CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING

The conceptual engineering serves to identify the technical and economic feasibility of the project and
will set the standard for the development of basic engineering and detailed engineering. It is based on
in a previous study (feasibility study) and in the definition of the requirements of
project.

Conceptual engineering is used to identify technical and economic feasibility.

of the project and will set the guidelines for the development of thebasic engineeringy
thedetailed engineeringIt is based on a previous study (feasibility study) and on the
definition of the project requirements.

The main concepts to analyze and study in this phase are:

Products and production capacity.

Studies of Electrical and Civil

General Unifilar Diagrams

Regulations and legislation.

Overview of installation.

Estimation of auxiliary service requirements.

Preliminary list of teams.

Economic investment estimate ± 30%

The Basic Engineering will preliminarily outline all the
user requirements, the basic specifications, the time or schedule and
mainly an overview of the final cost. In this part of the development, the definitions are made.
the following aspects:

Detailed review of basic engineering and user requirements.

Program of needs or requirements

Preliminary Project (Distribution of architectural spaces)

Approximate construction area

Initial formulation of the criterion for the structure to be used (metal structure,
reinforced concrete, prefabricated, type of foundation, etc.

• Basic criterion for installations of each of the specialties (electrical,

hydraulic, sanitary, voice and data, CCTV, etc.

Preparation of preliminary routes for pipes, cables, and other devices.

Alternative construction systems for its execution

More precise definition of the location, which may vary later on.
standards.

Review of the required physical area.

• Review of equipment plans, based on the physical space required and of the
standards.

• Review of the flow diagrams of the main processes, and preparation of

the corresponding process diagrams and piping and instrumentation diagrams.

Preparation of the corresponding diagrams.

Preparation of single-line diagrams for electrical supply.

Preliminary calculations of each system (hydraulic, electrical, structural, etc.).

Preliminary determination of operating conditions, weight, and dimensions of

the main teams of the process.

Specifications for the purchase of the main equipment, and others that present
long delivery times.

• Preliminary list of equipment such as: valves, piping, instruments, and cables.
In general, the explosion of inputs should be issued.
Cost estimates, which are made based on the mentioned computations
previously.

The Basic Engineering is developed in two stages: the first consists of the taking of
data and development of user requirements and in the second, it is developed
rest of the work described above.

In this way, Basic Engineering provides us with a very broad overview of what
the user can wait based on their requirements and at the same time we
provides a useful platform to finally break down the fine aspects of what
started as an idea or concept that can be materialized, built and
exploited in the way the end user desires.
3 - BASIC ENGINEERING FOR AN ELECTRICAL WORK PROJECT

3.18 - MATERIALIZATION OF THE PROJECT

PROJECT - DEFINITION:

A project is the execution of an idea detailed in documentation (plans) that

finally materializes with the work and its exploitation. It includes the following
stages:

basic engineering

detailed engineering

the work

BASIC ENGINEERING

Define the general guidelines and basic ideas of the project. These ideas and
Project definitions are the pillars on which the detail engineering will be based.
for the execution of the construction plans.

The basic engineering is developed by a small group of engineers.

comparison with detail engineering that requires more dedicated people
who prepare plans, technical specifications, and if applicable, documentation
of bidding.

In general, basic engineering defines:

Network studies: nominal currents, overvoltages, future

extensions.

Physical location and orientation of the power station with respect to the lines,
and other demands.

Single-line diagrams (of the Substation, of the auxiliary services): Arrangement

of bars, service tensions (maximum and minimum), tensions of
auxiliary services.

Equipment layout: distances between phases and phases to ground,

height of connections, types of frames, and supports.

Maximum dimensions of the buildings (in particular command building):

definition of levels, definition of premises.

Definition and specification of equipment: switches (interrupting medium),

isolators (shape, type, two or three columns, poles in Indian file, or
 parallels, vertical sectioning, pantograph), types of protections
(special features, combination with command and signaling)
control panels, measurement, protection, remote control, teleprotection.

Definition of wiring: kiosks, junction cabinets, terminals of

interconnection, types of cables to use in different functions (multipolar
simple, armored, with armor

Basic functional schemes

Final bidding document

The basic engineering is not constructive, with the plans available at this stage not
it is not possible to build or assemble the equipment. This documentation is sufficient for
evaluate the work and the assembly tasks, with sufficient approximation to achieve
a valid quote.

DETAILED ENGINEERING

The detailed engineering aligns entirely with values and technical specifications.
From basic engineering (correctly admitted), it is always advisable before starting
this stage, submit the basic engineering to a careful review, detecting the
observations that deserve it, and proposing the corresponding improvements.

The detailed engineering must be carried out in accordance with accepted standards by the
parts, rules of art, and safety standards, all this must also be
discussed appropriately at the beginning of this work.

