Chapter
3
Weather
Maps
ATOC
1050;
Spring
2011;
MWF
2:00-‐2:50pm
Homework/exam
sessions
• Tuesday.
February
8:
500
pm-‐630
pm
EDUC
220
• Wednesday,
February
9:
500
pm-‐630
pm
MUEN
E0046
• Exam:
11
February
(Chapters
1-‐4)
• Homework
due
14
February
The
Surface
StaUon
Model
&
Surface
Weather
Maps
Surface
StaUon
Model:
Used
to
plot
surface
weather
observaUons
on
weather
maps
It
shows:
•
Temperature
(deg
F)
•
Dewpoint
Temperature
(deg
F)
• Coded
SLP
• Wind
speed
and
direcUon
•
Cloud
cover
•
Significant
Weather
Decoding
Sea
Level
Pressure
Data
• If
coded
SLP
is
greater
than
500:
– Put
a
9
in
front
of
the
3
digit
coded
SLP
– Insert
a
decimal
point
between
the
last
two
digits
– Add
units
of
mb
– Example:
coded
SLP
=
956
– Decoded
SLP
=
995.6
mb
• If
coded
SLP
is
less
than
500:
– Put
a
10
in
front
of
the
3
digit
coded
SLP
– Insert
a
decimal
point
between
the
last
two
digits
– Add
units
of
mb
– Example:
coded
SLP
=
052
– Decoded
SLP
=
1005.2
mb
Reading
Wind
Speed
and
Direc/on
Meteorologists
want
to
know
what
direcUon
the
wind
is
coming
from,
so
wind
direcUon
always
indicates
the
direcUon
that
the
wind
is
coming
from.
Using
the
following
surface
staUon
model
!
what
is
the
temperature?
a)
28
deg
F
b)
26
deg
F
c)
229
deg
F
d)
28
deg
C
e)
26
deg
C
Using
the
following
surface
staUon
model
!
what
is
the
sea
level
pressure?
a)
28
mb
b)
26
mb
c)
229
mb
d)
1022.9
mb
e)
10229
mb
Contouring
–
draw
lines
on
a
map
that
connect
points
with
equal
values
Isobar
–
contour
line
of
constant
pressure
Pressure
gradient
–
change
in
pressure
over
a
given
distance
Is
there
a
relaUonship
between
the
winds
and
the
paaern
of
isobars?
Isotherm
–
contour
line
of
constant
temperature
Temperature
gradient
–
change
in
temperature
over
a
given
distance
Isodrosotherms
–
contour
lines
of
constant
dewpoint
temperature
How
do
the
areas
of
warm
temperature
and
high
dewpoint
compare?
• Typically
we
use
height
(alUtude)
as
a
verUcal
coordinate
in
everyday
life.
• Since
pressure
always
decreases
with
height,
and
above
any
given
spot
on
the
earth
each
height
has
a
unique
pressure
we
can
also
use
pressure
as
a
verUcal
coordinate.
• Why
do
meteorologists
use
pressure
as
a
verUcal
coordinate?
– AviaUon
interests
– Rawinsondes
measure
pressure
directly
– The
mathemaUcal
equaUons
used
in
meteorology
are
easier
to
interpret
if
pressure
is
used
as
a
verUcal
coordinate
Pressure
as
a
VerUcal
Coordinate
Constant
Pressure
Maps
Pressure
surface
–
an
imaginary
surface
above
the
ground
where
the
pressure
has
a
constant
value
How
does
the
pressure
change,
at
an
elevaUon
of
3000
m,
as
you
move
from
led
to
right
in
this
figure?
Constant
Pressure
Map
The
contours
indicate
the
height
of
the
constant
pressure
surface.
This
is
similar
to
the
way
that
a
topographic
map
shows
the
height
of
the
earth’s
surface.
Constant
Height
Map
The
contours
indicate
the
pressure
on
the
constant
height
surface.
In
general
constant
pressure
surfaces
slope
downwards
from
the
tropics
to
the
poles.
5560
5550
5500
5450
How
do
the
paaerns
shown
on
these
maps
compare?
• Trough
–
area
of
low
(minimum)
heights
on
a
constant
pressure
map
• Ridge
–
area
of
high
(maximum)
heights
on
a
constant
pressure
map
• Meteorologists
use
maps
at
constant
pressure
levels
to
depict
condiUons
in
the
upper
atmosphere.
Because
of
the
direct
relaUonship
between
the
pressure
field
at
a
constant
alUtude
and
the
height
contours
on
a
constant
pressure
surface,
we
can
infer
that
a
strong
pressure
gradient
exists
where
a
strong
height
gradient
exists,
and
that
lows
and
highs
correspond
in
posiUon
on
both
maps.
