goods and where manual labour is replaced
by mechanized mass production. It leads to the rapid growth of industries which leaves harmful effects on
the human life, by polluting air, water and soil which are the main problems in the environment. The
establishment of more industries increases the pollution and the major difficulties of regrading water, soil
and air.
What is Industrialisation?
Industrialisation is a social and economic development of industry on a large scale, based on the increased
production of goods and services. It is the process of moving from people making their own things, to use
of factories.
Between 1750 and 1850 the UK experienced the first industrial revolution. There were factories for textile
production, stears power and iron making
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iii. Deforestation: Deforestation can be defined as the large-scale removal of trees from forests for the
facilitation of human activities. It is a serious environmental concern since it is the major cause of all the
environmental issues and problems like pollution, global warming, etc. Deforestation is also a contributor to
climate change and global warming.
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GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is the slow increase of the earth's temperature due to the greenhouse effect. The main
greenhouse gases that cause global warming are carbon dioxide (CO2), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ozone (03). Some gases like nitric oxide (NO) and carbon
monoxide (CO) easily react with greenhouse effect and affect their concentration in the atmosphere.
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Global warming has become a great problem which needs taken care of. Volcanic eruptions are also
responsible for global warming. That is to say, these eruptions release tons of carbon dioxide which
contributes to global warming. Similarly, methane is also one big issue responsible for global warming. The
excessive use of automobiles and fossil fuels results in increased levels of carbon dioxide. One of the most
common reasons of global warming that are taking place rapidly is deforestation.
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The problems caused due to global warming are increasing rapidly thus, steps must be taken immediately
in order to stop global warming and make the earth better again. The ways to prevent global warming are:
i. Renewable energies
ii. Energy & water efficiency.
iii. Sustainable transportation.
iv. Sustainable infrastructure.
v. Sustainable agriculture & forest management. vi. Responsible consumption & recycling.
These preventive measures must be put to use as soon as possible.
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POLLUTION
Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of
the air, water and soil that can be harmful to the health, survival or activities of humans or other animals.
The three major types of pollution are:
i. Air Pollution
ii. Soil Pollution
iii. Water Pollution
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I. Air Pollution:
Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases, particles and
biological molecules are introduced into the Earth's atmosphere. It leads to certain long-term health
disorders which include heart disease, lung cancer, and respiratory diseases such as emphysema. Air
pollution can also cause long-term damage to people's nerves, brain, kidneys, liver, and other organs.
Some scientists suspect air pollutants cause birth defects.
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Some of the main causes of air pollution are:
i. Burning of Fossil Fuels
ii. Industrial emission.
iii. Transportation.
iv. Open burning of garbage waste.
v. Construction and demolition
Causes of Air Pollution
Natural Causes
Smoke from wildfire.
Manmade Causes
Vehicles.
Building construction.
Agricultural activities
Bad smoke.
Liquid chemicals.
Smoking.
Dust.
Indoor air pollution
Waste.
Household cleaning products.
Road construction.
Exhaust from factories and industries
Painting supplies emit toxic chemicals.
The burning of fossil fuels.
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The ways to reduce to air pollution are:
By using public transports.
By turn off the lights when not in use.
By recycle and reuse.
iv. By saying no to plastic bags.
V. By reduction of forest fires and smoking.
vi. By use of fans instead of air conditioner.
vii. By use filters for chimneys.
viii. By avoid usage of crackers.

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Water pollution is the contamination of water sources by substances which make the water unsafe for
drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other purposes. The pollutants causing water pollution include
chemicals, trash, bacteria, and parasites. It causes degradation of aquatic life. It also leads to the reduction
of the oxygen levels in the water.
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The main causes of water pollution:
i. Rapid urban development
Ii.Improper sewage disposal
ii. Fertilizer run-off
V. Chemical waste dumping
vi. Radioactive waste discharge
IV. Oil spills
The principal sources of water pollution resulting from exploration and production operations are:
1 Domestic waste
2. Sewage System
3. Solid Waste
4 Industrial Waste
5. Acid Rain
6. Oil Industry
7. Aquatic Plants

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The ways to reduce water pollution are:
i. By dispose of toxic chemicals properly
ii. By do not pour fat and grease down the drain
iii. By use phosphate-free detergent and dish cleaner
iv. By check your sump pump or cellar drain
V. By disposing of medical waste properly