Except for minor works, the relationship between those who executed the basic engineering,
and those who develop the detail engineering are not maintained directly, but they
they are made through the Principal.

The work consists of converting the information from basic engineering into the design
detailed of the electric station, so that it can be purchased and/or
build the constituent elements, they can be assembled logically
fulfilling the technical requirements of the installation.

They include detailed engineering: plans, forms, sketches, calculation memos,

technical specifications, in such a way and with a scope that allows for
third (the contractor) all the detailed work.

The construction project of the facilities is in different disciplines: electricity,

architecture, civil works.

Detail engineering is based on basic engineering, taking the

indicated guidelines, and developing construction plans, the new variable is the
definition and precise documentation of the equipment to be assembled; that is, it must be
to have plans that reflect the acquired equipment (there should be
plans according to the manufacturing of the equipment), dealing with:

switches

isolators

boards

power transformers

measurement transformers (current, voltage) and other devices.

Based on this information, all the defined plans are developed and reworked.
with precision, of electrical specialty:

unilateral schemes

three-wire schemes

functional diagrams of command, protection, interlocking

Equipment arrangement (layout) on the beach

physical location of the work in relation to lines and other exterior works

dimensions of the command building

location of boards and panels within the buildings

stress segregation

terminal sheets

panel wiring (may correspond to the board supplier)

wiring between panels and beach equipment

cable lists

material calculations

bar laying tables (flexible conductors)

grounding plans

technical specifications for construction, provision, and assembly

Architectural plans and civil works:

replanting plans, leveling, and earthworks

 architectural plans of the command building and other buildings (floors,
facades, construction details, carpentry, etc.

building installation plans (water, gas, electricity, drainage, etc)

plans for roads and pavements

plans for stormwater and sanitary drainage

flight plans (when necessary)

formwork plans, foundation reinforcements and concrete structure

armed

iron bending templates

metal structure plans (frames, equipment supports, etc)

technical specifications for construction, supply, and assembly

material computation sheets

The documents issued in detailed engineering are

plans

calculus memories

technical specifications

material sheets

It is worth mentioning that generally all documents are referred to as

generically as 'plans'. Following are comments for each type of document:

THE PLANS

With them, the work is built. It is the final product of engineering. They must be clear.
and self-sufficient, meaning that it is not necessary to resort to other plans for its
understanding (to comprehend them), except when necessary.

They should not allow any room for creation in the work, except in minor details of
assembly, that the one who does the work (the assembler) generally knows better than him
designer. And to meet this need, detail plans are sometimes made.
typical assembly denominations.

The plans should be, as far as possible, of the same size, which makes them easier to file.
and management of the same on site. The A1 size of the IRAM standard is recommended.
which corresponds to 600 x 845 mm, and A4 210 x 297 mm, or the size that is most
approximate if another rule should be respected.

At the beginning of the execution of each plan, a freehand sketch of it is very

useful for covering the basic considerations and seeing what is wanted to be shown.

Once a plan is executed, it is sent to the Client 'For Approval', then

this stage is completed with or without observations, and the revisions that
it is issued 'Suitable for Construction' or 'approved for Construction'.

A plan can undergo several revisions until it receives approval, this requires
Define clearly and adequately to recognize the different revisions.

One possibility is the following:

( -) first review

(a), (b), (c).... the successive ones, highlighting with clouds the differences regarding the
previous review

at a certain moment a review is "approved" by the client, in

consequence is issued "for construction" with a new review, cloud-free
and that is called 'zero'

Suitable for construction, or approved for construction, at this point is

desirable that there are no new modifications. However, it may happen that there
receive information that leads to modifying the plans at some points thus forcing
new revisions. To distinguish them from the previous ones before approval, they are identified
with numbers:

(1), (2), (3)... new revisions following the construction approval

It is worth mentioning at this point that the revisions after zero (0) are suitable for
execution must be carried out by evaluating the magnitude of them beforehand, and if
These modifications will arrive in a timely manner to the work.

With the methodology indicated above, it is finally reflected in the

plans, the entire history of successive modifications.

The revisions indicate the modifications within a cloud, and within

A small triangle indicates the revision coding; in each revision, the previous ones are erased.
clouds of previous revisions.

The purpose of clouds is to clearly and precisely highlight the

modifications of a plan in relation to the previous version, identifying them and not
Leaving room for doubt.
There are two moments in a project when a plan is free of
clouds, after their first issue:

at the time of the zero (0) review Fit for execution

when it is done in accordance with the work

The plan according to the work is that, as its qualification indicates, has settled
the modifications made on site, indicates how it has been constructed, its dimensions,
mounted, connected, etc. a team.

These plans are of utmost importance as they will be used by the staff.
exploitation, for operation and maintenance, and they will be documents that
they will eventually use in the future for the development of engineering
possible modifications or expansions.