Upper
air
staUon
model
1. A
pressure
reported
on
a
staUon
model
as
042
would
actually
be
42
millibars.
False
(1004.2
mb)
2. In
the
United
States,
temperatures
are
reported
in
Fahrenheit
on
surface
staUon
models,
but
Celsius
on
upper
air
staUon
models.
TRUE
3. On
a
surface
map,
a
strong
pressure
gradient
exists
where
isobars
are
packed
closely
together.
TRUE
4. Lines
of
constant
temperature
are
called
isobars.
False
(isotherms)
5. While
it
would
be
helpful
to
have
upper
air
data
on
an
hourly
basis,
they
are
only
available
every
12
hours.
TRUE
A
=
True
/
B
=
False
• What
are
the
differences
between
the
surface
and
upper
air
staUon
model?
• Commonly
Available
Constant
Pressure
Maps
(hap://[Link]/weather/upper/)
• Constant
pressure
maps
are
typically
available
twice
per
day
at
00
and
12
UTC.
• Why
are
these
maps
only
produced
twice
per
day?
1.
StaUon
models
are
used
to
represent
data
on
both
surface
maps
and
upper
air
maps.
TRUE
2. Pressure
on
a
surface
staUon
model
is
coded
only
if
it
is
outside
of
the
range
of
980
mb
to
1040
mb.
FALSE
A
=
True
/
B
=
False
Sample
850
mb
Constant
Pressure
Level
Map
What
data
are
ploaed
on
this
map?
What
atmospheric
features
can
we
see
on
this
map?
VorUcity
–
a
measure
of
the
local
rotaUon
(spin)
in
a
flow
PosiUve
vorUcity
indicates
counterclockwise
spin.
NegaUve
vorUcity
indicates
clockwise
spin.
500
mb
Const.
Pres.
Maps
Sample
500
mb
Constant
Pressure
Level
Map
What
data
are
ploaed
on
this
map?
What
atmospheric
features
can
we
see
on
this
map?
Longwaves
and
shortwaves
can
be
thought
of
as
ripples
in
the
atmospheric
flow,
and
are
very
important
for
the
development
of
storms.
Sample
300
mb
Constant
Pressure
Level
Map
What
data
are
ploaed
on
this
map?
Isotach
–
contour
line
of
constant
wind
speed
What
atmospheric
features
can
we
see
on
this
map?
Jetstream
–
band
of
strong
winds
that
circle
the
earth
at
mid-‐laUtudes
Jet
Streak
–
region
of
excepUonally
strong
winds
embedded
in
the
jetstream
You
would
expect
to
find
the
700
mb
pressure
surface
at
a
higher
elevaUon
if
the
air
below
the
700
mb
pressue
surface
is
________.
As
a
result
the
700
mb
pressure
surface
will
slope
down
towards
________
air.
a)
warm,
warm
b)
warm,
cold
c)
cold,
cold
d)
cold,
warm
An
area
of
low
heights
on
a
constant
pressure
map
is
referred
to
as
_____________.
a)
a
ridge
b)
a
trough
c)
a
jetstreak
d)
a
front
An
area
of
high
heights
on
a
constant
pressure
map
is
referred
to
as
_____________.
a)
a
jetstreak
b)
a
front
c)
a
ridge
d)
a
trough
1.
Draw
a
solid
line
to
show
the
axis
of
the
large
trough
over
the
western
United
States.
2.
Draw
a
dashed
line
to
show
the
axis
of
the
large
ridge
over
the
eastern
United
States.
3.
Draw
the
100
knot
isotachs
(lines
of
constant
wind
speed).
4.
Draw
a
line
along
the
axis
of
the
300
mb
jetstream.
5.
Place
an
“H”
in
the
two
locaUons
where
the
300
mb
surface
is
at
its
highest
alUtude.
6.
Place
an
“L”
in
the
locaUon
where
the
300
mb
surface
is
at
its
lowest
alUtude.
7.
Based
on
this
map,
what
can
you
say
about
the
relaUonship
between
the
direcUon
and
speed
of
the
wind
and
the
orientaUon
and
spacing
of
the
height
contours?
An
isotach
is
a
contour
line
of
____________.
a)
constant
pressure
b)
constant
temperature
c)
constant
dew
point
temperature
d)
constant
wind
speed
e)
constant
concentraUon
of
cats
If
you
wanted
to
examine
the
jetstream
and
jetstreaks,
which
map
would
be
best
to
look
at?
a)
surface
map
b)
850
mb
map
c)
500
mb
map
d)
300
mb
map
e)
both
a)
and
b)