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III. Soil pollution:
Soil pollution refers to the contamination of soil with toxic substances. It is a serious environmental concern
since it leads many health hazards. It may cause a variety of health problems, starting with headaches,
nausea, fatigue, skin rash, eye irritation and potentially resulting in more serious conditions like kidney and
liver damage and various forms of cancer.
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The main causes of soil pollution are:
i. Industrial waste.
ii. Deforestation.
iii. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides.
iv. Garbage pollution.
v. Climate change.
vi. Loss of soil fertility.
vii. Reforestation.
viii. Impact on human health.
Sources of soil pollution
Breaking of underground storage tanks
Leakage from landfills
Percolation of contaminated water into soil
Discharge of industrial waste onto soil
Application of pesticides, herbicides or fertilizers in excess
Solid waste leaching

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The ways to reduce soil pollution are:
i. By reducing the use of chemical fertilizers.
ii. Chemical fertilizers causes more harm to the environment than good.
iv. Reforestation and afforestation should be promoted.
v. Recycle and reuse products.
vi. V. Get the locals involved.
vii. vi. Promote use of natural manure.
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Acid Rain
Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated
levels of hydrogen ions. Most water, including drinking water, has a neutral pH that exists between 6.5 and
8.5, but acid rain has a pH level lower than this and ranges from 4-5 on average. While acid rain cannot
harm humans directly, the sulphur dioxide that creates it can cause health problems. Specifically, sulphur
dioxide particles in the air can encourage chronic lung problems, like asthma and bronchitis. Acid rain is
caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are
released into the air. These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react
with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain.
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The main causes of Acid Rain are:-
Man-made causes:
i. Combustion of coal and oil
ii. Power plants and manufacturing industries
iii. Automobiles and other vehicles
Natural causes:
i. Volcanic eruptions
ii. Biological processes
iii. Lightning
Man-Made Causes of Acid Rain
* Exhaust from cars, trucks, and buses
* Power plants that burn coal
* Pollution from industry

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The effects of Acid Rain are:-
i. It effects the aquatic environments
ii. It effects the animals and plants
iii. It effects the forests
iv. It effects the global warming
v. It effects the soil
vi. It effects the buildings
It effects on health

Direct effect on plant growth due to toxification of soil

It takes away soil nutrients causing stunted growth.

➤ Block stomatal pores of leaves.

➤ Electron transport system, biochemical reactions dominated by pH are effected.

➤ Degradation chlorophyll. of plant

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The ways to reduce Acid Rain are:-
i. Turn off electrical equipment when it's not being use
ii. Buy equipment that uses less electricity
iii. Try to limit the use of air conditioning
v. Take public transportation

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CASE STUDY: IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE CLIMATE OF INDIA
India's average temperature has risen by around 0.7°C during 1901 2018. The temperature increase has
led to severe loss and damage and lowered work productivity that has ravaged lives and livelihoods.
Climate change is intensifying the water cycle. This brings more intense rainfall and associated flooding, as
well as more intense drought in many regions. It is affecting rainfall patterns. In high latitudes, rainfall is
likely to increase, while it is projected to decrease over large parts of the subtropics
Range of Future Scenarios and Uncertainties
1 Risks to Unique and Threatened Systems
11 Frequency and Severity of Extreme Climate Events
IV Total Economic and Ecological Impact

III Global Distribution and Balance of Impacts

Risk of Irreversible Large-Scale and Abrupt Transitions
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India is already a disaster prone area, with the statistics of 27 out of 35 states being disaster prone, with
most disasters being water related. The process of global warming has led to an increase in the frequency
and intensity of these climatic disasters.
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According to the report, more than 40% of India's population will face water scarcity by 2050, and at the
same time the country's coastal areas, including big cities like Mumbai, will be affected by rising sea levels.
India will likely face irreversible impacts of climate change, with increasing heat waves, droughts and erratic
rainfall events in the coming years if no mitigation measures are put in place, experts warn.
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Increasing agricultural activities, changes in land-use patterns, and other sources lead to rising levels of
methane and nitrous oxide. Industrial processes also release artificial and new greenhouse gases like
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), while automobile exhaust fumes lead to ozone generation. India will face
extreme scenarios emerging from climate change on almost all fronts from rising sea levels to groundwater
scarcity, from extreme weather patterns to a fall in crop production, besides a rise in health hazards.
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Human activity is the main cause of climate change. People burn fossil fuels and convert land from forests
to agriculture. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, people have burned more and more fossil
fuels and changed vast areas of land from forests to farmland.
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The effects of Climate Change are:
1. Rising sea levels.
ii. Shrinking mountain glaciers.
iii. Ice melting at a faster rate than usual
iv. Changes in flower and plant blooming times.

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Bibliography
To make this project I have taken source from the following:
i. Frank Modern Certificate Geography Part I Class IX
ii. ISC Geography-Khullar-I
iii. Newspaper
iv. Research Papers
V. https://www.britannica.com/