Young Module
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The Young's modulus
Young's modulus, elastic (longitudinal) modulus or module of
tension is the constant that links tensile stress or
compression) and the beginning of the deformation of an elastic material
isotrope.
In the scientific books used in schools
of engineers, it was long called Young's modulus.
The British physicist Thomas Young (1773-1829)
had noticed that the relationship between the constraint
of traction applied to a material and the
resulting deformation (an elongation)
relative) is constant, as long as this deformation
stay small and that the limit of elasticity of
material is not reached. This law
The law of elasticity is Hooke's law:
Where:
is the constraint (in pressure units);
Eis the Young's modulus (in units of pressure);
is the relative elongation, or deformation (dimensionless).
The Young's modulus is the mechanical stress that would generate a
100% elongation of the initial length of a material (it
it would therefore double in length), if it could be applied
actually: in fact, the material deforms in a way
permanent, or breaks (snaps), well before this value is
attainment. The Young's modulus is the initial slope of the curve of
deformation-stress.
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A material with a very high Young's modulus is said to be rigid.
Steel, iridium, and diamond are very rigid materials.
aluminum and lead are less so. Plastics and
organic, the foams are on the contrary soft, elastic or
flexible (for a bending effort).
Hooke's law and the modulus of elasticityE:
Under the same axial load (tension), each material
stretches to a different value.
Each material therefore has a different modulus of elasticity.
Examples (average values)
The tungsten = 420,000 N/mm²
E steel = 210,000 N/mm²
E source = 100,000 N/mm²
E alu = 70.000 N/mm 2
E glass = 70,000 N/mm²
Concrete = 30,000 N/mm²
E wood = 10,000 N/mm²
E elastomer = 30 N/mm
For a given force (stress), aluminum deforms
3 times more than steel, concrete 7 times more than steel and wood,
21 times more than steel.
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Rigidity is distinct from:
the resistance: the mechanical resistance of a material is
characterized by its yield strength and/or its resistance to
traction
the stiffness: the stiffness of a beam (for example) depends on its
Young's modulus (of its rigidity) but also of the ratio of its
section to its length 1. Rigidity characterizes materials,
stiffness concerns structures and components: a part
massive mechanics in plastic material can be much more
stiffer than a steel spring;
hardness: the hardness of a material defines its resistance
relative that opposes its surface to the penetration of a body more
Duration.
Units
According to the dimensional equation, Young's modulus is homogeneous to
a pressure, or more precisely a stress. The unit
The international standard unit is the pascal (Pa). Due to the
high values taken by this module are generally expressed in
gigapascals (GPa) or megapascals (MPa).
Relations
The expression ofEbased on the shear modulus(G )
and the Poisson coefficient ) is written as:
E
2 G1
The expression ofEdepending on and , called coefficients
of Lamé, is:
3 2
E
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Measurement methods
The dimensions of the test tube are known, the simplest remains
of course to conduct a tensile test and then deduce the modulus
de YoungEHowever, it is difficult to implement this measure with
a good precision.
That's why we prefer, when possible, to deduct the
Young's modulus of the natural frequency of vibration of a rod
material held at its ends and loaded in its middle.
The Young's modulus increases with the rate of deformation.
In the case of polymers, thermal agitation 'twists' the
carbon chain that tends to maintain the length of the chain
constant. The Young's modulus can then be expressed in terms of
entropy.
This difference in behavior is striking when one considers
the influence of temperature; if one subjects a sample to a
constant charge (drainage test):
When the temperature is increased, a metal test tube
stretches (expansion), thus its Young's modulus decreases, while
that the polymer test tube shortens (the chains
they stir, they twist) thus his Young's modulus
increased [citation needed] ;
When we decrease the temperature, we observe the phenomenon
the metal test tube shortens (contraction) therefore
its Young's modulus increases, while the polymer sample
stretches (the chains are less agitated and allow themselves to be stretched)
thus its Young's modulus decreases.
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Uses
The Young's modulus is used in structural mechanics and in
material resistance. These two fields appear in the
design of architectural structures or even in sizing
wings of an airplane to take this example. At this moment,
the focus is on the search for new materials possessing
a high Young's modulus while remaining lightweight, the references
aerospace being aluminum, titanium, and more recently
polymers such as carbon fibers.
In medicine as well, the measurement of variations in the Young's modulus.
In an organ is a possibility of medical imaging.
essentially by ultrasound) which allows to represent
the elasticity of even deep tissues, for example to give
the extent of liver fibrosis or detect in a breast a
small or deep carcinoma, hardly detectable upon palpation
(second generation elastography).
Some numerical values
The mechanical properties of materials vary from one
sample to the other. From a global perspective, according to Michael F.
Ashby, we find materials whose value is between
10 kPa (foams) and 1000 GPa (technical ceramics).
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References
Ch. Kittel, Solid State Physics, Dunod edition, chapter "Elasticity Constants".
Michael F. Ashby, David R. H. Jones, Materials 1. Properties and Applications, ed.
Dunod, chap. 3 "The constants of elasticity."
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