CHAPTER-2

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

ACIDS

Acid is a substance which furnishes H ions or H30* ions when dissolved in water. Acids have
one or more replaceable hydrogen atoms. The word acid is derived from the Latin name
'acidus ' which means sour taste. Substances with sour taste' are acids. Lemon juice,
vinegar and grape juice have sour taste, so they are acidic. They change blue litmus to red.
They are colourless with phenolphthalein and pink with methyl orange. There are many
substances which contain acid and hence taste sour, such as curd, tamarind, lemon, etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF ACIDS

1. Based on their sources : Acids are classified into two types namely organic acids and
inorganic acids.

Organic acids:- Acids present in plants and animals (living beings) are organic
acids eg. HCOOH, CH:COOH (Weak acids).
Inorganic acids:- Acids from rocks and minerals are inorganic acids or mineral acids eg.
HCI, HNOs, H:SOA (Strong acids).
2. Based on their basicity
Monobasic acid: - It is an acid which gives one hydrogen ion per molecule of the acid in
solution eg. HCI, HNOa.
Dibasic acid:- It is an acid which gives two hydrogen ions per molecule of the
acid in solution e.g.. H:SO4, H:COa
Tribasic acid:- It is an acid which gives three hydrogen ions per molecule of the acid in
solution. e.g.HaPO4,
3. Based on ionisation
Acids are classified into two types based on ionisation.
Strong acids:- These are acids which ionise completely in water [Link]
Weak acids: -These are acids which ionise partially in water eg. CH:COOH

4. Based on concentration:- Depending on the percentage or amount of acid dissolved in

water acids are classified into concentrated acid and dilute acid.
Concentrated acid:- It is an acid having a relatively high percentage of acid in its
aqueous solution.
Dilute acid:- It is an acid having a relatively low percentage of acid in aqueous solution.
INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 18
Question 1:You have been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled
water and the other two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution, respectively. If
you are given only red litmus paper, how will you identify the contents of each test tube?
Answer : If the colour of red litmus paper gets changed to blue, then it is a base and if there is
no colour change, then it is either acidic or neutral. Thus, basic solution can be easily
identified.
Let us mark the three test tubes as A, B, and C. A drop of the solution in A is put on the red
litmus paper. Same is repeated with solution Band C. If either of them changes colour to blue.
then it is basic. Therefore, out of three, one is eliminated. Out of the remaining two, any one
can be acidic or neutral. Now a drop of basic solution is mixed with a drop of each of the
remaining two solutions separately and then the nature of the drops of the mixtures is checked.
If the colour of red litmus turns blue, then the second solution is neutral and if there no
change colour, then the second solution is acidic. This 0s because acidic and basic solutions
neutralize each other. Hence, we can distinguish betweern the three types of solutions.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

REACTION OFACIDS WITH METAL:

Acids give hydrogen gas along with respective salt when they react with a metal.
Metal + Acid ’ Salt + Hydrogen

Example:
> Hydrogen gas and zinc chloride are formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc metal.
Zn + 2HCI ’ ZnCk + H,
> Hydrogen gas and sodium chloride are formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium
metal.
2Na + 2HCI ’ 2NaCl + H,
> Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with iron.
Fe + 2HCI ’ FeCl + H,
> Hydrogen gas and zinc sulphate are formed when zinc metal reacts with sulphuric acid
Zn + H2SO, ’ ZnSO, + H2

REACTION OF ACIDS WITH METAL CARBONATE:

Acids give carbon dioxide gas and respective salts along with water when they react with metal
carbonates.
Metal carbonate + Acid ’ Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water

Examples:
> Suiphuric acid gives calcium sulphate, carbon dioxide gas, calcium sulphate and water
when it reacts with calcium carbonate.
CaCOs + H2SO4 ’ CaSO, + C0; + H¿0
Sulphuric acid gives sodium sulphate, carbon dioxide gas and water when it reacts with
sodium carbonate.
Na,CO, + H,SO, ’ Na,SO, + CO, + H,0
> Hydrochloric acid gives carbon dioxide gas, calcium chloride and water when it reacts with
calcium carbonate.
CaCO3 + 2HCI ’ CaCl, + CO, + Hz0
> Hydrochloric acid gives carbon dioxide gas, sodium chloride along with water when reacts
with sodium carbonate.
Na,CO3 + 2HCI ’ 2NaCl + CO, + H,0
> Hydrochloric acid gives carbon dioxide, magnesium chloride and water when it reacts with
magnesium carbonate.
MgCO3 + 2HCI ’ MgCk + CO2 + Hz0
> Nitric acid gives sodium nitrate, water and carbon dioxide gas when it reacts with sodium
carbonate.
2HNO3 + Na,CO; NaNO3 + 2H,0 + CO,
 REACTION OF ACID WITH HYDROGEN CARBONATES (BICARBONATES):
Acids give carbon dioxide gas, respective salt and water when they react with metal hydrogen
carbonate.
Acid + Metal hydrogen carbonate ’ Salt Carbon dioxide + Water
Examples:
> Hydrochloric acid gives carbon dioxide, sodium chloride and water when it reacts with
sodium bicarbonate.
NaHCO3 + HCI ’ NaCl + CO, + H,
> Sulphuric acid gives sodium sulphate, carbon dioxide gas and water when it reacts with
sodium bicarbonate.
2NaHCO3 + HzSO, ’ NazSO, + 2COz + 2H20
Sodium bicarbonate is also known as sodium hydrogen carbonate, baking soda, baking
powder, bread soda and bicarbonate of soda.
The gas evolved because of reaction of acid with metal carbonate or metal hydrogen
carbonate turns lime water milky. This shows that the gas is carbon dioxide gas. This
happens because of formation of white precipitate of calcium carbonate.
Ca(OH)2 + CO, ’ CaCO; + H,0
CaCO3 + CO, + H,0’ Ca(HCO, )2
But when excess of carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, it makes milky colour of
lime water disappear. This happens because of formation of calcium hydrogen carbonate.
As calcium hydrogen carbonate is soluble in water, thus the milky colour of solution
mixture disappears.
REACTION OF ACID WITH MARBLE AND EGG SHELL:
Since, marble and egg shell are made of calcium carbonate, hence when acid is poured over
marble or egg shell, bubbles of carbon dioxide are formed.
USES OF ACIDS
> Sulphuric acid (King of chemicals) is used in car battery and in the preparation of many
other compounds.
> Nitric acid is used in the production of ammonium nitrate which is used as fertilizer
agriculture.
Hydrochloric acid is used as cleansing agent in toilet.
> Tartaric acid is a constituent of baking powder.
> Salt of benzoic acid (sodium benzoate) is used in food preservation.
> Carbonic acid is used in aerated drinks.