The plans for approval should not be issued for the work, they only cause confusion.
They should only reach the client when they are issued Aptos for execution, they must go to
the work and the client, the subsequent updates are essential that the work
receive them and take note of their importance by replacing the outdated versions.

THE CALCULATION MEMORIES

The purpose is to keep documented the reasons for the decisions made regarding
to adopt a certain solution, sometimes there are several options and one must
choose, these minutes are issued to the client for approval.

Approved by the client, the green light has been given to carry out the project.
from the proposal adopting the solution. To avoid delaying the engineering,
this approval is often not expected, in the hope that these
documents are correct.

The reports are not issued for the work or to the contractor. Regarding reviews,
references receive the same treatment as previously detailed for the plans.

The reports must be clear, separating what is to be pointed out in points, for
example:

object

scope

calculation premises (hypotheses)

development of the calculation (methodology)

conclusion

The graphics must be clear, and the schematic drawings (simple - simplified)
THE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

The same considerations apply as for the reports of

calculation. The technical specifications must clearly define how they should
technically carry out the tasks specified by the contractor, or as
You must execute the provision of certain equipment.

The specifications should define the function, they are not a construction manual of the
team or procedure, it must be clear that the responsibility of
product, or the construction is from the contractor or the supplier.

The project engineer is not a product engineer, and to achieve quality

desired is based on the norms, the mere mention of them must define
correctly the desired quality of the product.

During the intermediate manufacturing steps, the different ones must be verified.
requirements of the standards.

An important warning is that in the same provision, they should not be mixed.
rules, since doing so creates problems that are impossible to settle.

The technical specifications must have a clear development of their points,

similarly to the calculation memories, for example:

object

scope

general characteristics

particular features

essays

The supplier must often provide documentation in advance regarding the characteristics
detailed provisioning, the scope, necessity, and importance of this
Documentation must be clearly communicated at the time of the contract.

Regarding revisions, references, they receive the same treatment as before.

I detail for the plans.

THE MATERIAL SHEETS

This details the required materials with a precise specification.

briefly, in some cases the form must contain only materials from
certain type, and a complementary specification detailing special characteristics
that are necessary in the work.
In general, it is preferable for the material to be used to be defined with characteristics.
normals (of standard) since this allows for the acquisition of material that should not be
especially treated.

The quantities of material must arise from the plans, and it must be documented.
I calculate the quantities that are purchased (which arise from documents derived from
the material forms, which are called 'material requirements' are
adults to take into account the quality of computing work, the losses, the
cuts, occasional thefts, etc.

There are very minor materials and consumables that are not counted at the level of
engineering, but those who carry out the work (installation contractor) must in turn
to compute them and acquire them in the right quantity and quality, these materials are
for example:

terminal blocks

indicator rings

cable tie

low voltage wiring terminals, etc.

Also in this case, reviews, references, receive the same treatment as

previously detailed for the plans.

THE ENGINEERING ESTIMATION

This is an organizational task that must be developed before starting the

project, and which is permanently updated to monitor progress, issuing
documents called engineering status.

This is the estimated calculation of man-hours (or man-months) that will be required.
project. The estimate is based on the list of documentation (plans), but must
also include meetings and tasks that are not usually reflected in the
engineering documents (reports).

The list of plans contains the listing of all the plans that are expected to be executed.
Logically, it is a list that varies as the project progresses, while they go on.
leaving the scope of the detail clearer.

Let us remember that the generic name for plans is used for all documents
of engineering that must be developed (plans, specifications, reports,
forms, etc)

It is essential that this list identifies the plans, and that the name of each one
representative sea (show what one expects when reading the title)
It is good practice to associate the corresponding plans with a specific task, this
It is useful for synthesis, timelines, and evaluation of what is lacking.

The list of plans is prepared, and the man-hours estimated for each one...
correspond to the different categories of people involved in the work:

draftsman

designer

engineer

From the sum, the total man-hours are obtained. From the estimated engineering timeframe.
the number of required people increases. Additionally, a must be developed
work progress schedule, and analyze the order of the different tasks.

It should not be forgotten that in order to carry out the work, tasks must be done.
in a certain order, and at all times the documentation must be available that
it allows working on solid foundations (working modalities should be avoided.
that risk the need to repeat tasks, let's say a phrase that deserves something of
meditation on this: "there is never time to do things right, there is always
time to do them twice

The results of these evaluations must be analyzed in light of the

particular characteristics of each project, and of the available experience.

Generally, as the project progresses, this estimate should be reviewed.

correct her, and inform her sincerely, to avoid unpleasant surprises.

SUPPORT FOR WORK

It is important that those who carry out the detailed engineering have periodic visits to
work, provide advice on correct interpretation of documents, and
collect successes and errors of the proposed solutions in the plans.

The best work is one in which no one remembers the designer.