BASES

Base is a substance which releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. It is a substance
which is bitter in taste and soapy to touch (e.g. Washing soda, caustic soda and caustic potash).
They change red litmus to blue. They are pink with phenolphthalein and yellow with methyl
orange.

CLASSIFICATION OF BASES

1. Based on ionisation
Strong bases:- These are bases which ionise completely in aqueous solution
[Link], KOH.
 Weak bases:- These are bases which ionise partially in aqueous solution eg. [Link],
Ca(OH)2.
2. Based on their acidity

Monoacidic base:- It is a base which ionises in water to give one hydroxide ion per
molecule [Link], KOH.
Diacidic base:- It is a base which ionises in water to give two hydroxide ions per
molecule eg. Ca(OH)2. Mg(OH)2.
Triacidic base:- It is a base which ionises in water to give three hydroxide ions per
molecule eg. Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3.
3. Based on the concentration:

Depending on the percentage or amount of base dissolved in water, bases are

classified as concentrated alkali and dilute alkali.

Concentrated alkali:- It is an alkali having a relatively high percentage of alkali in

its aqueous solution.

Dilute alkali:- It is an alkali having a relatively low percentage of alkali in its aqueous
solution.

REACTION OF BASE WITH METALS:

When alkali (base) reacts with metal, it produces salt and hydrogen gas.
Alkali + Metal ’ Salt + Hydrogen
Example:
> Sodium aluminate and hydrogen gas are formed when sodium hydroxide reacts with
aluminium metal.
2NaOH + 2Al + 2H0 ’ 2NaAIOz + 2H;
Sodium hydroxide gives hydrogen gas and sodium zincate when reacts with zinc metal.
2NaOH + Zn ’ Na,ZnO, + H,

REACTION OF BASE WITH OXIDES OF NON-METALS:

Non-metal oxides are acidic in nature. For example; carbon dioxide is a non-metal oxide.
When carbon dioxide is dissolved in water it produces carbonic acid.
Therefore, when a base reacts with non-metal oxide both neutralize each other resulting
respective salt and water are produced.
Base + Non-metal oxide ’ Salt + Water

Example:
> Calcium hydroxide gives calcium carbonate and water when it reacts with carbon dioxide.
Ca(OH)2+CO, ’ CaCO3 + H,0
> Sodium hydroxide gives sodium carbonate and water when it reacts with carbon dioxide.
2NaOH + CO2 ’ NaCOs + H0

USES OF BASES
Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of soap.
> Calcium hydroxide is used in white washing the buildings.
> Magnesium hydroxide is used as a medicine for stomach troubles.
> Ammonium hydroxide is used to remove grease stains from clothes.
NEUTRALISATION REACTION:
An acid neutralizes a base when they react with each other and respective salt and water are
formed.
Acid + Base ’ Salt + Water
Since in the reaction between acid and base both neutralize each other, hence it is also known
as neutralization reaction.

Example:
> Sodium sulphate and water are formed when sulphuric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide
(a base).
HzSO4 + 2NaOH ’ NazSO, + 2H20
> In similar way, when nitric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate and water are
formed.
HNO; + NaOH’ NaNO3 + H,0
Sodium chloride and water are formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium
hydroxide (a strong base).
HCI + NaOH ’ NaCl + H,O
> In similar way, calcium chloride is formed along with water when hydrochloric acid reacts
with calcium hydrOxide (a base).
2HCI + Ca(OH)2 ’ CaCh + 2H20

REACTION OF ACID WITH METAL OXIDES:

Metal oxides are basic in nature. Thus, when an acid reacts with a metal oxide both neutralize
each other. In this reaction, respective salt and water are formed.
Acid + Metal Oxide Salt + Water

Example:
> Calcium is a metal, thus calcium oxide is a metallic oxide which is basic in nature. When
an acid; such as hydrochloric acid; reacts with calcium oxide, neutralization reaction takes
place and calcium chloride; along with water; is formed.
2HCI + CaO ’ CaCl, + H,0
> Similarly, when sulphuric acid reacts with zinc oxide, zinc sulphate and water are formed.
H,SO, + ZnO ’ ZnCh + H0
> When hydrochloric acid reacts with aluminium oxide, aluminium chloride and water are
formed.
Al,O3 + 6HCI ’ 2AICL, + 3H,0

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 22

Question 1: Why should curd and sour substances not be kept in brass and copper
vessels?
Answer: Curd and other sour substances contain acids. Therefore, when they are kept in brass
and copper vessels, the metal reacts with the acid to liberate hydrogen gas and harmful
products, thereby spoiling the food.
Question 2: Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate
with an example. How will you test for the presence of this gas?
Answer : Hydrogen gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal.
 -Delivery tube

Stand
Burning of hydrogen
gas with a pop sound

-Candle
Test tube
Dlute
-Hydrogen
gas
sulphuric bubbles
acid
Soap bubble filled
Zinc granules with hydrogen

Soap
solution

Take few pieces of zinc granules and add 5 ml of dilute H2SO4. Shake it and pass the gas
produced into a soap solution. The bubbles of the soap solution are formed. These soap bubbles
contain hydrogen gas.
H_SO,+Zn ’ ZnsO,+H, ‘
We can test the evolved hydrogen gas by its burning with a pop sound when a candle is
brought near the soap bubbles.

Question 3: Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce

effervescence. The gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced chemical
equation for the reaction if one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride.
Answer:
CaCOs + 2HCI, CaCl COxgi + H,0,,
Calcium Hydrochloric acid Calcium chloride Carbon dioxide Water
carbonate

COMMON IN ACID AND BASE

Acids give hydrogen gas when they react with metal. This shows that all acids contain
hydrogen. For example: Hydrochloric acid (HC), sulphuric acid (HaSO4), nitric acid (HNO3).
etc.
When an acid is dissolved in water, it dissociates hydrogen. The dissociation of hydrogen ion
in aqueous solution is the common property in all acids. Because of dissociation of hydrogen
ion in aqueous solution, an acid shows acidic behavior.
Example:
> Hydrochloric acid (HC) gives hydrogen ion (H") and chloride ion (CI) when it s
dissolved in water.
HCI (ag) ’ H + CI
> Sulphuric acid (H,SO) gives hydrogen ion (H) and sulphate ion (SO ) in water.
H,SO, (aq) ’ H + SO,
> Nitric acid (HNOs) gives hydrogen ion (H^) and nitrate ion (NO: ) in water.
HNO, (ag) ’ H + NO3
> Acetic acid (CH3COOH) gives acetate ion (CH,CO0) and hydrogen ion (H).
 CH;CO0H (ag) ’ CH,CO0 H
Hydrogen ion which is produced by acid (when acid is combined with water molecule).
exists in the form of hydronium ion (H,0) in aqueous solution. That's why hydrogen ion
0s always written with suffix (aq), such as H (aq).
HCI + H,0 ’ H0 + CI
H,SO, + H,0 ’ H,0 + SO
Thus, because of dissociation of hydrogen ions; acid shows its acidic behavior.
Acids conduct electricity their aqueous solution because of dissociation of hydrogen ion.
Hydrogen ion in aqueous solution conducts electricity.
A dry acid, such as dry hydrochloric acid does not change the colour of blue litmus paper to
red because a dry acid does not dissociate hydrogen ion. This is the cause that a moist litmus
paper is used to check the acidic or basic character of a gas.

Acidic behavior of carbon dioxide gas:

Carbon dioxide gas produces carbonic acid when dissolved in water. This carbonic acid
dissociates hydrogen ion and carbonate ion the aqueous solution.
CO; + H0’ HzC0, ’ H + CO3

Are all compounds which contain hydrogen, necessarily acids?

No, all compounds which contain hydrogen are not acid. For example: glucose (CçHj206).
methyl alcohol (CHsOH), etc. are not acid in spite of the fact that they contain hydrogen. This
is because these compounds do not dissociate hydrogen ion in their aqueous solution.

Common in all Base:

A base dissociates hydroxide ion in water, which is responsible for the basic behavior of a
compound. Example:
When sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water, it dissociates hydroxide ion and sodium ion.
NaOH (aq) ’ Na + OH
Similarly. when potassium hydroxide is dissolved in water, it dissociates hydroxide ion and
potassium ion.
KOH (aq) ’ K*+ OH
Thus, base shows its basic character because of dissociation of hydroxide ion.

NEUTRALISATION REACTION:
When an acid reacts with a base, the hydrogen ion of acid combines with the hydroxide ion of
base and forms water. As these ions combine together and form water; instead of remaining
free, thus both neutralize each other.
OH + H H;0

Example:
> When sodium hydroxide (a base) reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide breaks
into sodium ion and hydroxide ion and hydrochloric acid breaks into hydrogen ion and
chloride ion. Hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion combine together and form water, while
sodium ion and chloride ion combine together and form sodium chloride.
NaOH + HCI ’ 0H + Nat + H+ CI’ NaCl +H,0
DILUTION OF ACID AND BASE:
The concentration of hydrogen ion in an acid and hydroxide ion in a base: per unit volume;
shows the concentration of acid or base.
By mixing of acid to water, the concentration of hydrogen ion per unit volume decreases.
Similarly, by addition of base to water the concentration of hydroxide ion per unit volume
decreases. This process of addition of acid or base to water is called dilution and the acid or
base is called diluted.
The dilution of acid or base is exothermic. Thus, acid or base is always added to water and
water never added to acid or base. If water is added to a concentrated acid or base a lot of
heat is generated, which may cause splashing out of acid or base and may cause severe damage
as concentrated acid and base are highly corrosive.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO,. 25

Question 1: Why do HCI, HNO3, etC., show acidic characters aqueous solutions while
solutions of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?
Answer : The dissociation of HCI or HNO, to form hydrogen ions always occurs in the
presence of water. Hydrogen ions (H") combine with H,0 to form hydronium ions (H,0).
The reaction is as follows:

HCL, >H'+CI

H'+H,0H,0*
Although aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol contain hydrogen, these cannot dissociate
in water to form hydrogen ions. Hence, they do not show acidic character.

Question 2: Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity?

Answer : Acids dissociate in aqueous solutions to form ions. These ions are responsible for
conduction of electricity.
Question 3: Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper?
Answer : Colour of the litmus paper is changed by the hydrogen ions. Dry HCl gas does not
contain H ions. It is only in the aqueous solution that an acid dissociates to give ions. Since in
this case, neither HCI is in the aqueous form nor the litmus paper is wet, therefore, the colour
of the litmus paper does not change.
Question 4: While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added
to water and not water to the acid?
Answer: Since the process of dissolving an acid in water is exothermic, it always
recommended that acid should be added to water. If it is done the other way, then it is possible
that because of the large amount of heat generated, the mixture splashes out and causes burns.

Question 5: How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H;0") affected when a solution
of an acid is diluted?
Answer: When an acid is diluted, the concentration of hydronium ions (H,0* per unit
volume decreases. This means that the strength of the acid decreases.

Question 6: How is the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH) affected when excess base
is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide?
Answer: The concentration of hydroxide ions (OH) would increase when excess base is
dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide.
STRENGTH OF ACID AND BASE
Acids in which complete dissociation of hydrogen ion takes place are called strong acid.
Similarly. bases in which complete dissociation of hydroxide ion takes place are called strong
base.

In mineral acids, such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, etc. hydrogen ion
dissociates completely and hence they are considered as strong acid. Since, in organic acids
hydrogen ions do not dissociate completely, so they are weak acid.
Alkalis are water soluble base, thus in alkali; complete dissociation of hydroxide ions takes
place and they are considered as strong base.
The complete dissociation of hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions is shown by a single arrow. The
incomplete dissociation of hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions is denoted by double arrow.
Example of complete dissociation:
NaOH (ag) ’ Na+ OH
HCI ’ H + Cr
Example of incomplete dissociation:
Mg(OH)2’ Mg + OH
CH,COOH ’ CH,CO0 + H"
Although acetic acid being an organic acid is a weak acid, but concentrated acetic acid is
corrosive and can damage the skin if poured over it.
pH - MEASUREMENT OF STRENGTH OF ACID AND BASE

pH stands for the power of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. pH values decide whether
a solution is acidic or basic or neutral. pH scale was introduced by S.P.L. Sorenson. It is
mathematically expressed as
pH = -log1o[H]
For neutral solution [H] = 10-'M; pH =7
For acidic solution [H]> 10 M; pH <7
For basic solution [H]<10'M; pH>7
When OH ions are taken into account the pH expression is replaced by pOH
pOH = -logio[OH]
The strength of acid or base depends upon the hydrogen ion concentration. If the concentration
of hydrogen ion is greater than hydroxide ion, the solution is called acidic. If the concentration
of hydrogen ion is smaller than the hydroxide ion, the solution is called basic. If the
concentration of hydrogen ion is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ion, the solution is
called neutral solution.

pH is a scale which quantifies the concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution. The range of pH
scale is between 0 to 14.

The pH value decreases with increase in hydrogen ion concentration. If the value of pH is 0,
this shows maximum hydrogen ion concentration. pH value equal to 14 shows lowest hydrogen
ion concentration. pH value equal to 7 shows the hydrogen ion concentration is equal to
hydroxide ion concentration.
A neutral solution, such as distilled water has value of hydrogen ion concentration equal to 7
on pH scale. The acidic solution has value of hydrogen ion concentration less than 7 on pH
scale. The basic solution has value of hydrogen ion concentration greater than 7 on pH scale.
In pH scale 'p' stands for 'potenz'. Potenz is a German word which means power' or
'potential'. Here; 'H stands for hydrogen ion. Thus, pH means the potential of hydrogen or
power of hydrogen.
Neutral
Acidic nature increasing 7 Basic nature increasing

OH

Increa9e in H lon concentration Decrease in H ion concentration

IMPORTANCEOF pH IN EVERYDAY LIFE

1. pH in human body
> Using pH factor the healthiness of our body is predicted. At pH level 6.9, the body
becomes prone to viral infections like colds, cough and flu. Cancer cells thrive inside
the body at a pH of 5.5.
> The pH of a normal, healthy human skin is 4.5 to 6. Proper skin pH is essential for a
healthy complexion.
> pH of stomach fluid is approximately 2.0. This fluid is essential for the digestion of
food.
> Human blood pH range is 7.35 to 7.45. Any increase or decrease in this value, leads to
diseases. The ideal pH for blood is 7.4.
> pH of normal saliva ranges between 6.5 to 7.5.
> White enamel coating in our teeth is calcium phosphate, hardest substance in our body.
It does not dissolve in water. If pH of mouth falls below 5.5, the enamel gets corroded.
Toothpastes are generally basic, and is used for cleaning the teeth, can neutralize the
excess acid and prevent tooth decay.
2. pH in soil
> In agriculture, the pH of soil is very important. Citrus fruits require slightly alkaline
soil, while rice requires acidic soil and sugar cane requires neutral soil.
3. pH in rain water
> pH of rain water is approximately 7 showing high level of its purity and neutrality. If
rain water is polluted by SOz and NOz, acid rain occurs, bringing the pH value less than
7

INDICATOR:

Substances which show the acidic or basic behavior of other substance by change in colour are
known as indicator.

Type of Indicator: There are many types of indicators. Some common types of indicators are
Natural
Olfactory Indicator
Synthetic Indicator
Universal Indicator
 NATURAL INDICATOR
Indicators obtained from natural sources are called natural indicators. Litmus, turmeric, red
cabbage, China rose, etc. are some common natural indicators used widely to show the acidic
or basic character of substances.

LITMUS
Litmus is obtained from lichens. The solution of litmus is purple in colour. Litmus paper comes
in two colour - blue and red.
An acid turns blue litmus paper red.
A base turns red litmus paper blue.
TURMERIC
Turmeric is another natural indicator. Turmeric is yellow in colour. Turmeric solution or paper
turns reddish brown with base. Turmeric does not change colour with acid.
RED CABBAGE
The juice of red cabbage is originally purple in colour. Juice of red cabbage turns reddish with
acid and turns greenish with base.
OLFACTORY INDICATORS
Substances which change their smell when mixed with acid or base are known as olfactory
indicators. For example onion, vanilla, clove, etc.
ONION
Paste or juice of onion loses its smell when added with base. It does not change its smell with
acid.

VANILLA
The smell of vanilla vanishes with base, but it's smell does not vanishes with an acid.
Olfactory indicators are used to ensure the participation of visually impaired students in
laboratory.
SYNTHETIC INDICATOR
Indicators that are synthesized in laboratory are known as synthetic indicators. For example:
phenolphthalein, methyl orange, etc.
Phenolphthalein is a colourless liquid. It remains colourless with acid but turns into pink with a
base.

Methyl orange is originally orange in colour. It turns into red with acid and turns into yellow
with base.
Indicator Original colour Acid Base
Red litmus Red No changeBlue
Blue litmus Blue Red |No change
Turmeric Yellow No change Reddish brown
Red cabbage juice Purple Reddish Greenish yellow
Phenolphthalein Colourless Colourless Pink
Methyl orange Orange Red Yellow
Onion na No change|Smell vanishes
Vanilla n/a No change|Smell vanishes
UNIVERSAL INDICATOR:
Using a litmus paper, phelophthalein, methyl orange, etc. only the acidic or basic character ofa
solution can be determined, but use of these indicators does not give the idea about the strength
of acid or base. So, to get the strength as well as acidic and basic nature of a given solution
universal indicator is used.
Universal indicator shows different colour over the range of pH value from I to 14 for a given
solution. Universal indicator is available both in the form of strips and solution. Universal
indicator the combination of many indicators, such as water, propanol, phelophthalein,
sodium salt, sodium hydroxide, methyl red, bromothymol blue monosodium salt, and thymol
blue monosodium salt. The colour matching chart is supplied with universal indicator which
shows the different colours for different values of pH.
Battery acid
Lemon jice
Acid
Increasing 3 Vinegar Adult fish die rain
acidity Fish reproductior

T
Neutral 7
Milk
affected
Normal range
precipitation
Nomal range
of stream water
Baking soda,
sea water
10 Milk of
Increasing
alkalinity
11 Magnesia pH Scale
12 Ammonia
13 Lye

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO, 28

Question 1: You have two solutions, A and B. The pH of solution A is 6 and pH of
solution B is 8. Which solution has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of this is
acidic and which one is basic?
Answer:A pH value of less than 7 indicates an acidic solution, while greater than 7 indicates
a basic solution. Therefore, the solution with pH 6 is acidic and has more hydrogen ion
concentration than the solution of pH = 8 which is basic.
Question 2: What effect does the concentration of H a0) ions have on the nature of the
solution?
Answer: Concentration of Ha0) can have a varied effect on the nature of the solution. With an
increase in H ion concentration, the solution becomes more acidic, while a decrease of H ion
causes an increase in the basicity of the solution.

Question 3: Do basic solutions also have H(e) ions? If yes, then why are these basic?
Answer :Yes, basic solution also has H(a) ions. However, their concentration is less as
compared to the concentration of OH- ions that makes the solution basic.
Question 4: Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of his
fields with quick lime (calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or chalk
(calcium carbonate)?
Answer : If the soil is acidic and improper for cultivation, then to increase the basicity of soil,
the farmer would treat the soil with quick lime or slaked lime or chalk.
SALT
Salts are the ionic compounds which are produced after the neutralization reaction between
acid and base. Salts are electrically neutral. There are number of salts but sodium chloride is
the most common among them. Sodium chloride s also known as table salt or common salt.
Sodium chloride is used to enhance the taste of food.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SALT:
Most of the salts are crystalline solid
Salts may be transparent or opaque
Most of the salts are soluble water
Solution of salts conducts electricity. Salts conduct electricity in their molten state also
The salt may be salty, sour, sweet, bitter and umami (savoury)
Neutral salts are odourless
Salts can be colourless or coloured

Classification of salts
1. Normal salts
A normal salt is obtained by complete neutralization of an acid by a base
NaOH + HCI’ NaCl + H0

2. Acid salts
Acid salts are derived by the partial replacement of hydrogen ions of an acid by a metal.
When a calculated amount of a base is added to a polybasic acid, acid salt is obtained, as
follows.
NaOH + HzSO+ NaHSO.+ H20

3. Basic salts
Basic salts are formed by the partial replacement of hydroxide ions of a diacidic or triacidic
base by an acid radical. A basic salt may further reacts with an acid to give a normal salt.
Pb(OH)2+ HCI’ Pb(OH)Cl + H20
Diacidic base Basic salt

4. Double salts
Double salts are formed by the combination of saturated solution of two simple salts in
equimolar ratio followed by crystallization. e.g. potash alum
FAMILY OF SALT:
Salts having common acidic or basic radicals are said to belong to same family.
Example
> Sodium chloride (NaCl) and Calcium chloride (CaCk) belong to chloride family.
> Calcium chloride (CaCb) and calcium sulphate (CaS0,) belong to calcium family.
> Zinc chloride (ZnCl) and Zinc sulphate (ZnSO) belong to zinc family.
ACIDIC, BASIC AND NEUTRAL SALTS
NEUTRAL SALT
Salts produced because of reaction between strong acid and strong base are neutral in nature.
The pH of value of such salts is equal to 7, ie. neutral. Example: Sodium chloride, sodium
sulphate. potassium chloride, etc.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is formed after the reaction between hydrochloric acid (a strong acid)
and sodium hydroxide (a strong base).
NaOH + HCI’ NaCl + H,O

SODIUM SULPHATE (Na,SO)

It is formed after the reaction between sodium hydroxide (a strong base) and sulphuric acid (a
strong acid).
2NaOH + H,SO, Na,SO, + 2H,0

Potassium chloride (KCI): It is formed after the reaction between potassium hydroxide (a
strong base) and hydrochloric acid (a strong acid).
KOH + HCI’ KCI+ H,0

ACIDIC SALT
Salts which are formed after the reaction between a strong acid and weak base are called acidic
salt. The pH value of acidic salt is lower than 7. Example: ammonium sulphate, ammonium
chloride, etc.

Ammonium chloride is formed after reaction between hydrochloric acid (a strong acid) and
ammonium hydroxide (a weak base).
NH,OH + HCI ’ NH,C1+ H,0

Ammonium sulphate is formed after reaction between ammonium hydroxide (weak base) and
sulphuric acid (a strong acid).
2NH,OH + H,SO, ’ (NH )SO, + 2H20
BASIC SALT
Salts which are formed after the reaction between weak acid and strong base are called basic
salt. For example; sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, etc.

Sodium carbonate is formed after the reaction between sodium hydroxide (a strong base) and
carbonic acid (a weak base).
HzCO3 + 2NaOH NazCO3+ 2H20

Sodium acetate is formed after the reaction between a strong base, sodium hydroxide and a
weak acid, acetic acid.
CH,COOH + NaOH’ CH,COONa + H,0

CAUSE OF FORMATION OF ACIDIC, BASIC AND NEUTRAL SALT:

When a strong acid reacts with a weak base, the base is unable to fully neutralize the acid. Due
to this an acidic salt is formed in this case.
When a strong base reacts with a weak acid, the acid is unable to fully neutralize the base. Due
to this a basic salt is formed in this case.
When equally strong acid and base react they fully neutralize each other. Due to this a neutral
salt is formed in this case.

pH Value Of Salt:
Neutral salt: The pH value of a neutral salt is almost equal to 7.
Acidic salt: The pH value of an acidic salt is less than 7.
Basic salt: The pH value of a basic salt is more than 7.

COMMON SALT (SODIUM CHLORIDE)

Sodium chloride (NaCI) is also known as common or table salt. It is formed after the reaction
between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. It is a neutral salt. The pH value of sodium
chloride is about 7. Sodium chloride is used to enhance the taste of food. Sodium chloride is
used in manufacturing of many chernicals.
IMPORTANT CHEMICALS FROM SODIUM CHLORIDE:
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH)
Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. It is also known as caustic soda or Iye. It is obtained by the
electrolytic decomposition of solution of sodium chloride (brine). In the process of electrolytic
decomposition of brine (aqueous solution of sodiumchloride), brine decomposes to form
sodium hydroxide. In this process, chlorine is obtained at anode and hydrogen gas is obtained
at cathode as byproducts. This whole process is known as Chlor-Alkali process.
2NaCl +2H;0’ 2NaOH + Clh + H2
USE OF PRODUCTS AFTER THE ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE:
Hydrogen gas is used as fuel, margarine, in making of ammonia for fertilizer, etc.
Chlorine gas is used in water treatment, manufacturing of PVC, disinfectants, CFC,
pesticides. It is also used in manufacturing of bleaching powder and hydrochloric acid.
Sodium hydroxide is used for de-greasing of metals, manufacturing of paper. soap.
detergents, artificial fibres, bleach, etc.
BLEACHING POWDER (Ca0Cl, ):
Bleaching powder is also known as chloride of lime. It is a solid and yellowish white in colour.
Bleaching powder can be easily identified by the strong smell of chlorine.
When calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) reacts with chlorine, it gives calcium oxychloride
(bleaching powder) and water is formed.
Ca(OH)2 + Clh ’ CaOCh + H;0
Aqueous solution of bleaching powder is basic in nature. The term bleach means removal of
colour. Bleaching powder is often used as bleaching agent. It works because of oxidation.
Chlorine in the bleaching powder is responsible for bleaching effect.
USE OF BLEACHING POWDER:
Bleaching powder is used as disinfectant to clean water, moss remover, weed killers,
etc.
Bleaching powder is used for bleaching of cotton in textile industry, bleaching of wood
pulp in paper industry.
Bleaching powder is used as oxidizing agent in many industries, such as textiles
industry. paper industry, etc.
BAKING SODA (NaHCO, )
Baking soda is another important product which can be obtained using byproducts of chlor
alkali process. The chemical name of bakingsoda is sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) or
sodium bicarbonate. Bread soda, cooking soda, bicarbonate of soda, sodium bicarb, bicarb of
soda or simply bicarb, etc. are some other names of baking soda.

Baking soda is obtained by the reaction of brine with carbon dioxide and ammonia. This is
known as Solvay process.
NaCl + CO, + NH + H,0 ’ NH,Cl + NaHCO3

In this process, calcium carbonate is used as the source of CO, and the resultant calcium oxide
is used to recover ammonia from ammonium chloride.

PROPERTIES OF SODIUM BICARBONATE:

" Sodium bicarbonate is white crystalline solid, but it appears as fine powder.
 Sodium hydrogen carbonate is amphoteric in nature.
Sodium hydrogen cartbonate is sparingly soluble in water.
Thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda).
When baking soda is heated, it decomposes into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and
water.
2NaHCO3 + heat ’ NazCO3 + CO2 + H;0
Sodium carbonate formed after thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate:
decomposes into sodium oxide and carbon dioxide on further heating.
Na,CO; ’ NaO + CO2
This reaction is known as dehydration reaction.
USE OF BAKING SODA:
Baking soda is used in making of baking powder, which is used in cooking as it
produces carbon dioxide which makes the batter soft and spongy.
Baking soda is used as antacid.
Baking soda is used in toothpaste which makes the teeth white and plaque free.
Baking soda is used in cleansing of ornaments made of sliver.
Since, sodium hydrogen carbonate gives carbon dioxide and sodium oxide on strong
heating, thus it is used as fire extinguisher.
BAKING POWDER:
Baking powder produces carbon dioxide on heating, so it is used in cooking to make the batter
spongy. Although baking soda also produces carbon dioxide on heating, but it is not used in
cooking because on heating: baking soda produces sodium carbonate along with carbon
dioxide. The sodium carbonate; thus produced; makes the taste bitter.
2NaHCO3 + heat NazCO3 + CO; + H20

Baking powder is the mixture of baking soda and a mild edible acid. Generally, tartaric acid is
mixed with baking soda to make baking powder.
NaHCO,+ CyHsO; ’ COz + H,0 + Na,C,H,O%

When baking powder (mixture of baking soda and an edible acid) is heated, the sodium
carbonate formed because of heating of baking soda neutralizes after reacting with tartaric acid
and sodium tartarate salt is formed. The smell of sodium tartarate is pleasant and taste is good.
This makes the cake or any other food tasty.

WASHING SODA (SODIUM CARBONATE)

Sodium carbonate is manufactured by the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen
carbonate obtained by Solvay process.
NaCl + CO, + NH, + H,0 ’ NH,CI + NaHCO3
NaHCO3 + CAH;O; ’ COz+ H,0+ Na,C4H,0s
The sodium carbonate obtained in this process is dry. It is called soda ash or anhydrous sodium
carbonate. Washing soda is obtained by rehydration of anhydrous sodium carbonate.
Na2CO3 + 10H,0’ NaCO3. 10H,0
Since there are 10 water molecules in washing soda, hence it is known as Sodium bicarbonate
decahydrate.
Sodium carbonate is a crystalline solid and it is soluble in water when most of the carbonates
are insoluble in water.
USE OF SODIUM CARBONATE:
It is used in cleaning of cloths; especially in rural areas.
In making of detergent cake and powder.
 In removing permanent hardness of water.
It is used in glass and paper industries.
Water of crystallization: Many salts contain water molecule and are known as hydrated salts.
The water molecule present in salt is known as water of crystallization.
Examples:
COPPER SULPHATE PENTAHYDRATE (CuSO4.5H,0)
Blue colour of copper sulphate is due to presence of5 molecules of water. When copper
sulphate is heated, it loses water molecules and turns into grey-white colour, which is known as
anhydrous copper sulphate. After adding water; anhydrous copper sulphate becomes blue
again.
CuSO,.5H,0 + heat ’ CuSO,
FERROUS SULPHATE HEPTAHYDRATE (FeSO4.7H20)
The green colour of Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate; commonly known as ferrous sulphate; is
due to the presence of 7 molecules of water in it.
PLASTER OF PARIS
Plaster of Paris is obtained by heating of gypsum, a hydrated salt of calcium.
1
CaSO.2H,0 + Heat’ CaSO4.H,0
2
+ H,0
After addition of water Plaster of Paris is again converted into gypsum.
CaSO.H,0
2
+H,0 CasO,2H;0
Plaster of Paris is used in making of toys, designer false ceiling, etc. Doctors use Plaster of
Paris to set the fractured bone.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 33

Question 1: What is the common name of the compound CaOCl,?
Answer : The common name of the compound CaOCk is bleaching powder.
Question 2: Name the substance which on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching
powder?
Answer: Calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2], on treatment with chlorine, yields bleaching
powder.
Question 3: Name the sodium compound which is used for softening hard water.
Answer : Washing soda (Na2CO3.10H20) 0s used for softening hard water.

Question 4: What will happen if a solution of sodium hydrocarbonate is heated? Give the
equation of the reaction involved.
Answer : When a solution of sodium hydrocarbonate (sodium hydrogencarbonate) is heated,
sodium carbonate and water are formed with the evolution of carbon dioxide gas.
2NaHCO, Na,CO, H,0 Co, ‘
Sodium Sodium Water Carbon
hydrogencarbonate carbonate dioxide

Question 5: Write an equation to show the reaction between Plaster of Paris and water.
Answer: The chemical equation for the reaction of Plaster of Paris and water can be
represented as
’ CaSO,.2H,0
Plaster of Paris Water Gypsum
EXERCISE QUESTIONS PAGE N0. 34 and 35
Question 1: A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 10
Answer: (d) Bases turn red litmus blue and acids turn blue litmus red. Basic solution has a pH
value more than 7. Since the solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be 10.
Question 2: A solution reacts with crushed egg-shells to give a gas that turns lime-water
milky. The solution contains
(a) NaCl (b) HCI (c) LiCl (d) KCI
Answer: (b) The solution contains HCI.

Question 3: 10 mL of a solution of NaOH is found to be completely neutralised by 8 mL

of a given solution of HCI. If we take 20 mL of the same solution of NaOH, the amount of
HCl solution (the same solution as before) required to neutralise it will be
(a) 4 mL (b) 8mL (c) 12 mL (d) 16 mL
Answer: (d) 16 mL of HCI solution will be required.

Question 4: Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating
indigestion?
(a) Antibiotic (b) Analgesic (c) Antacid (d) Antiseptic
Answer :(c) Antacid is used for treating indigestion.
Question 5: Write word egquations and then balanced equations for the reaction taking
place when -
(a) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules.
(b) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon.
(c) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder.
(d) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filings.
Answer : (a) Sulphuric acid + Zinc ’ Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen
HSO)+Zn) ’ZnSOMog) +H¡g)
(b) Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium ’ Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen
2HCIe)t M&o) ’MgClyeg) t Hyg)
(c) Sulphuric acid + Aluminium ’ Aluminium sulphate + Hydrogen
3H,SO4) t 2Al,, AI,(S0,)Mo t 3He)
(d) Hydrochloric acid + Iron ’ Ferric chloride + Hydrogen
6HC+2F ’2FeCly) +3He)
Question 6: Compounds such as alcohos and glucose also contain hydrogen but are not
categorized as acids. Describe an activity to prove it.
Answer: Two nails are fitted on a cork and are kept it in a 100 mL beaker. The nails are then
connected to the two terminals of a 6-volt battery through a bulb and a switch. Some dilute
HCI is poured in the beaker and the current is switched on. The same experiment is then
performed with glucose solution and alcohol solution.
Observations:
6 volt battery HH
Bulb
Switch

Beaker

Nai
Dilute HCI
solution
Rubber
cork

Result:
HCI dissociates into H+ and CE ions. These ions conduct electricity in the solution resulting in
the glowing of the bulb. On the other hand, the glucose solution does not dissociate into ions.
Therefore, it does not conduct electricity.
Conclusion:
From this activity, it can be concluded that all acids contain hydrogen but not all compounds
containing hydrogen are acids.
That is why, though alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen, they are not categorised as acids.
Question 7: Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rain water does?
Answer : Distilled water is a pure form of water and is devoid of any ionic species. Therefore,
it does not conduct electricity. Rain water, being an impure form of water, contains many ionic
species such as acids and therefore it conducts electricity.

Question 8: Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water?
Answer:Acids do not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water because the dissociation
of hydrogen ions from an acid occurs in the presence of water only. It is the hydrogen ions that
are responsible for the acidic behaviour.
Question 9: Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal indicator showed
pH as 4, 1, 11, 7 and 9, respectively. Which solution is
(a) neutral?
(b) strongiy alkaline?
(c) strongly acidic?
(d) weakly acidic?
(e) weakly alkaline?
Arrange the pH in increasing order of hydrogen-ion concentration.
Answer :
(a) Neutral SolutionD with pH7
(b) Strongly alkaline’Solution C with pH 11
(c) Strongly acidic Solution B with pH 1
(d) Weakly acidic Solution A with pH 4
(e) Weakly alkaline ’ Solution E with pH9
The pH can be arranged in the increasing order of the concentration of hydrogen ions as: 11<
9<7<4<1
Question 10: Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B.
Hydrochloric acid (HC) is added to test tube A, while acetic acid (CH3COOH) is added
to test tube B. In which test tube will the fizzing occur more vigorously and why?
Answer : The fizzing will occur strongly in test tube A, in which hydrochloric acid (HCI) is
added. This is because HCI is a stronger acid than CH3COOH and therefore produces
hydrogen gas at a faster speed due to which fizzing occurs.
Question 11:Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it turns
into curd? Explain your answer.
Answer : The pH of milk is 6. As it changes to curd, the pH will reduce because curd is acidic
in nature. The acids present in it decrease the pH.

Question 12: A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
(a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?
Answer:(a) The milkman shifts the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline because in
alkaline condition, milk does not set as curd easily.
(b) Since this milk is slightly basic than usual milk, acids produced to set the curd are
neutralized by the base. Therefore, it takes a longer time for the curd to set.

Question 13: Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container. Explain

why?
Answer: Plaster of Paris (POP) should be stored in a moisture-proof container because Plaster
of Paris, a powdery mass, absorbs water (moisture) to form a hard solid known as gypsum.

Caso, H,0 + H,0 ’ CaSO,2H,0

Plaster of Paris Water Gypsum
Question 14: What is a neutralization reaction? Give two examples.
Answer :A reaction in which an acid and base react with each other to give asalt and water is
termed as neutralization reaction. In this reaction, energy is evolved in the form of heat.
For example: ()
NaOH + HCI ’NaCl + H,0
(Base) (Acid) (Salt) (Water)
() During indigestion (caused due to the production of excess of hydrochloric acid in the
stomach). we administer an antacid (generally milk of magnesia, Mg(OH), which basic in
nature). The antacid neutralizes the excess of acids and thus gives relief from indigestion.
Mg(OH), +2HCI ’ MgCl, + 2H,0
Question 15: Give two impotant uses of washing soda and baking soda.
Answer : Two important uses of washing soda and baking soda are as follows:
(1) Washing soda:
(a) It is used in glass, soap, and paper industries.
(b) It is used to renmove permanent hardness of water.
(2) Baking soda:
(a) is used as baking powder. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and a mild acid
known as tartaric acid. When it is heated or mixed in water, it releases CO2 that makes bread
or cake fluffy.
(b) It is used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.